The document discusses whether innovation policy is effective in developing innovation in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. It notes that while most MENA countries have seen increases in scientific production in recent decades, data on research and development spending is rare. Innovation policies in MENA countries take a variety of forms, including technology parks, business incubators, and funding for startups. Key drivers of innovation policy nationally are increasing higher education and youth unemployment, as well as economic competitiveness. Internationally, MENA countries feel pressure from the EU and seek to participate in the EU framework program for research and innovation. However, there is a paradox that while innovation at the firm level is high, policy measures are not well utilized,