L'esperimento di seguito presentato vuole investigare la
variazione della forza della coreferenza in frasi in cui il pronome referente è esplicitato o meno, e in frasi in cui lo stesso viene o non viene c-comandato.
L' assunzione alla base di questo studio è stata verificata nell'esperimento condotto da P. Gordon & R. Hendrick.
L'ipotesi è che la coreferenza nella sequenza nome-pronome sia accettabile, moderatamente accettabile nella sequenza nome-nome e non accettabile nella sequenza pronome-nome.
Groupon e l'evoluzione dell' e-commerce in social commerceAndrea Colombo
Groupon e l'evoluzione dell' e-commerce in social commerce:
Una panoramica sul percorso evolutivo che ha trasformato siti specializzati in e-couponing in siti social e-commerce.
Groupon e l'evoluzione dell' e-commerce in social commerceAndrea Colombo
Groupon e l'evoluzione dell' e-commerce in social commerce:
Una panoramica sul percorso evolutivo che ha trasformato siti specializzati in e-couponing in siti social e-commerce.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Intuitive knowledge of linguistic co-reference (Experiment)
1. Intuitive knowledge of linguistic
co-reference
Cdl in Teoria e Tecnologia della Comunicazione
anno 2012/2013
Gruppo Caim, Carradori, Colombo, Raineri
2. Page 2
ABSTRACT
L'esperimento di seguito presentato vuole investigare la
variazione della forza della coreferenza in frasi in cui il
pronome referente è esplicitato o meno, e in frasi in cui lo
stesso viene o non viene c-comandato.
L' assunzione alla base di questo studio è stata verificata
nell'esperimento condotto da P. Gordon & R. Hendrick.
L'ipotesi è che la coreferenza nella sequenza nome-
pronome sia accettabile, moderatamente accettabile nella
sequenza nome-nome e non accettabile nella sequenza
pronome-nome.
3. Page 3
INTRODUZIONE ALLA BINDING-THEORY
Lo scopo dell' esperimento è verificare che parlanti
naive si comportino come previsto dai principi della
Binding-Theory.
La BT cerca di caratterizzare aspetti universali della
struttura sintattica in termini di principi formalmente
espressi, e di spiegare le variazioni del linguaggio in base
al posizionamento di parametri in un modo regolato da
principi.
4. Page 4
INTRODUZIONE ALLA BINDING-THEORY
Principio A: un pronome riflessivo deve essere legato al suo
dominio locale.
Principio B: un pronome non rilessivo deve essere libero nel suo
dominio locale.
Principio C: un' espressione referenziale deve essere libera
ovunque.
5. Page 5
INTRODUZIONE ALLA BINDING-THEORY
Principio C: un' espressione referenziale deve essere libera
ovunque.
Un' espressione referenziale (R-expression) non può essere
c-comandata dal suo antecedente.
6. Page 6
L'ESPERIMENTO
L'esperimento si basa su quello precedentemente condotto da
Gordon & Hendrick (1997), e vuole verificare
che i risultati da loro raggiunti siano riproducibili anche con
parlanti madrelingua italiani.
7. Page 7
IL METODO
Sono stati selezionati per l' esperimento 30 soggetti, tutti
madrelingua italiani, con un titolo di studio minimo di licenza
media superiore, di età compresa tra i 22 e i 64 anni.
Abbiamo somministrato 32 frasi ad ogni soggetto, e per
evitare effetti di priorità, abbiamo proposto ai soggetti 4 tipi di
randomizzazioni utilizzando due scale di valutazione: metà dei
soggetti ha effettuato le valutazioni su una scala crescente da
0 a 10, l'altra metà su una scala decrescente da 10 a 0.
8. Page 8
GLI STIMOLI
Gli stimoli presentati nelle 32 frasi possono essere suddivisi
in 8 differenti categorie.
In tutte le frasi era presente un quantificatore che poteva
essere o l'antecedente o il referente dell'espressione
anaforica.
lI referente poteva essere C-comandato o meno.
L' anafora poteva risiedere in un pronome lessicale o in un
pronome nullo.
11. Page 11
PROCEDURA
I soggetti sono stati testati con un questionario presentato in
forma scritta, preceduto da un foglio separato contenente le
istruzioni per lo svolgimento del compito e alcuni esempi di
frasi in cui la forza dell'espressione anaforica era alta, media o
bassa.
La somministrazione del questionario è stata individuale e si
è svolta in un ambiente silenzioso.
Tutti i soggetti erano volontari e non hanno ricevuto nessun
compenso per la loro prestazione.
13. Page 13
I RISULTATI
Abbiamo riportato tutti i risultati ottenuti nelle singole frasi da
ogni soggetto in una tabella, e per ogni frase abbiamo
calcolato la media e la deviazione standard.
I risultati ci hanno lasciato molto sorpresi in quanto le medie
si attestavano quasi unicamente nei valori appena sottostanti il
5 mentre le deviazioni standard erano sempre valori compresi
tra 3 e 4.
14. Page 14
I RISULTATI
Analisi delle medie:
Cosa comporta che le medie fossero principalmente
nell'intorno di 5?
Dato che i valori delle possibili risposte erano in una scala da
0 a 10 e che i valori medi ottenuti, per ogni tipo di condizione
proposta, si sono attestati vicino al 5 si può supporre che i
soggetti abbiano risposto in maniera abbastanza casuale.
15. Page 15
I RISULTATI
Analisi delle deviazioni standard:
Cosa comporta che le deviazioni standard fossero
principalmente comprese tra 3 e 4?
Dato che i valori delle possibili risposte erano in una scala da 0
a 10 e che i valori di deviazione standard ottenuti, per ogni tipo
di condizione proposta, si sono attestati tra 3 e 4, si può
evincere che le valutazioni dei soggetti si discostassero molto
dai valori attesi.
16. Page 16
I RISULTATI
Dato che i risultati dell'esperimento erano globalmente
inconsistenti abbiamo confrontato i dati solo di determinate
frasi, le piùsignificative, e nonostante la comunque alta
deviazione standard, siamo riusciti a portare alla luce alcune
evidenze.
17. Page 17
I RISULTATI
Abbiamo confrontato tramite analisi statistica due gruppi di
frasi.
Il primo gruppo era formato da frasi di tipo Q/PØ
(1,3,9,11)
Il secondo gruppo era formato da frasi di tipo PØ/Q
(5,7,13,15)
Le frasi potevano essere (3,7,11,15) o non essere (1,9,5,13)
C-comandate
18. Page 18
I RISULTATI
Tutte le frasi hanno valori di media e deviazione standard
simile, tranne la frase 11 che ha entrambi i valori molto piùalti
19. Page 19
I RISULTATI
Abbiamo analizzato le frasi in base alla legalita` della coreferenza.
Il grafico evidenzia che le frasi dove la corefenza non e` legale ottengono sempre valori bassi
indipendentemente dall'ordine di Q e P, mentre nelle frasi con coreferenza legale si verifica un
aumento notevole per quanto riguarda le frasi nell'ordine Q/PØ.
R 1 * F R A S E ; M e d i e M Q
E f f . c o r r e n t e : F ( 1 , 2 9 ) = 4 , 4 4 7 3 , p = , 0 4 3 7 1
D e c o m p o s i z i o n e i p o t e s i e f f e t t i v e
L e b a r r e v e r t i a l i i n d i c a n o i n t e r v a l l i d i c o n f i d e n z a a l 0 , 9 5
c o r e f e r e n z a s i
c o r e f e r e n z a n o
1 2
F R A S E
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6
1 8VD_1
20. Page 20
I RISULTATI
Mentre nell'analisi precedente non avevamo tenuto in considerazione il c-comando in questo
caso abbiamo analizzato solo quel fattore e abbiamo notato come ci sia maggior coreferenza
quando le frasi sono c-comandate.
C O M A N D O ; M e d ie M Q
E f f . c o r r e n te : F ( 1 , 2 9 ) = 6 ,1 8 0 9 , p = ,0 1 8 9 2
D e c o m p o s iz io n e ip o te s i e f f e ttiv e
L e b a r r e v e r tia li in d ic a n o in te r v a lli d i c o n f id e n z a a l 0 ,9 5
n o s ì
C O M A N D O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
VD_1
21. Page 21
I RISULTATI
Frase 5:
Quando iniziò a cantare ogni ragazzo si alzò .
Frase 7:
Si alzò quando ogni ragazzo iniziò a cantare.
Frase 13:
Se fa bene il compito, ogni studente passerà l'esame.
Frase 15:
Passerà l'esame se ogni studente fa bene il compito.
22. Page 22
I RISULTATI
Le frasi in cui il quantificatore e` ogni studente (13,15) elicitano piùcoreferenza di quelle (5,7)
in cui il quantificatore e` ogni ragazzo. Questa puo` essere considerata un'evidenza
dell'effetto del contesto, ci aspettiamo infatti che uno studente studi per un esame piuttosto
che un ragazzo inizi a cantare.
F R A S E ; M e d ie M Q
E f f . c o r r e n te : F ( 1 , 2 9 ) = 4 ,4 6 6 3 , p = ,0 4 3 2 9
D e c o m p o s iz io n e ip o te s i e f f e ttiv e
L e b a r r e v e r tia li in d ic a n o in te r v a lli d i c o n f id e n z a a l 0 ,9 5
1 2
F R A S E
1 ,5
2 ,0
2 ,5
3 ,0
3 ,5
4 ,0
4 ,5
5 ,0
5 ,5
6 ,0
6 ,5
7 ,0
7 ,5
VD_1
23. Page 23
I RISULTATI - euristiche
Abbiamo provato a non considerare le valutazioni di alcuni soggetti che più si discostavano
da una prestazione coerente, cioè quei soggetti che usavano delle euristiche di risposta
fornendo solamente valori intermedi o con valori estremi.
24. Page 24
I RISULTATI
Qui di seguito riportiamo il confronto di medie e deviazioni standard tenendo conto di tutti i
soggetti e medie e deviazioni standard eliminando le valutazioni dei soggetti che si
discostavano dalla prestazione coerente.
Si può notare come alcuni valori in effetti cambino significativamente.
25. Page 25
DISCUSSIONI GENERALI
Dato i che i risultati non hanno portato a conclusioni
apprezzabili abbiamo pensato che il problema potesse
risiedere nella poca forza del disegno sperimentale.
I possibili problemi da noi riscontrati sono:
- la tipologia e l' ampiezza della scala di valutazioni scelta;
- le istruzioni fornite ai soggetti;
- la presenza costante del quantificatore.
26. Page 26
DISCUSSIONI GENERALI
- Tipologia e ampiezza della scala di valutazione
Probabilmente una scala di valori cosi ampia (da 0 a 10) non
ha permesso una corretta analisi dei risultati in quanto i
soggetti non utilizzavano tutti i valori della scala ma
principalmente i valori estremi e il valore centrale (5).
Inoltre il fatto che la scala fosse unicamente numerica poteva
portare a una incomprensione del significato dei valori.
Cosa cambia da 7 a 9?
27. Page 27
DISCUSSIONI GENERALI
- Istruzioni fornite ai soggetti
Ad un' attenta analisi delle istruzioni abbiamo notato che
queste potrebbero indirizzare i soggetti a scegliere solo i
valori estremi e quello centrale.
Le istruzioni suggeriscono infatti di assegnare ''un punteggio
vicino o uguale a 10'' per frasi ad alto valore di coreferenza
auspicato, e un valore ''vicino o uguale a 0'' quando la
coreferenza è illegale.
28. Page 28
DISCUSSIONI GENERALI
- Presenza costante del quantificatore
Abbiamo osservato che la presenza del quantificatore in tutti i
tipi di frase ha portato ad un abbassamento generale delle
prestazioni dei soggetti anche quando ci aspettavamo, dato
l'alto livello di coreferenza, dei punteggi elevati.
Probabilmente sarebbe stato opportuno inserire anche delle
frasi senza quantificatore, con un livello di coreferenza simile,
da utilizzare come gruppo di controllo.