The Waterfall Model is a linear and sequential approach to software development with distinct phases: requirements gathering, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance/deployment. It emphasizes well-structured planning and clear documentation. While it provides structure and measures progress easily, it lacks flexibility to changes and assumes requirements are known upfront.

1. Introduction to the
Waterfall Model
The Waterfall Model is a linear project management approach that
emphasizes a well-structured sequential approach to software development.

2. Phases of the Waterfall Model
Requirements
Gathering
Defines business
requirements to satisfy
stakeholders. Requirements
should have the four C's:
clear, concise, complete,
and consistent.
Design
Determines how the
requirements will be
implemented in terms of
hardware, software, data
storage, and security.
Implementation
The process of translating
the design into a working
software system through
coding and unit testing.
Testing
Checks if the system meets the requirements
and is free of defects, including functional,
performance, and security tests.
Maintenance and Deployment
Ensures that the software continues to work as
expected and new functionalities can be added.
The software is deployed and released.

3. Design Phase
Software Architecture
Defines the components, subsystems, and
interrelationships of a software system to ensure
compatibility with other systems, scalability, and
maintainability.
User Interface Design
Designs the visual and interactive aspects of the
system to ensure ease of use, intuitive navigation,
and accessibility.
Data Flow Diagram Network Design

4. Testing Phase
1
Unit Testing
Checks individual software components to
ensure that they work as expected, without
dependence on other components.
2
Integration Testing
Checks that integrated software modules
cooperate as expected, meeting assumptions
and constraints, without errors or conflicts.
3
Functional Testing
Validates that the software meets business
requirements and that users can perform tasks
correctly and efficiently.

5. Implementation Phase
Languages and
Frameworks
• Java
• C#
• Python
• PHP
IDEs and Tools
• Eclipse
• Visual Studio
• PyCharm
• NetBeans
Version Control
• GitLab
• GitHub
• Bitbucket
• SVN

6. Maintenance Phase
1 Bug Fixes
Identify and fix errors and
malfunctions discovered
during the testing and
operation of the software.
2 Updates and
Upgrades
Add new features or
functionalities to a software
system, enhance
performance or scalability,
or improve compatibility with
other systems.
3 User Support
Provide technical assistance, troubleshooting, and customer service
to users of the software system.

7. Requirements Gathering
Stakeholders
Identify and prioritize the needs of internal and
external stakeholders, such as customers,
managers, developers, and regulators.
Brainstorming
Generate ideas, proposals, and solutions to meet
the requirements of the stakeholders, using
techniques such as mind mapping, SWOT
analysis, and brainstorming.
Use Cases Prototyping

8. Conclusion
1 Advantages of the Waterfall
Model
Provides clear and defined phases,
making it easy to measure progress and
work, minimizes the risk of scope creep,
and supports documentation and
planning.
2
Disadvantages of the Waterfall
Model
Assumes that requirements are stable
and known in advance, lacks flexibility
and adaptability, and may lead to delays
and additional costs if errors or changes
are discovered late in the process.