This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM) approaches in European glasshouse floriculture. It discusses glasshouse structures and technologies across Europe, with a focus on the Netherlands, Scandinavia, and Spain. Degree of specialization, mechanization, and computer-controlled climate regulation vary significantly between countries and regions. The top flower-producing countries in Europe are the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Germany, and France, with the Netherlands emphasizing cut flowers and other countries focusing more on potted plants. Successful IPM implementation depends on pest complex, growing systems, research support, consumer demands, and legislation. The road to widespread IPM adoption in the Netherlands involved a large cut flower industry that is now highly specialized
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
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The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
Ipm floriculture europe
1. A European perspective of IPM
in glasshouses, with emphasis on
floriculture
Irene Vänninen
Agrifood Research Finland
5th National IPM Symposium, St. Louis, USA, April 4-6, 2006
Presentation at minisymposium: ” ”Are alternative IPM approaches for
greenhouse and nursery pests feasible”
Rikalan puutarhasäätiö
Borisoffin Puutarhasäätiö
2. 1. Glasshouse technology in Europe
North Scandinavia (Finland)
Glasshouse structures:
single-span houses
The Netherlands, NW-Europe
Spain (Almeria)
Venlo-blocks;
wide-span houses
shade cloth + plastic houses
Map image courtesy: http://www.europa.eu.int Image courtesy: http://clairepentecost.org
3. Artificial Lighting: NO, FI (DK, NL, UK)
Supplementary lights Yield of AYR
cucs/FI:
between plant rows to
120-140
illuminate lower leaves kg/m per
year
Whiteflies, thrips,
powdery mildew.
Behaviour of beneficials
Costs of IPM
Finland: 30 % of cucs
area and 25 % of tomato
area with ArtLight
Photo by Tom Murmann Photo by Tom Murmann
tomato and cucumber 180-250 W/m2, in cucumber even 300 W/m2
(=about 16000-22000-28000 lux), rose, gerbera 180-220 W/m2
4. Size of glasshouses
The NL: Elsewhere:
Photo by Pauliina Laitinen
Average size e.g. 0.25 ha Finland,
Average size: > 1ha
0.3 ha Germany
5. Size-related problems…
The NL:
Scouting in dense crops or in mobile
beds (roses, chrysanthemum).
Economics of scale in terms of IPM
per unit area
6. Degree of specialisation
The NL with high exports of flowers:
IPM less complicated in
one-crop companies
Plant species and cultivar selection at Her- Plant species selection at Dion ten
burg rosenkwekerij (NL): 3 ha of Passion. Have’s company: 3 ha Campanula.
7. Degree of specialisation
Countries producing mostly for domestic markets: Heikkilä, Turku, Finland
IPM more complicated in
multiple-crop companies
Photo by Pauliina Laitinen Photo by Pauliina Laitinen
…and more…
Photo by Pauliina Laitinen
Photo by Pauliina Laitinen Photo by Pauliina Laitinen
Domestic, relatively small market many sorts of plants less possibilities
for mechanisation production is labor intensive higher labor costs
8. Degree of mechanisation
The NL: high specialisation Elsewhere (but not everywhere):
high mechanisation
Hand-packing allows last look Photos by Pauliina Laitinen
on pests in plants discard
infested ones
Mobile growing tables, mobile beds (gerbera, rose,
tulip, chrysanth.), transport systems, sorting and Less but increasing, particularly
bunching machines, camera-based spacing of pots in big new units
9. Degree of mechanisation
The NL: Elsewhere:
Photo by Pauliina Laitinen
Manually operated hydraulic
sprayers, cold-foggers
In the NL, labor costs of spraying not as important
a cost factor as before
in relative terms, labor for applic. of beneficials
an important cost factor nowadays!
Spray robots
10. Computer-controlled climate regulation
The NL: North-west/North Europe:
Pest monitoring results are put in the
computer on the spot.
Photo by Pauliina Laitinen
Documentation and submission of data
required by certified
label organizations is computerized
Photo by Pauliina Laitinen
11. European glasshouse horticulture
in the 21st century – anticipated developments
Focus on biotechnol. & breeding (pest resistance); Scandinavia: high quality regional niche
biosensors for tracking quality-changes in prod- production (products vulnerable to trans-
ucts; computerized production control & robotics port; emphasis on selling, not producing;
in large units; closed climate-controlled g-houses ”Recreational horticulture” (Garden Cen-
ters etc.)
Degeneration of horticultural
education! (loss of knowledge
among academics, decrease
in the number of students with A new horticult. cluster will form in
academic education) northern Poland – development
with Dutch & Danish money,
money
exports to elsewhere in Europe
Hungary exporting to the
countries of Balkan?
Production expands
along the Mediterranean
coast
Source and image courtesy Rolf Larsen
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/hri2/newsandevents/oldernews/bewleylecture/rolf.pdf
12. 2. Use of IPM in European floriculture
Crops & production acreages
Status of IPM in the NL, UK, and Scandinavia (with brief look
on other countries) and reasons for differences
Costs of IPM
Future prospects of IPM in European floriculture
13. Top-10 producers of glasshouse
ornamentals areawise (ha) in Europe
Trends in flower production in the most
advanced production countries:
•production area is slowly declining
300 •number of growers is decreasing
322 •average company size is increasing
655
•total production is stable
850
1022 5700
NL
Italy NL: emphasis on
Spain cut flowers
2215
Germany
France Other countries:
UK emphasis on
Poland potted flowering
Belgium plants & bedding
2683 plants
Denmark
Ireland
4309
=95 % of total area of
3014 about 23 000 ha
14. Interfaces influencing the adoption and success of IPM
I Plant protection problems: Pesticide availability & efficacy, environ-
mental & health issues
factors that necessitate IPM
II Grower: adoption and suc- Geography, pest complexes, growing
systems, types of glasshouse; grower
success of IPM psychology, skills & educational level
Extension system & resources, research
III Support: implementation
in local conditions (resources), availabil-
and success of IPM ity & efficacy of BCAs & selective pestic-
ides
IV Market: continuity of Costs of other PP strategies, imago bran-
ding, trademarking (added value of prod.),
IPM certified labels in response to consumer/
retailer demands
V Legislative: obligations, Binding legislation, agreements between
incentives stakeholders, cross compliance within EU
15. The road to IPM in ornamentals in The NL
5700 ha
6400 companies
Cut flowers 60% of flower area: Rose,
chrysanthemum, Alstroemeria, Freesia,
Lily, Gerbera,orchids, Anthurium,
carnation, many others
Pot plants 24%; of which 40% foliage: Fi
Reasons to implement IPM: cus, Dracaena, Hedera, Schefflera, palms;
60% flowering: kalanchoe, orchids, chrys.,
Environmental issues gerbera, roses, begonia, Campanula,saint-
paulia, Primula, Hortensia, cyclamen…
Pesticide resistance
Other flowers 16%
Retailers’ criteria on pro-
duction system’s quality
16. The road to IPM in ornamentals in The NL:
agreements between stakeholders
Convenant Glastuinbouw en Milieu (GLAMI)
(1997-2010). Agreement on glasshouse crop
production and Environment (all relevant
stakeholders): set goals to reduce the use of
energy, pesticides and fertilizers. Milieu Plan
obligatory in companies.
Convenant Gewasbescherming
Legislative + PP problems (2003): stimulation of IPM
interfaces very important
1.1.2005 Resolution on
the principles of IPM
Meerjarenplan Gewasbescherming
(1991-2000): initial step to reduce
use of pesticides & emissions Telen met toekomst
2003-07
MPS (Milieu
SIGNatuur
Project Sierteelt) Strateeg
1997-2000
1993 2004-07
17. The road to IPM in ornamentals in The NL:
role of support interface
<1% area with IPM
guidelines for environmentally friendly
MPS (Milieu production certification: MPS certification
Project Sierteelt) system
1993 use of biocontrol encouraged to reduce
pesticide use
10% area with IPM
SIGNatuur Demonstration project on the possibilities
1997-2000 of IPM in greenhouse ornamentals
Gov. withdrew from knowledge transfer break-
20% area with IPM up of the traditional knowledge transfer triptych
M o b i l i s a t i o n! Research-Extension-Education
Strateeg Telen met toekomst
now 38% area with IPM
2004-07 2003-07
(goal: 80 % by 2010)
Grower network for participat- Socio-technical network: Testing
ive and stepwise learning and delivery of ”Best Practices”
18. The road to IPM in ornamentals in The NL:
market interface (quality assurance schemes)
ENVIRONMENTAL CERTIFICATION based on the usage of
energy, PPPs and fertilizers and trmt of waste. A, B & C
MPS-A,B,C categories based on what kinds of pesticides are used;
MPS-MIND is the indication system for the hazard level
of pesticides.
MPS-GAP Corresponds to EurepGap quality assurance scheme
(retailers’ demands on production systems)
MPS also in: DK, BE
MPS-SQ
MPS-SQ. Socially qualified production conditions.
MPS-QUALITY
MPS-Quality of products and services.
More info: p.vant.hoff@my-mps.com
MPS-Florimark Top growers with MPS-A, MPS-GAP, MPS-SQ, MPS-
QUALITY
Image courtesy: www.my-mps.com
19. Other quality assurance schemes:
(also ornamentals)
Quality assurance demands by
large retailers (supermarket chains)
Mostly in use: UK, NL, BE, AU, IT, ES
http://www.agribusinessonline.com/regulations/eurepprotocol.pdf
20. Elements of IPM in European floriculture
• Quarantine • Oils, soaps, other
• Monitoring biorationals
• Hygiene • Selective pesticides
• Screening of vents • Spatial integration:
• Biocontrol chemicals on leaves,
biocontrol in soil or vice
• Insect pathogenic fungi in versa
propagation areas
• Temporal integration:
• Mechanized application biocontrol in mother stocks,
methods of beneficials chemical in sales plants
• Regular inundative releases • Educated personnel
• Banker plants • Emphasis on ”easy” crops
• Host plant resistance
21. IPM in use in the NL:
Rosenkwekerij Joop van de Nauweland
The most
important thing is
scouting!
3 ha of roses (Sphinx, Explosion). Company has MPS-
certification.
Biol. control: spider mites, citrus spider mites, thrips.
Chemical control: whiteflies, scales, aphids, powdery
mildew (spot treatments). Sulphur fumigation for 4
hours only after powdery mildew trmts.
Crop manager Arend Monitoring: 3-5 hours weekly. Two persons+
Book: 15 years expe- the whole staff monitors when maintaining the crop.
rience on IPM. Written record sheet at the end of all beds.
22. Amblyseius cucumeris against thrips. Old flowers are removed regularly in
Action threshold level for corrective summertime to hinder development
chemical trmts 10 thrips per sticky of thrips population.
trap (1 trap/1000 m2). swirskii is in trials.
An advisor visits
once in two weeks,
1,5 hours at a time A. californicus is applied against citrus
spider mites (in photo: damage by this mite).
23. IPM in chrysanthemum in the NL: combined role
of market, support and PP problems interfaces
Rapid changeover taking place – in two years almost 50% of chrys. area
under IPM
IPM program developed by Syngenta a keyto succes of IPM in this crop.
IPM enables continuous efficacy of Vertimec with alleviated resistance prob-
lems (Vertimec=abamectin-based acaricide/insecticide).
big areas attract biocontrol producers (R&D, advice),
in the NL several domestic producers of biocontrol agents offer their
products for chrysanthemum
Best practices of plant protection of chrysanthemums developed:
www.telenmettoekomst.nl
IPM program outline for cut chrysanthemums:
http://www.syngentacropprotection.nl/gew/chrysant/
24. IPM in ornamentals in the UK
Map image courtesy: http://www.world66.com/myworld66/visitedEurope
Cut flowers (160 ha=16% of total area of 1022ha):
chrysanthemum, Alstroemeria, carnations, pinks,
others
Pot plants: chrysanthemum, begonia, poinset-
tia, foliage plants
Bedding plants: Fuchsia, Geranium, Pansy
Important factors for advancement of IPM:
early start in the end of 1980s (Les Wardlaw pioneering) (=support interface)
enthusiastic IPM specialists transferring knowledge (now reduced in numbers
due to privatization) (Jude Bennison, ADAS and her coworkers) (=support interface)
resistance problems (=PP problems interface)
retail pressure to reduce pesticide use (but no financial premium for IPM) (=market
interface) ”Best practices” for most important crops
large domestic biocontrol producers advising+biocontrol products
see also http://www.bopp.org.uk/home/
British Orn.Producers certification scheme
25. IPM in the UK ornamentals
Use of IPM in glasshouse horticulture, UK
Crop % of area under IPM* Beneficials used most often:
Tomato 79,4
Cucumber 91,2 Encarsia formosa
Peppers 89
Phytoseiulus persimilis
Strawberries 50,5
Other fruit 66,3 Aphidius colemani
Pot chrysanthemum 58,5 Amblyseius sp.
Other pot plants** 70 Aphidoletes aphidimyza
Alstroemeria 55 Hypoaspis miles
Hardy nursery stock 17,4
Other flowers & foliage 16
* IPM=at least one species of biocontrol agent in 1999 only 30 %
was used in the crop (Jude Bennison, ADAS, pers.
communic.)
* begonia, cyclamen, ferns, fuchsia, gerbera,
hydrangea, ivy, kalanchoe, poinsettia
Source: Pesticide Usage Survey Report 196. Protected crops
(edible and ornamental) in Great Britain. D.G. Garthwaite & M. R. Thomas.
National Statistics. Central Science Laboratory.
26. IPM in glasshouse floriculture: Scandinavia
relatively small acreages of glasshouse floriculture:
Denmark 322 (pot plants)
Finland 175 ha (bedding plants, pot plants, cut rose)
Norway 106 ha (pot plants, cut rose)
Sweden 16 ha (pot plants, bedding plants)
Environmental pressures not certified labels not very explicit conc.
excessive to reduce pesticide pesticide use or IPM (except in Den-
use in glasshouse crops mark, where MPS label is owned by
several growers)
Pesticide reduction plans: DK,
SE, FI (but emphasis in arable expensive beneficials (shipment costs)
crops) in Norway, Sweden, Finland (but now
one Finnish producer)
small number of registered In Denmark, domestic producers of bc-
pesticides resistance prob- agents.
lems push towards IPM
27. IPM in Norwegian glasshouse floriculture
Cut roses – a special case in IPM of ornamentals in Norway: 50 % IPM
(Annichen Smith-Eriksen, pers. communic.)
small area (15 ha)
concentrated in Rogaland
Photo: Annichen Smith-Eriksen very narrow selection of
pesticides IPM is the only
Rose growers in Norway learning from possibility
each other.
two successive knowledge-
in other types of ornamentals transfer projects that included
<10% IPM roses
28. IPM in Finnish glasshouse floriculture
no legislavite incentives for IPM IPM starting in cut roses (10
tight economical situation of growers companies (50% of total area)
big resistance problems in cut roses participate in the knowledge
transfer project INTO
Extent of biocontrol and IPM in Finnish glasshouse crops
(% of area)
(Grönroos & Nikander 2002, questionnaire survey )
Cut flowers
Pot plants
Other vegetables
Potted vegetables
Tomato
Cucumber
0% 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 %
Banker plants for rearing aphid
Biological IPM Only chemical Not reported parasitoids above potted roses
+ phone survey in 2004: 28 % used IPM (cut flowers + pot plants + bedding plants) (Korkala 2005)
29. Finland:
AYR production: winter con-
ditions not favourable to all
beneficials despite artificial
lighting
Photo: Marika Linnamäki
Denmark: 30-35 % IPM (pot plants,
which comprise 75% of the total area
of glasshouse ornamentals 322 ha)
(Eilenberg et al. 2000)
http://www.dansk-ip.dk/
30. 3. Costs of IPM in European floriculture
IPM costs in cut roses in two German and two Finnish
cut rose crops Note: Germany IPM: labor costs
included, Finland IPM: not included
6
5
2
4
euros/m
3
2
1
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year average cost of chemical control in
Finland: 2.35 e/m2 (labor incl.)
Finland A Germany A Germany B
Conventional PP, A Conventional PP, B Finland B
German source: Horstmann, Richter, Klose & Sell 2006. Long-term costs in biological pest control with
beneficial organisms in cut flower roses. Nachrichtenblatt des deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstens.(in
press). Finnish source: bookkeeping of the greenhouse companies
31. Proportional costs for different pests, Finnish cut
rose crop (IPM) Achievable goal: IPM
with developed know-
6,00 ledge basis, excl.
labor (Lepaa Hort. Coll.)
5,00
Powdery mildew
2
4,00
euros/m
Spider mites
3,00
Thrips
2,00
Aphids
1,00
0,00 Average chemical
2004 2005 control per m2, incl.
Year labor (2002-06)
after having ”tasted” the totality of benefits of IPM, growers want to stick to it
and try to:
• Reduce costs by deepening the knowledge basis
• move from the safe side of application rates to lower rates of beneficials
• rely on economics of scale (reduced costs per m2 with increase in area
under IPM)
32. Economics of scale of using beneficials
in cut roses
Costs
€/m2
Ellen Richter, BBA,
coord. of Nützlinge
I & II
Glasshouse area, m2
Source: http://www.bba.de/projekte/nuetzlinge/nuetzl_start1.htm
(Ellen Richter, BBA, Germany)
33. Costs of plant protection in poinsettia in
Germany (commercial greenhouses)
Cost per
Company PP methods 1000 plants, Pests
€
Only beneficials: 15 x Encfor (1
1 per 3-6 plants), 1 x Steinernema 1,64 whiteflies, fungus gnats
(5000/pot)
Like 1, but for 4 weeks 1 whiteflies (heavy infestation),
2
Encfor/plant
1,84 fungus gnats
whiteflies (heaviest infestation),
3 Like 1 + 1 x Confidor 1,94 fungus gnats
Like 1 + 3 fungicide trmts: 2 x whiteflies, fungus gnats,
4
Rovral, 1 X Previcur
3,64 Rhizoctonia, Botrytis, Pythium
heavy whitefly infestation, fungus
Like 2 + 3 fungicide trmts: 2 x
5
Rovral, 1 X Previcur 3,84 gnats, Rhizoctonia, Botrytis,
Pythium
heaviest whitefly infestation,
Like 3 + 3 fungicide trmts: 2 X
6
Rovral, 1 x Previcur 3,94 fungus gnats, Rhizoctonia,
Botrytis, Pythium
Chemical: 2 x Confidor, 1 X
whiteflies, Rhizoctonia, Botrytis,
7 Nomolt, 2 x Rovral, 1 x Previcur, 1 4,10 Pythium, fungus gnats
x Steinernema (5000/pot)
Control from 1987: 46 pesticide
whiteflies, Rhizoctonia, Botrytis,
8 trmts(!) (Ambush, Thiodan, 15,5 Pythium
Malathion, Benomyl, Previcur)
Source: Krodel, K. 1996. Gartenbauwissenschaft 1/96, 37-46
34. 4. Future prospects of floriculture IPM
in Europe
UK up to 70%
under IPM depend-
ing on crop
species
NL 38%
Denmark 30-35%
FI 30% pot plants,
<10% cut roses)
NO: 50 % cut roses,
What about others? <5% pot plants
35. Extent of IPM in some other countries
Switzerland < 5 % (230 ha)
300
322
SE <25% pot plants
Poland <5%? 655
850
1022 5700
NL
Italy
Spain
France < 5 % 2215
Germany
France
UK
Poland
Belgium
2683
Germany 5 % Denmark
Ireland
4309
3014 Italy <5?
Spain < 5%? The big producers of ornamentals are the
challenge re. the changeover to IPM in Europe
? =no exact data available
36. On-going knowledge transfer projects in floriculture
”Integrated Pest
Biological pest control in cut roses Management in
and cucumber grown with new Ornamentals” (INTO)
lighting methods www.agropolis.fi/into
www.bioforsk.no (coord. Irene Vänninen)
(coord. Nina Johansen)
+ less organized, but by no means
not less efficient knowledge
transfer in UK, DK, AU, SE…
Nützlinge I+II
www.bba.de/projekte/nuetzlinge/nuetzl.start1.htm
(coord. Ellen Richter)
Strateeg www.groeiservice.nl (coord.
Annelies Hooijmans)
Pest Control
Telen met toekomst http://www.pcsierteelt.be/hosting/pcs_site.
www.telenmettoekomst.nl Nsf?Open
(coord. Ellen Beerling) (coord. Marc Vissers,Liesbet Blindeman
Threat: government support to advisory/extension systems
decreasing everywhere
37. EU-level incentives encouranging IPM?:
Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides
-Finalizing in May 2006?
-Seems to end up only recommending national schemes to be
developed
-Hardly a strong incentive for glasshouse floriculture IPM – natio-
nal schemes more important
-NL, UK, DE, DK, SE, FI, BE: National Pesticide Reduction Plans (but
emphasis clearly on edible crops)
EU-project REBECA www.rebeca-net.de: aims at developing a balanced system
of regulation of biocontrol agents to promote the implementation of
biological control in European countries
38. Market demands pushing floriculture towards IPM?
Organic flowers? Fair flowers and plants?
Estimation of achievable
market share (DE, NL, CH,
AU): 3-5 % (Billmann & Schmid
1999 http://www.fibl.net
/forschung/anbautechnik-einjaehrig
/bioblumen/billmann1999.php
Image courtesy: http://www.fairflowers.de/
- 49 companies in South-Africa,
Kenya, Ecuador, Portugal (1000 ha)
- IPM not explicitly mentioned in
standards, but…
Production guidelines in several
countries -…companies in these countries are
Image courtesy: http://orgprints.org/3824/01 moving towards IPM pressure for
/3824-02OE265-ble-igz-2003-stecklinge.pdf European floriculture to follow??
39. Acknowledgements: Growers of ornamental plants:
Leo Holstein, Holstein Flowers, NL
Staff of INTO-project, FI: Arend Book, Rosenkwekerij Joop van de
Pauliina Laitinen, Agropolis Ltd. Nauweland, NL
Marika Linnamäki, Agropolis Ltd. Marco Herburg, Herburg Rosenkwekerij, NL
Ike Vlielander, FIDES, NL
IPM specialists in different countries: Dion ten Have, NL
Annelies Hooijmans, Groeiservice, NL Sirpa Anttila, Viherlandia, FI
Ellen Beerling, WUR, NL Martin Tarhat Oy, FI
Filip van Noort, WUR, NL Ylitalo Oy, FI
Ruud van Leeuwen, Strateeg-project, NL Heikkilän kauppapuutarha, FI
Jude Bennison, ADAS, UK Lepolan puutarha, FI
Monica Tomiczek, ADAS, UK Huiskula Oy, FI
Annichen Smith-Eriksen, NO Ruusutarhat Oy, FI
Ellen Richter, BBA, DE
Martin Hommes, BBA, DE Organizers of the symposium
Annie Enkegaard, Danmarks Jordbrugs ”Delivering a promise” (5th National IPM
Forskning, DK Symposium, USA, St. Louis)
Leszek Orlikowski,Inst. Pomology and
Floriculture, PL
Roselyne Souriau, Gie La Croix, FR
Mireille Piron, Koppert B.V., FR
Celine Gilli, Swiss Agric. Res., CH
Sirpa Kurppa, Agrifood Research Finland
MTT, FI