Internet Of Things(IoT) is emerging technology in future world.The term IoT comprises of Cloud computing, Data mining,
Big data analytics, hardware board. The Security and Interoperability is a main factor that influences the IoT Enegy
consumption is also main fator for IoT application designing.The various protocols such as MQTT,AMQP,XMPP are used in
IoT.This paper analysis the various protocols used in Internet of Things.
Internet Of Things(IoT) is emerging technology in future world.The term IoT comprises of Cloud computing, Data mining,
Big data analytics, hardware board. The Security and Interoperability is a main factor that influences the IoT Enegy
consumption is also main fator for IoT application designing.The various protocols such as MQTT,AMQP,XMPP are used in
IoT.This paper analysis the various protocols used in Internet of Things.
The Abstracted Network for Industrial InternetMeshDynamics
Widespread adoption of TCI/IP protocols over the last two decades appears on the surface to have created a lingua franca for computer networking. And with the emergence of IPv6 removing the addressing restrictions of earlier versions, it would appear that now every device in the world may easily be connected with a common protocol.
But three emerging factors are requiring a fresh look at this worldview. The first is the coming wave of sensors, actuators, and devices making up the Internet of Things (IOT). Although not yet widely recognized, it is beginning to be understood that a majority of these devices will be too small, too cheap, too dumb, and too copious to run the hegemonic IPv6 protocol. Instead, much simpler protocols will predominate (see below), which must somehow be incorporated into the IP networks of Enterprises and the Internet.
At the other end of the scale from these tiny devices are huge Enterprise networks, increasing movingly to the cloud for computing and communication resources. An important requirement of these Enterprises is the capacity to manage, control, and tune their networks using a variety of Software Defined Networking (SDN) technologies and protocols. These depend on computing resource at the edges of the network to manage the interactions.
The third element is a conundrum presented by the first two: Enterprises will be struggling with the need to bring vast numbers of simple IOT devices into their networks. Though many of these devices will lack computing and protocol smarts, the requirement will still remain to manage everything via SDN. Along with this, many legacy Machine-to-Machine (M2M) networks (such as those on the factory floor) present the same challenges as the IOT: simple and/or proprietary protocols operating in operational silos today that Enterprises desire to manage and tune with SDN techniques.
Small, Dumb, ¬¬Cheap, and Copious – the Future of the Internet of Things,
Abstract
Over the next decade, billions of interconnected devices will be monitoring and responding to transportation systems, factories, farms, forests, utilities, soil and weather conditions, oceans, and other resources.
The unique characteristic that the majority of these otherwise incredibly diverse Internet of Things (IOT) devices will share is that they will be too small, too dumb, too cheap, and too copious to use traditional networking protocols such as IPv6.
For the same reasons, this tidal wave of IOT devices cannot be controlled by existing operational techniques and tools. Instead, lessons from Nature’s massive scale will guide a new architecture for the IOT.
Taking cues from Nature, and in collaboration with our OEM licensees, MeshDynamics is extending concepts outlined in the book “Rethinking the Internet of Things” to real-world problems of supporting “smart: secure and scalable” IOT Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communities at the edge.
Simple devices, speaking simply
Today companies view the IOT as an extension of current networking protocols and practices. But those on the front lines of the Industrial Internet of Things are seeing problems already:
“While much of the ink spilled today is about evolutionary improvements using modern IT technologies to address traditional operational technology concerns, the real business impact will be to expand our horizon of addressable concerns. Traditional operational technology has focused on process correctness and safety; traditional IT has focused on time to market and, as a recent concern, security. Both disciplines have developed in a world of relative scarcity, with perhaps hundreds of devices interconnected to perform specific tasks. The future, however, points toward billions of devices and tasks that change by the millisecond under autonomous control, and are so distributed they cannot be tracked by any individual. Our existing processes for ensuring safety, security and management break down when faced with such scale. Stimulating the redevelopment of our technologies for this new world is a focal point for the Industrial Internet Consortium.”
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Performance Analysis of Internet of Things Protocols Based Fog/Cloud over Hig...Istabraq M. Al-Joboury
The Internet of Things (IoT) becomes the future of a global data field in which the embedded devices communicate with each other, exchange data and making decisions through the Internet. IoT could improves the qualityoflife in smart cities, but a massive amount of data from different smart devices could slow down or crash database systems. In addition, IoT data transfer to Cloud for monitoring information and generating feedback thus will lead to highdelay in infrastructure level. Fog Computing can help by offering services closer to edge devices. In this paper, we propose an efficient system architecture to mitigate the problem of delay. We provide performance analysis like responsetime, throughput and packet loss for MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) and HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) protocols based on Cloud or Fog serverswith large volume of data form emulated traffic generator working alongsidewith one real sensor. We implement both protocols in the same architecture, with low cost embedded devices to local and Cloud servers with different platforms. The results show that HTTP response time is 12.1 and 4.76 times higher than MQTT Fog and cloud based located in the same geographical area of the sensors respectively. The worst case in performance is observed when the Cloud is public and outside the country region. The results obtained for throughput shows that MQTT has the capability to carry the data with available bandwidth and lowest percentage of packet loss. We also prove that the proposed Fog architecture is an efficient way to reduce latency and enhance performance in Cloud based IoT.
Italy Agriculture Equipment Market Outlook to 2027harveenkaur52
Agriculture and Animal Care
Ken Research has an expertise in Agriculture and Animal Care sector and offer vast collection of information related to all major aspects such as Agriculture equipment, Crop Protection, Seed, Agriculture Chemical, Fertilizers, Protected Cultivators, Palm Oil, Hybrid Seed, Animal Feed additives and many more.
Our continuous study and findings in agriculture sector provide better insights to companies dealing with related product and services, government and agriculture associations, researchers and students to well understand the present and expected scenario.
Our Animal care category provides solutions on Animal Healthcare and related products and services, including, animal feed additives, vaccination
The Abstracted Network for Industrial InternetMeshDynamics
Widespread adoption of TCI/IP protocols over the last two decades appears on the surface to have created a lingua franca for computer networking. And with the emergence of IPv6 removing the addressing restrictions of earlier versions, it would appear that now every device in the world may easily be connected with a common protocol.
But three emerging factors are requiring a fresh look at this worldview. The first is the coming wave of sensors, actuators, and devices making up the Internet of Things (IOT). Although not yet widely recognized, it is beginning to be understood that a majority of these devices will be too small, too cheap, too dumb, and too copious to run the hegemonic IPv6 protocol. Instead, much simpler protocols will predominate (see below), which must somehow be incorporated into the IP networks of Enterprises and the Internet.
At the other end of the scale from these tiny devices are huge Enterprise networks, increasing movingly to the cloud for computing and communication resources. An important requirement of these Enterprises is the capacity to manage, control, and tune their networks using a variety of Software Defined Networking (SDN) technologies and protocols. These depend on computing resource at the edges of the network to manage the interactions.
The third element is a conundrum presented by the first two: Enterprises will be struggling with the need to bring vast numbers of simple IOT devices into their networks. Though many of these devices will lack computing and protocol smarts, the requirement will still remain to manage everything via SDN. Along with this, many legacy Machine-to-Machine (M2M) networks (such as those on the factory floor) present the same challenges as the IOT: simple and/or proprietary protocols operating in operational silos today that Enterprises desire to manage and tune with SDN techniques.
Small, Dumb, ¬¬Cheap, and Copious – the Future of the Internet of Things,
Abstract
Over the next decade, billions of interconnected devices will be monitoring and responding to transportation systems, factories, farms, forests, utilities, soil and weather conditions, oceans, and other resources.
The unique characteristic that the majority of these otherwise incredibly diverse Internet of Things (IOT) devices will share is that they will be too small, too dumb, too cheap, and too copious to use traditional networking protocols such as IPv6.
For the same reasons, this tidal wave of IOT devices cannot be controlled by existing operational techniques and tools. Instead, lessons from Nature’s massive scale will guide a new architecture for the IOT.
Taking cues from Nature, and in collaboration with our OEM licensees, MeshDynamics is extending concepts outlined in the book “Rethinking the Internet of Things” to real-world problems of supporting “smart: secure and scalable” IOT Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communities at the edge.
Simple devices, speaking simply
Today companies view the IOT as an extension of current networking protocols and practices. But those on the front lines of the Industrial Internet of Things are seeing problems already:
“While much of the ink spilled today is about evolutionary improvements using modern IT technologies to address traditional operational technology concerns, the real business impact will be to expand our horizon of addressable concerns. Traditional operational technology has focused on process correctness and safety; traditional IT has focused on time to market and, as a recent concern, security. Both disciplines have developed in a world of relative scarcity, with perhaps hundreds of devices interconnected to perform specific tasks. The future, however, points toward billions of devices and tasks that change by the millisecond under autonomous control, and are so distributed they cannot be tracked by any individual. Our existing processes for ensuring safety, security and management break down when faced with such scale. Stimulating the redevelopment of our technologies for this new world is a focal point for the Industrial Internet Consortium.”
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Performance Analysis of Internet of Things Protocols Based Fog/Cloud over Hig...Istabraq M. Al-Joboury
The Internet of Things (IoT) becomes the future of a global data field in which the embedded devices communicate with each other, exchange data and making decisions through the Internet. IoT could improves the qualityoflife in smart cities, but a massive amount of data from different smart devices could slow down or crash database systems. In addition, IoT data transfer to Cloud for monitoring information and generating feedback thus will lead to highdelay in infrastructure level. Fog Computing can help by offering services closer to edge devices. In this paper, we propose an efficient system architecture to mitigate the problem of delay. We provide performance analysis like responsetime, throughput and packet loss for MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) and HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) protocols based on Cloud or Fog serverswith large volume of data form emulated traffic generator working alongsidewith one real sensor. We implement both protocols in the same architecture, with low cost embedded devices to local and Cloud servers with different platforms. The results show that HTTP response time is 12.1 and 4.76 times higher than MQTT Fog and cloud based located in the same geographical area of the sensors respectively. The worst case in performance is observed when the Cloud is public and outside the country region. The results obtained for throughput shows that MQTT has the capability to carry the data with available bandwidth and lowest percentage of packet loss. We also prove that the proposed Fog architecture is an efficient way to reduce latency and enhance performance in Cloud based IoT.
Italy Agriculture Equipment Market Outlook to 2027harveenkaur52
Agriculture and Animal Care
Ken Research has an expertise in Agriculture and Animal Care sector and offer vast collection of information related to all major aspects such as Agriculture equipment, Crop Protection, Seed, Agriculture Chemical, Fertilizers, Protected Cultivators, Palm Oil, Hybrid Seed, Animal Feed additives and many more.
Our continuous study and findings in agriculture sector provide better insights to companies dealing with related product and services, government and agriculture associations, researchers and students to well understand the present and expected scenario.
Our Animal care category provides solutions on Animal Healthcare and related products and services, including, animal feed additives, vaccination
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
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Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
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The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
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Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
Ellisha Heppner, Grant Management Lead, presented an update on APNIC Foundation to the PNG DNS Forum held from 6 to 10 May, 2024 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
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IoT.pdf
1. Internet of things
What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet. These devices range from
ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools. With more than 7 billion connected
IoT devices today, experts expect this number to grow to 10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion by
2025. Oracle has a network of device partners.
Why is the Internet of Things (IoT) so important?
Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most critical technologies of the 21st
century. Now that we can connect everyday objects—kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats,
baby monitors—to the internet via embedded devices, seamless communication is possible
between people, processes, and things.
By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile technologies,
physical things can share and collect data with minimal human intervention. In this
hyperconnected world, digital systems can record, monitor, and adjust each interaction between
connected things. The physical world meets the digital world—and they cooperate.
2. What technologies have made IoT possible?
While the idea of IoT has been in existence for a long time, a collection of recent advances in a
number of different technologies has made it practical.
Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology. Affordable and reliable
sensors are making IoT technology possible for more manufacturers.
Connectivity. A host of network protocols for the internet has made it easy to
connect sensors to the cloud and to other “things” for efficient data transfer.
Cloud computing platforms. The increase in the availability of cloud platforms
enables both businesses and consumers to access the infrastructure they need to
scale up without actually having to manage it all.
Machine learning and analytics. With advances in machine learning and analytics,
along with access to varied and vast amounts of data stored in the cloud, businesses
can gather insights faster and more easily. The emergence of these allied
technologies continues to push the boundaries of IoT and the data produced by IoT
also feeds these technologies.
Conversational artificial intelligence (AI). Advances in neural networks have
brought natural-language processing (NLP) to IoT devices (such as digital personal
assistants Alexa, Cortana, and Siri) and made them appealing, affordable, and viable
for home use.
limitations of the Internet:
1) The quality of information resources might not always be reliable and accurate.
2) Searching for information can be very tedious. (It is definitely time-consuming)
3) Internet is definitely not 100% secure.
3. Internet Architecture
The Internet architecture, which is also sometimes called the TCP/IP architecture after its two
main protocols, is depicted in Figure 1.14. An alternative representation is given in Figure 1.15.
The Internet architecture evolved out of experiences with an earlier packet-switched network
called the ARPANET. Both the Internet and the ARPANET were funded by the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA), one of the research and development funding agencies of
the U.S. Department of Defense. The Internet and ARPANET were around before the OSI
architecture, and the experience gained from building them was a major influence on the OSI
reference model.
Delay and Rushing
Delay is a natural consequence of implementations of the Internet architecture. Datagrams from
a single connection typically transit a path across the Internet in bursts. This happens because
applications at the sender, when sending large messages, tend to send messages larger than a
single datagram. The transport layer partitions these messages into segments to fit the
maximum segment size along the path to the destination. The MAC tends to output all the
frames together as a single blast after it has accessed the medium. Therefore, routers with
many links can receive multiple datagram bursts at the same time. When this happens, a router
has to temporarily buffer the burst, since it can output only one frame conveying a datagram per
link at a time. Simultaneous arrival of bursts of datagrams is one source of congestion in
routers. This condition usually manifests itself at the application by slow communications time
over the Internet. Delay can also be intentionally introduced by routers, such as via traffic
shaping.
Attackers can induce delays in several ways. We illustrate this idea by describing two different
attacks. It is not uncommon for an attacker to take over a router, and when this happens, the
attacker can introduce artificial delay, even when the router is uncongested. As a second
example, attackers with bot armies can bombard a particular router with “filler” messages, the
only purpose of which is to congest the targeted router.
Rushing is the opposite problem: a technique to make it appear that messages can be delivered
sooner than can be reasonably expected. Attackers often employ rushing attacks by first
4. hijacking routers that service parts of the Internet that are fairly far apart in terms of network
topology. The attackers cause the compromised routers to form a virtual link between them. A
virtual link emulates a MAC layer protocol but running over a transport layer connection
between the two routers instead of a PHY layer. The virtual link, also called a wormhole, allows
the routers to claim they are connected directly by a link and so are only one hop apart. The two
compromised routers can therefore advertise the wormhole as a “low-cost” path between their
respective regions of the Internet. The two regions then naturally exchange traffic through the
compromised routers and the wormhole.
An adversary usually launches a rushing attack as a prelude to other attacks. By attracting
traffic to the wormhole endpoints, the compromised routers can eavesdrop and modify the
datagrams flowing through them. Compromised routers at the end of a wormhole are also an
ideal vehicle for selective deletion of messages.
5. What is network virtualization?
Network Virtualization (NV) refers to abstracting network resources that were traditionally delivered in
hardware to software. NV can combine multiple physical networks into one virtual, software-based
network, or it can divide one physical network into separate, independent virtual networks.
Network virtualization software allows network administrators to move virtual machines across different
domains without reconfiguring the network. The software creates a network overlay that can run separate
virtual network layers on top of the same physical network fabric.
Why network virtualization?
Network virtualization is rewriting the rules for the way services are delivered, from the software-defined
data center (SDDC) to the cloud, to the edge. This approach moves networks from static, inflexible, and
inefficient to dynamic, agile, and optimized. Modern networks must keep up with the demands for
cloud-hosted, distributed apps, and the increasing threats of cybercriminals while delivering the speed
and agility you need for faster time to market for your applications. With network virtualization, you can
forget about spending days or weeks provisioning the infrastructure to support a new application. Apps
can be deployed or updated in minutes for rapid time to value.
How does network virtualization work?
Network virtualization decouples network services from the underlying hardware and allows the virtual
provisioning of an entire network. It makes it possible to programmatically create, provision, and manage
networks all in software while continuing to leverage the underlying physical network as the
packet-forwarding backplane. Physical network resources, such as switching, routing, firewalling, load
balancing, virtual private networks (VPNs), and more, are pooled, delivered in software, and require only
Internet Protocol (IP) packet forwarding from the underlying physical network.
Network and security services in software are distributed to a virtual layer (hypervisors, in the data
center) and “attached” to individual workloads, such as your virtual machines (VMs) or containers,
following networking and security policies defined for each connected application. When a workload is
moved to another host, network services and security policies move with it. And when new workloads are
6. created to scale an application, necessary policies are dynamically applied to these new workloads,
providing greater policy consistency and network agility.
The benefits of network virtualization
help organizations achieve major advances in speed, agility, and security by automating and simplifying
many of the processes that go into running a data center network and managing networking and security
in the cloud. Here are some of the key benefits of network virtualization:
● Reduce network provisioning time from weeks to minutes
● Achieve greater operational efficiency by automating manual processes
● Place and move workloads independently of physical topology
● Improve network security within the data center
A description of the new networking paradigms I believe will address the limitations of
the Internet’s current network architecture
Software-Defined Networking (SDN):
SDN separates the control plane from the data plane, allowing for centralized management and
programmability of network resources. This enables more flexible and dynamic network
configurations, making it easier to adapt to changing traffic patterns and application
requirements.
Network Function Virtualization (NFV):
7. NFV involves virtualizing network functions such as firewalls, load balancers, and routers. This
allows for more efficient resource utilization and easier scaling, as these functions can be
instantiated as virtual instances on commodity hardware.
Edge Computing:
Edge computing involves processing data closer to the source or point of consumption, reducing
latency and bandwidth usage. This paradigm is particularly useful for applications that require
real-time processing, such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices and augmented reality (AR)
applications.
Content-Centric Networking (CCN):
CCN focuses on retrieving content based on its name rather than its location (as in traditional IP
addressing). This approach can improve content distribution and caching, making data retrieval
more efficient and reducing the load on central servers.
Named Data Networking (NDN):
Similar to CCN, NDN replaces IP addresses with content names, aiming to make
communication more data-centric. This can improve security, caching, and content distribution,
as well as simplify some aspects of network management.
Mesh Networks:
Mesh networks involve interconnected nodes that cooperate to provide network coverage. They
can be particularly useful in areas with limited infrastructure or during network outages, as
nodes can relay data to reach their destination.
Blockchain-Based Networking:
Blockchain technology can potentially be applied to networking to enhance security,
transparency, and decentralized control. It could enable more secure identity management,
peer-to-peer communication, and resource sharing.
5G and Beyond: The evolution of cellular networks, including 5G and future generations, aims to
provide higher data rates, lower latency, and better connectivity for a wide range of devices.
These networks can enable new applications and use cases that were not feasible with previous
generations of mobile networks.
8. Quantum Networking:
Quantum networking leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to enable secure
communication through quantum key distribution and other quantum protocols. While still in its
early stages, this paradigm could revolutionize encryption and data security.
Cognitive Networking: Cognitive networks can autonomously adapt to changing conditions by
learning from the environment and optimizing their performance. This paradigm can improve
network efficiency and reliability by dynamically adjusting routing, spectrum usage, and other
parameters.
My views on the extent to which I believe new networking paradigms will be able to meet
the demands of users of the Internet with the emergence of the IoT.
Scalability:
IoT devices are projected to number in the billions, and traditional networking architectures
might struggle to handle such h scale. Paradigms like Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) can provide more efficient resource utilization and
scalability by abstracting and centralizing network management.
Low Latency:
Many IoT applications, such as real-time monitoring and control, demand low-latency
communication. Edge computing and fog computing, which are closely related to IoT, can bring
computation and storage closer to the devices, reducing the round-trip time for data
transmission and improving response times.
9. Data Management:
IoT generates massive amounts of data that need to be efficiently collected, processed, and
analyzed. Content-Centric Networking (CCN) and Named Data Networking (NDN) could
alleviate the strain on centralized servers by focusing on content retrieval and efficient caching,
enhancing data management.
Reliability and Security:
IoT devices often operate in sensitive environments and may be vulnerable to security threats.
Blockchain-based networking and quantum networking could offer enhanced security measures
for IoT communication, ensuring data integrity and authentication.
Resource Efficiency:
IoT devices often have limited power and computational resources. Cognitive networking can
help optimize resource allocation and communication protocols to extend the battery life of IoT
devices and improve overall efficiency.
Heterogeneity:
IoT encompasses a wide range of devices with varying communication technologies and
capabilities. 5G and beyond could provide the necessary connectivity for diverse IoT devices,
accommodating their differing requirements.
Network Congestion:
The sheer volume of IoT devices could lead to network congestion. Mesh networks can help
alleviate congestion by allowing devices to relay data, creating a more distributed and
self-healing network infrastructure.
Diverse Use Cases:
IoT encompasses a wide array of applications, from smart cities and industrial automation to
healthcare and agriculture. Different networking paradigms might be better suited to specific use
cases, necessitating a flexible and adaptable approach.
Regulatory and Privacy Considerations: IoT networks must adhere to various regulations and
privacy requirements. Networking paradigms that offer enhanced security and data protection
mechanisms will be crucial to ensure compliance.