Managerial Economics | Overview and SummaryMBA ASAP
Managerial economics deals with the application of the economic concepts, theories, tools and methodologies to solve practical problems in a business. It helps the manager in decision making and acts as a link between practice and theory.
Business Economics unit-1 Osmania University IMBA Balasri Kamarapu
Introduction to Business Economics-Characteristics-Nature and scope, concept of opportunities Cost- Incremental Cost- Time perspective-Discounting and Equi-Marginal Principle, Features of Business Economics
Premier University
[B.B.A]
Course Teacher: Assistant Professor. Anupam Das
University of Chittagong
Course Title: Managerial Economic
Presentation Subject: Introduction to Managerial Economic
Semester: 7th Section: “A” Batch :22nd
Group Name: D’14
E-mail : mdsaimonchy@yahoo.com
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
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Managerial Economics | Overview and SummaryMBA ASAP
Managerial economics deals with the application of the economic concepts, theories, tools and methodologies to solve practical problems in a business. It helps the manager in decision making and acts as a link between practice and theory.
Business Economics unit-1 Osmania University IMBA Balasri Kamarapu
Introduction to Business Economics-Characteristics-Nature and scope, concept of opportunities Cost- Incremental Cost- Time perspective-Discounting and Equi-Marginal Principle, Features of Business Economics
Premier University
[B.B.A]
Course Teacher: Assistant Professor. Anupam Das
University of Chittagong
Course Title: Managerial Economic
Presentation Subject: Introduction to Managerial Economic
Semester: 7th Section: “A” Batch :22nd
Group Name: D’14
E-mail : mdsaimonchy@yahoo.com
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
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how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
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What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
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Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
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The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Managerial Economics for Economics Students
1. Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
What is “Economics”?
What is ‘ Micro and Macro economics?
What is Managerial Economics?
Nature, scope and significance of Managerial Economics
How it is useful to a Manager?
Functions of a Managerial Economist?
What Role a managerial Economist plays in the Management Team
5. Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
What is Microeconomics and Macroeconomics ?
•Ragnor Frisch : Micro means “ Small” and Macro means
“Large”
Microeconomics deals with the study of individual behaviour.
• It deals with the equilibrium of an individual consumer,
producer, firm or industry.
Macroeconomics on the other hand, deals with economy wide
aggregates.
• Determination of National Income Output, Employment
• Changes in Aggregate economic activity, known as Business
Cycles
• Changes in general price level , known as inflation, deflation
• Policy measures to correct disequilibrium in the economy,
Monetary policy and Fiscal policy
6. Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
What is Managerial Economics?
“Managerial Economics is economics applied in decision making. It is a
special branch of economics bridging the gap between abstract theory
and managerial practice” – Willian Warren Haynes, V.L. Mote, Samuel Paul
“Integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of
facilitating decision-making and forward planning” - Milton H. Spencer
“Managerial economics is the study of the allocation of scarce resources
available to a firm or other unit of management among the activities of that
unit” - Willian Warren Haynes, V.L. Mote, Samuel Paul
“ Price theory in the service of business executives is known as Managerial
economics” - Donald Stevenson Watson
7. Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
DECISION PROBLEMS
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS :
INTEGRATION OF ECONOMIC
THEORY AND
METHODOLOGY WITH TOOLS
AND TECHNICS BORROWED
FROM OTHER DECIPLINES
OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TO
BUSINESS PROBLEMS
TRADITIONAL ECONOMICS :
THEORY AND METHODOLOGY
DECISION SCIENCES :
TOOLS AND TECHNICS
8. Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
Nature, Scope and Significance of Managerial Economics:
Managerial Economics – Business Economics
Managerial Economics is ‘Pragmatic’
Managerial Economics is ‘Eclectic’
Managerial Economics is ‘Normative’
Universal applicability
The roots of Managerial Economics spring from Micro Economics
Relation of Managerial Economics to Economic Theory is much like
that of Engineering to Physics or Medicine to Biology. It is the
relation of applied field to basic fundamental discipline
Core content of Managerial Economics :
Demand Analysis and forecasting of demand
Production decisions (Input-Output Decisions)
Cost Analysis (Output - Cost relations)
Price – Output Decisions
Profit Analysis
Investment Decisions
9. The core content of Managerial Economics :
Theoretical foundation for demand analysis
Consumer’s equilibrium :
Cardinal Utility:
• Law of Diminishing marginal Utility
• Law of equimarginal Principle
• Consumers equilibrium and derivation demand curve
Ordinal utility Analysis:
• Indifference Curve, Budget line,
• Equilibrium using indifference curves
• Changes in Equilibrium
• Due to change in Income – ICC Curve - Engel Curve
• Due to change in Price - PCC Curve – Demand Curve
Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
10. 1. Demand Analysis :
Meaning of demand : No. of units of a commodity that customers
are willing to buy at a given price under a set
of conditions.
Demand function : Qd = f (P, Y, Pr W)
Demand Schedule : A list of prices and quantitives and the list is so
arranged that at each price the corresponding
amount is the quantity purchased at that price
Demand curve : Slops down words from left to right.
Law of demand : inverse relation between price and quantity
Exceptions to the law of demand :
Giffens paradox
Thorsten Veblen's “ Doctrine of conspicuous consumption
Price expectations
Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
11. Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
Elasticity : Measure of responsiveness - Qd = f (P, Y, Pr W)
E = percentage change in DV/ percentage change in IV
Concepts of price, income, and cross elasticity
Price Elasticity :
Ep = Percentage change in QD/Percentage change in P
Types of price elasticity :
1. Perfectly elastic demand Ep = ∞
2. Elastic demand Ep > 1
3. Inelastic demand Ep < 1
4. Unit elastic demand Ep = 1
5. Perfectly inelastic demand Ep = 0
12. Elasticity and expenditure : If demand is elastic a given fall in price causes a
relatively larger increase in the total expenditure.
P↓ - TR↑ when demand is elastic.
P↓ - TR↓ when demand is inelastic.
P↓ ↑ - TR remains same when demand is Unit elastic.
Elastic Demand Unit Elastic Demand Inelastic Demand
P Q PQ P Q PQ P Q PQ
10 1,000 units 10,000 10 1,000 units 10,000 10 1,000 units 10,000
9 2,000 units 18,000 9 1,111 units 10,000 9 1,050 units 9,450
8 3,000 units 24,000 8 1,250 units 10,000 8 1,100 units 8,800
Measurement of elasticity :
Point and Arc elasticity
Elasticity when demand is linear
Determinants of elasticity :
(1) Number and closeness of its substitutes,
(2) the commodity’s importance in buyers’ budgets,
(3) the number of its uses.
Other Elasticity Concepts
Income elasticity
Cross elasticity
Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
13. 2. Theory of production :
Input – Output relation
What is a production function :
Q = f (A, B, C, D)
Production function with one variable input
Law of variable proportions
Equilibrium of producer with one variable input (optimum
quantity of variable input)
Production function with two variable inputs
Iso-costs, iso-quants, equilibrium - least cost combination of
inputs
Equilibrium of producer with two variable inputs (optimum
combination of inputs)
Production function with all variable inputs
Returns to Scale
Increasing returns to scale
Constant returns to scale
Decreasing returns to scale
Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
14. 3. Theory of Cost : Cost - output relations
Cost Concepts
Opportunity Cost
Implicit Cost
Explicit Cost
Cost function :
Short run cost functions
Fixed Cost
Variable Cost
AFC
AVC
AC
MC
Long run cost functions
LAC
LMC
Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
15. 4. Market structures - Price – Output Decisions
Classification of markets: 1. No of firms 2. nature of the product
Perfect competition
Features of perfect competition
Short-run equilibrium
Long-run equilibrium
Monopoly
Meaning and Barriers to entry
Short-run equilibrium
Long-run equilibrium
Discriminating Monopoly
Monopolistic competition
Oligopoly – Duopoly models
Cournot’s Model
Edgeworth’s Model
Chamberlin’s Model
Paul Sweezy’s Kinked Demand Curve
Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
16. Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
5. Profit Management :
Concept of Profit
Profit Theories
Payment to factor services
Reward for taking risk and baring uncertainty
Result of Frictions and Imperfections and Monopoly
Reward for successful innovations
Cost-volume-profit Analysis
Break even analysis
Make or buy decisions
17. Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
6. Investment Decisions:
Need and importance of Capital Budgeting
Capital Budgeting Techniques
Traditional Methods
Payback Method
Accounting Rate of Return On Investment (ARORI)
Discounted Cash Flow Techniques
Net Present Value (NPV) NPV=
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)=
Profitability Index (PI) =
Capital Budgeting under conditions of risk and uncertainty
Certainty – Equivalent Approach
Risk Adjusted Rate of Return
=
18. Functions of a Managerial Economists:
The main function of a manager is decision making and managerial
Economics helps in taking rational decisions.
The need for decision making arises only when there are more
alternatives courses of action.
Steps in decision making :
Defining the problem
Identifying alternative courses of action
Collection of data and analyzing the data
Evaluation of alternatives
Selecting the best alternative
Implementing the decision
Follow up of the action
Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
19. Specific functions to be performed by a managerial Economist :
1. Production scheduling
2. Sales forecasting
3. Market research
4. Economic analysis of competing companies
5. Pricing problems of industry
6. Investment appraisal
7. Security analysis
8. Advice on foreign exchange management
9. Advice on trade
10.Environmental forecasting
- Survey of British Industry by Alexander and Kemp
Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
20. Introduction to Managerial Economics -- Prof. V. Chandra Sekhara Rao
Role a Managerial Economist in the Management Team:
William J. Baumol, “What Can Economic Theory Contribute to Managerial
Economics?” American Economic Review, 1961
Baumol concludes that “a managerial economist can become a far
more helpful member of a management group by virtue of his studies
of economic analysis, primarily because there he learns to become an
effective model builder and because there he acquires a very rich
body of tools and techniques which can help him to deal with the
problems of the firm in a far more rigorous, a far more probing, and a
far deeper manner”.