Will get the indepth information about the cameras.

2. Camera – An Introduction
Reads and stores Images
Still photographs or moving images such as videos or movies

3. WORKING
It consists of an enclosed hollow with an opening ( aperture ) at one end for
light to enter, and a recording a view surface for capturing of light.
Still photographs are taken using a shutter button.
Typical camera continuously takes 24 frames per second

4. CAMERA PARAMETERS
Image Capture
 Sensor resolution
 Number of pixels
Lens Quality
 Geometric resolution
 Distortion
Exposure Control
Field of View
Digital Format
Storage Capacity
Robustness
Software Support
Computer requirements

5. IMAGE QUALITY
Capture light onto photographic film or photographic plate.
Uses an electronic Image sensor, usually a CCD or CMOS sensors
Image is transferred in a memory card

6. LENS SYSTEM
Design of lens is critical for image capture
Used in microscopes to reading glass to cameras.
They have wide range of focal length, wide angle
Interchangeable Lens
Fixed Lens ( Zoom lenses )

7. LENS QUALITY
Geometric Resolution
 Measured of the capability to resolve the final details.
 Higher the resolution, better the image quality.
Distortion
 In general, wider the field of view the greater the distortion
 more expensive the lens the less the distortion.

8. FIELD OF VIEW
Focal length of lens and area of focal plane determine the field of view
Lower the focal length, larger the field of view
Larger the area of sensor array then the larger will be the effective field of
coverage for a given lens focal length.

9. EXPOSURE CONTROL
Major factor for machine vision systems like UVSS.
Generally achieved by changing the shutter speed or the lens aperture.
High Shutter speed -> less Exposure time -> motion blur is reduced [ DARK
IMAGES ]
Low shutter speed -> More exposure time-> motion blur increases [
BRIGHT IMAGES ]

10. IMAGE SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
All electronic systems such as digital camera experience noise.
Noise may interrupt images and other signals.
Depends on sensitivity of sensors, depends on the size of sensor.
Low Signal to noise ratio cause poor quality images and will introduce
unacceptable artifacts.

11. DIGITAL FORMAT
Camera manufactures provide various image formats to capture the images
Format selection depends upon following factors :
 Quality of Image ( TIFF )
 Transfer speed between devices ( JPEG )
 Storage capacity (JPEG)

12. ROBUSTNESS
Cameras are optical devices and therefore have exposed glass surfaces
and moving parts.
No digital cameras, general or professional are designed for operation in
tough conditions.
In general, cheaper the camera, the less effective will be sealing of the body
and ‘strength’ of the components. Less likely to survive the condition.
Some good practices:
 Protect the sensor from dust
 Changing lens, hold the camera towards ground, to avoid sudden aperture
exposure.

13. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Need Software API to set the configuration of camera
For grabbing frames at a certain FPS
To store them in hard disk space for processing
To close the camera when task is finished.

14. TYPES OF CAMERA
On the basis of data transfer
 GigE camera
 IP Camera

15. GIGE CAMERA
high-speed transmission- transmission speed of effective data can reach
960Mbps
standard capture device- common interface of GigE network card (compliable to
mega network card)
Transmission distance is long- P2P transmission can reach 100m
cost of cable is low (CAT5e or CAT6)
one computer can connect with many cameras together and real-time capture

16. IP CAMERA
Accessible over the network, even when camera is not attached physically
to the system.
Low speed transmission
Generally involves image compression to increase data transfer.

18. LINE SCAN
Scans only a single line
Can have a very long line – upto 8192 pixels
Pictures acquired from LS cameras are built up by adding these lines.
Pictures can be of very high resolution possibly larger than 4 MB

19. CAPABILITIES
Inspects discrete parts on a web
Captures undistorted views of cylindrical objects.
Reduces light complexity
Provides high resolution Images
Requires minimal amount of object in field of view

20. FEATURES
Includes C or F mount lensing options with 1K and 2K line scan cameras
Captures 10mm pixel size
Scans up to 56,100 lines per second
Includes full selection of optional lenses, lighting and filters.

21. ADVANTAGES
GigE compatible for fast data streaming
High Quality Image with less distortion
Popularly used in Photocopiers, PC scanners.
Inspection of continuous product line such as textile, paper, glass
Low Signal/ Noise ratio

22. DISADVANTAGES
Higher exposure needs.
Only caters to slow motion moving objects.
Continuous line scan systems can acquire an image as ‘long’ as the object
is being imagined.

23. AREA SCAN
Scans a rectangular area ( W x H ) .
Produces an image of an area with an aspect ratio of approximately ( 4:3)
CCD sensor technology to capture the array of pixels

24. ADVANTAGES
Objects can move with variable speed without compromising on image
quality

25. DISADVANTAGES
Requires efficient image algorithm to identify object in the scene and stitch
them to get complete image.
Resulted image has some artifacts due to non- alignment of objects in two
frames.

26. THANK YOU