Philosophy comes from the Greek words "philos" meaning love and "sophia" meaning wisdom. It is the study of fundamental truths about humanity and the world using reason. Some of the most notable ancient Greek philosophers include Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Democritus, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The need to philosophize stems from humanity's innate love of wisdom and desire to understand fundamental truths.

2. - love of wisdom
love of wisdom
- comes from the Greek words,
philos and sophia
comes from the Greek words,
philos and sophia
- the study that uses human reason
to investigate the ultimate causes,
reasons, and principles which
govern all things
applied it to the study that uses
human reason to investigate the
ultimate causes, reasons, and
principles which govern all things

3. is an activity people
undertake when they seek
to understand fundamental
truths about themselves,
the world in which they live,
and their relationships to
the world and to each other.
- is an activity people
undertake when they seek
to understand fundamental
truths about themselves,
the world in which they live,
and their relationships to
the world and to each other.

4. Most Notable Ancient
Greek Philosophers
1. Pythagoras – mathematician and scientist
- formulating the Pythagorean theorem
- established a community of learners who were devoted to the study of
religion and philosophy
2. Heraclitus – proposed that everything that exists is based on a higher
order or plan which he called logos. He was credited with the saying “No
man ever steps in the same river twice.”
3. Democritus – first to propose that matter is composed of tiny particles
called atoms

5. Most Notable Ancient
Greek Philosophers
4. Diogenes of Sinope – was a known advocate of living a simple and
virtuous life. His teaching and views were developed by his followers and
influenced the development of schools of philosophy such as Cynicism
and Stoicism.
5. Epicurus– believed that philosophy enable a man to live life happiness.
His views gave rise to Epicureanism, a school philosophy that believes
that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free of fear and pain.
6. Socrates – the foremost philosopher in ancient times.
- he contributed much in ethics
- developed Socratic Method – means examining a topic by devising a
series of questions

6. Most Notable Ancient
Greek Philosophers
7. Plato – student of Socrates, he wrote some of his mentor’s teaching and
incorporated some of his own ideas
a. Theory of forms – proposes that everything that exist is based on the
ideas that can only be perceived in mind.
b. Famous for his dialect – method of inquiry where two opposing ideas
are discussed in an attempt to arrive in a new knowledge
8. Aristotle – a prominent student of Plato.
- against the idea of Plato’s theory of forms
- for him, all ideas and views are based on perception, and our reality is
based on what we can sense and perceive.
- deductive reasoning – the process by which specific statements are
analyzed to reach a conclusion or generalization

7. Is there a need to philosophize? Why?
• Plato – traced man’s need to philosophize to his sense
of wonder. Overbounding curiosity drives a man to ask
question.
• Rene Descartes – traced the need to philosophize to
doubt
• Karl Jaspers – need to philosophize because of
experience

8. Is there a need to philosophize? Why?
► The need to philosophize is driven by the
love of wisdom. To love wisdom is to have an
insatiable desire for truth.

9. Is there a need to philosophize? Why?
► the need to philosophize is driven by the
love of wisdom.

10. Branches of Philosophy
 Aesthetics – deals with beauty and what makes things
beautiful.
 Epistemology – discusses the nature of knowledge and
knowing.
 Ethics – deals with moral questions and dilemmas
 Political Philosophy – studies governments and deals with
questions of justice, power and the rights and obligations of
citizens.
 Metaphysics – deals with questions regarding reality and
existence.
 Logic – deals with correct reasoning

11. Partial Thinking
► focuses on specific aspects of a situation
► Partial view is an important component of
analytical thinking, as an individual focuses on
certain areas or aspects of a problem in order to
understand it.

12. Holistic Thinking
► refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns
in systems.
► often described as looking as at the “big picture” when
describing and analyzing a situation or problem.
► it also means that one does not confine one’s
understanding of the world to one’s own perspective, but
also includes the perspective of others.

15. Reflection
► examining one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions and to
learn more about one’s life and experiences
Note: Reflecting on situations, activities, actions, and decisions
enables a person to gain insights that will help in
effective decision-making.