Изданието „Справочник по технически чертежи” е базирано на действащите към момента национални, хармонизирани и международни стандарти, като статусът им на действие е проверен в информационната система на интернет страницата на „Българския институт за стандартизация” (БИС) - http://www.bds-bg.org.
В справочникa е структурирана и концентрирана голямо количество информация от стандарти, справочни материали и практическия опит на автора, необходима за процеса на разработване на даден технически документ, с което може да се повиши бързината за изработване и качеството на техническите чертежи.
Справочникът може да бъде използван от проектантски и технологични екипи на фирми от всички инженерни направления, както и от висши учебни заведения, в които се изучават дисциплините „Инженерна графика”, „Техническо чертане”, „Машинни елементи” и др., базирано на широкия набор от обхванатите в него проблеми.
„Части от цитираните в този справочник български стандарти са възпроизведени с разрешението на БИС. За справка за актуалната версия на тези стандарти, както и за закупуване на най-новото им издание може да се обърнете към БИС www.bds-bg.org.”
Tihomir Grishev Vasilev технологични възможности на дорнованетоTihomir Vasilev
В дисертационната работа се изследват технологичните възможности на процеса дорноване по вътрешната и външна повърхност на бронзови втулки, експлоатирани в условията на плъзгащи лагери, като стремежът е да се достигне до оптималните параметри на качеството на обработените детайли, довеждащи до повишаване на експлоатационните характеристики на втулките.
Tichomir G. Vasilev, Wear of bronze bearing bushes after finishing with burni...Tihomir Vasilev
The article published results of experimental studies of wear of bronze bearings bushes, after finishing with burnishing.
Research addresses two types of bronze alloys widely used in practice for making bronze bearings operate under boundary or mixed film friction.
Bore burnishing methods is a process which achieved high quality parameters of working surface based on surface plastic deformation metal-working processes. Qualitative characteristics controlled by the burnishing method are: cold-hardened on the surface layer, lower roughness, high dimensional
accuracy, reducing the deviations in the shape and all at low-cost equipment.
Technological sequence in the manufactures cycles of solid bronze bearing bushes included: fine turning only, drilling and reaming, drilling and grinding or drilling and broaching. These processes of machining achieve dimensional tolerance IT7 and roughness of internal surface Ra≤1,6 μm.
As a listed, machining (fine turning, drilling, reaming and oth.) are: less productive, laborintensive and require expensive tooling. Others problems in machining on processed surfaces are notched surface roughness, small contact area between sliding parts and surface cracks formation. The cracks
during operation are spread in the bearing surface leading to a reduction in bearing life. Notched surface topography prone to rapid wear the tips of micro-roughness and fast disruption of bearing clearance.
When we treated bearing surface used cold plastic deformation, we can create a micro-geometry surface topography with low surface roughness, large contact area and high surface hardness.
Reasons for this in the present work to examine the consistency of processing including prior turning and bore burnishing.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
Tihomir Grishev Vasilev технологични възможности на дорнованетоTihomir Vasilev
В дисертационната работа се изследват технологичните възможности на процеса дорноване по вътрешната и външна повърхност на бронзови втулки, експлоатирани в условията на плъзгащи лагери, като стремежът е да се достигне до оптималните параметри на качеството на обработените детайли, довеждащи до повишаване на експлоатационните характеристики на втулките.
Tichomir G. Vasilev, Wear of bronze bearing bushes after finishing with burni...Tihomir Vasilev
The article published results of experimental studies of wear of bronze bearings bushes, after finishing with burnishing.
Research addresses two types of bronze alloys widely used in practice for making bronze bearings operate under boundary or mixed film friction.
Bore burnishing methods is a process which achieved high quality parameters of working surface based on surface plastic deformation metal-working processes. Qualitative characteristics controlled by the burnishing method are: cold-hardened on the surface layer, lower roughness, high dimensional
accuracy, reducing the deviations in the shape and all at low-cost equipment.
Technological sequence in the manufactures cycles of solid bronze bearing bushes included: fine turning only, drilling and reaming, drilling and grinding or drilling and broaching. These processes of machining achieve dimensional tolerance IT7 and roughness of internal surface Ra≤1,6 μm.
As a listed, machining (fine turning, drilling, reaming and oth.) are: less productive, laborintensive and require expensive tooling. Others problems in machining on processed surfaces are notched surface roughness, small contact area between sliding parts and surface cracks formation. The cracks
during operation are spread in the bearing surface leading to a reduction in bearing life. Notched surface topography prone to rapid wear the tips of micro-roughness and fast disruption of bearing clearance.
When we treated bearing surface used cold plastic deformation, we can create a micro-geometry surface topography with low surface roughness, large contact area and high surface hardness.
Reasons for this in the present work to examine the consistency of processing including prior turning and bore burnishing.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
4. 3
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Въведение............................................................................................................5
I. ОСНОВНИ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ НА ТЕХНИЧЕСКИТЕ ЧЕРТЕЖИ
I.1.Шрифтове................................................................................................ 6
I.2.Линии....................................................................................................... 12
I.3.Формати, граници и рамки.................................................................... 20
I.4.Основни надписи.................................................................................... 24
I.5.Мащаби.................................................................................................... 32
II. МЕТОДИ ЗА ИЗОБРАЗЯВАНЕ И ЕЛЕМЕНТИ НА ДЕТАЙЛИРАНЕТО
II.1. Системи за правоъгълно проектиране................................................ 34
II.2. Системи за аксонометрично проектиране......................................... 38
II.3. Изгледи.................................................................................................. 42
II.4. Разрези и сечения................................................................................. 50
II.5. Комбинирани ................................................................. 55
II.6. знесени . ............................................................. 57
II.7. Графични означения на материалите ( риховки)................. .......... 57
III. ОСНОВНИ ПРАВИЛА ПРИ НАНАСЯНЕ НА РАЗМЕРИ И ДОПУСКИ
III.1. Основни принципи при оразмеряване.............................................. 61
III.2. Елементи на оразмеряването............................................................. 62
III.2.1. Размерни линии.......................................................................... 62
III.2.2. Размерни стрелки и координатни оси....................................... 64
III.2.3. Спомагателни размерни линии.................................................. 66
III.2.4. Показни линии............................................................................. 67
III.2.5. Размерни . ................................................................... 71
III.3. Означаване на допуски....................................................................... 72
III.3.1. Означаване на допуски с гранични отклонения...................... 72
III.3.2. Означаване на допуски с гранични размери............................ 73
III.4. Специални размери............................................................................. 73
III.5. Оразмеряване на равноразположени повтарящи се елементи... .... 75
III.6. Разположение на размерите и методи за оразмеряване.................. 76
IV. ОСНОВНИ ПРАВИЛА ПРИ НАНАСЯНЕ НА ИЗИСКВАНИЯТА КЪМ
ГЕОМЕТРИЯТА НА ПРОДУКТИТЕ
IV.1. Неозначени допуски на размерите и геометричните елементи.. .. 80
IV.2. Означаване на допустимите отклонения от геометрията на
продуктите.................................................................................................... 82
IV.2.1 Допустими отклонения от формата.......................................... 91
IV.2.2 Допустими отклонения от ориентацията..................................97
IV.2.3 Допустими отклонения от разположението............................. 100
Съдържание
5. 4
Справочник по технически чертежи
IV.2.4 Допуск на радиално биене......................................................... 102
IV.3. ISO система за допуски за линейни размери................................... 103
IV.4. Означаване структурата на повърхн ............ ...................... 116
V. ОПРОСТЕНО ИЗОБРАЗЯВАНЕ НА ТЕХНИЧЕСКИ ОБЕКТИ
V.1. Търкалящи лагери................................................................................ 123
V.2. Пружини…………………………………………………………….. 126
V.3. Резби и детайли с резба…………………………………………….. 132
V.4. Зъбни елементи и зъбни зацепвания……………………………….. 139
V.5. Шлицови съединения и детайли……………………………………. 152
V.6. Опростено изобразяване на тръбопроводи………………………… 157
VI. ПРАВИЛА ПРИ ОЗНАЧАВАНЕ НА СЪЕДИНЕНИЯ В ЧЕРТЕЖИТЕ
VI.1 Изобразяване на завар ни съединения … ……… 164
VI.2 Изобразяване на съединения чрез лепене, фалцване и пресоване.. 176
VI.3 Изобразяване на съединения със свързващи елементи…………… 178
VII.МАТЕРИАЛИ И ОЗНАЧАВАНЕТО ИМ В ТЕХНИЧЕСКИТЕ ЧЕРТЕЖИ
VII.
VII.2 Структура на означението на материалите за скрепителни
елементи………………………………………………………………… 189
VII.3 Структура на означението на консумативи за заваряване 192
1
V . .................................... ..............
.................................... .. ........
6. 5
Въведение
Техническите чертежи са документи, служещи за предаване на
информация по отношение на даден продукт между заинтересованите лица
през всички периоди на жизнения му цикъл – проектиране, разработване,
произвеждане, изпитване, експлоатация, поддръжка, бракуване и . Поради
тази причина правилата, според които се създава даден чертожен документ
трябва да са уеднаквени стандартизирани.
Българските стандарти, независимо от статуса им (действащи или
отменени), се използват доброволно при положение, че не са безусловно
позовани в нормативен документ. Дали даден стандарт ще бъде използван
или не, е въпрос на договаряне между заинтересованите страни.
От разгледаните до момента условия става ясно, че ако даден чертеж е
разработен на база отменени стандарти той не е грешен. От друга
ако е необходимо даден продукт да бъде произведен в друга държава,
а техническата му документация е базирана на отменени вече стандарти,
например от групата на „Единна система за конструкторска документация”
ЕСКД (които до голяма степен се пр покриват с международните стандарти,
а една част от тях са все още действащи), това би затруднило и забавило
целия технологичен и производствен процес. С други думи, редно е
разработваните към момента технически чертежи да отговарят на
действащите към дадения момент стандартизационни документи.
По време на прехода от национални към международни стандарти в
областта на инженеринга, в частност техническото документиране, се създаде
поколение, което в средните и висшите учебни заведения изучава вече
отменени правила за изработване на техническите чертежи, а в
производствени условия навлизаха и се изискваха международните и
европейски хармонизирани . Това създаде известни затруднения и
необходимост от период на адаптация на обучаемите през времето на тяхната
реализация.
Написването на „Справочник по технически чертежи”, обхващащ
голяма част от възможните случаи в практиката, базиран на действащи
стандарти, е породено от липсата на подобно
издание
12. Справочник по технически чертежи
ISBN …………..
гл. ас. д-р инж. Тихомир Гришев Василев
Справочник по технически чертежи
Българска, първо издание
Техническа редакция:
ас. инж. Михаил Б. Бъчваров – ВВМУ „Н. Й. Вапцаров“
доц. д-р инж. Христо П. Христов – ТУ – Варна
доц. д-р инж. Милена С. Лефтерова – ВВМУ „Н. Й. Вапцаров“
доц. д-р инж. Марин Г. Маринов – ВВМУ „Н. Й. Вапцаров“
ас. инж. Елисавета Иванова – ВВМУ „Н. Й. Вапцаров“
Справочникът е обсъден на катедрен съвет към катедра „Техническа механика“
на ВВМУ „Н. Й. Вапцаров“ и приет за актуален към изучаваните
в катедрата дисциплини с решение в Протокол № 176/16.06.2016 г.
Формат: 16 / 70 × 100
Обем: 14,875 п.к.
Издателска къща СТЕНО
Варна, Централна поща, п.к. 333
тел./факс 052/608 546
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www.stenobooks.com
ISBN 978-954-449-894-8