1. Irony is a figure of speech where the intended meaning is different from the literal meaning. It comes in different formats and is used to communicate a message that contradicts or conflicts with the literal meaning. 2. Dramatic irony occurs in stories where the audience understands something a character does not, such as not knowing someone's true identity. This creates irony and surprises the audience. 3. Fate irony suggests that fate often interferes with or contradicts human plans and expectations, which writers use as an argument that what people see in real life is not always what it seems.