Cinematography is the art of visual storytelling through camera technologies and artistic techniques. This document provides an introduction to cinematography, including definitions, history, pioneers, terminology, and equipment both from early developments and modern tools. It discusses key figures like the Lumiere Brothers and technological advances from camera obscura to digital formats. Terminology includes camera shots, movements, and technical terms. A range of equipment is also outlined from early cameras to modern rigs and accessories used for stabilization, lighting, and audio.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
CINEMATOGRAPHY
CTS533 – CINEMATOGRAPHY I (FF227)
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2.  Generally, cinematography is a broad combination of artistic
techniques and camera technologies, which includes everything
from aspect ratio, framing, lighting, camera movement to lens,
focal length, and even the film/ tape stock or video/ digital storage
devices used.
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3. DEFINITIONS
 “The cinema is an invention without a future." - Louis Lumière
 The term, “cinematography” derives from Greek origins, a combination of the words,
‘kinema’ (movement) and ‘graphein’ (to record).
 Leon Bouly, the first inventor of cinematograph has first coined the term
“cinematograph”, from the Greek for “writing in movement”.
 ‘Cinematography’ also referred to motion picture films, but today, considering the
numerous technological advances, it is also synonymously used with shooting with
digital video and HD equipment.
 Cinematography also can be consisted in 5’cs (Mascelli, 1965);
 Camera angles
 Continuity
 Cutting
 Close-ups
 Composition
 “Cinematography is the art of visual storytelling. Anyone can set a camera on a tripod
and hit record, but the artistry of cinematography comes in controlling what the viewer
sees (or doesn’t see) and how the image is presented.” –Timothy Heiderich
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4. HISTORY
DEVELOPMENT
 Beginning with early technologies such as the camera
obscura, Kinetoscope, cinematograph andVitascope.
 Before movies could be created, first came an understanding of how the
human mind comprehends seeing a series of still images (persistence of
vision).
 Persistence of vision has been discovered by a Roman poet, Lucretius,
later some stroboscopic experiments performed by Peter Mark Roget in
1824.
 Then, the inventors and creators who contributed such as;
from Aristotle’s depiction of light and shadows and the early conception of
what later was coined camera obscura by Johannes Kepler.
Thomas Edison and William Dickson promoted Kinetoscope. Viewers of the
peepshow can listen to recorded music as they watch the film advance.
1890s, Maximillian Skladanowsky unveils his Bioscop at the Wintergarten
Hall in Berlin and screens as few as eight short films totaling about fifteen
minutes.
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5. HISTORY
 More inventors and creators who contributed;
Birt Acres invented the first British 35 mm moving picture camera, the first
daylight loading home movie camera and projector; comes out with a new
way called Kineopticon.
Leon Bouly invented the cinematograph, sold to Frenchmen Louis and
Auguste Lumiere (the Lumiere brothers).The brothers had developed and
pioneered moving snapshots and created a series of over 1500 short films,
and colour photography, among others.
Thomas Armat and Charles Jenkins (Vitascope that can be projected to
screens).
George Eastman invented and popularized the use of roll film, invented
Kodak camera and became the founder of Eastman Kodak Company.
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6. HISTORY Camera obscura
Kinetoscope
Lumiere Cinematograph
Zoetrope
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Bioscope
Vitascope

7. HISTORY
FIRST FILMS
 In 1888, Louis Le Prince directed the very first motion picture titled
“RoundhapGardenScene”, a mere two seconds in length.
 In 1895, the Lumiere Brothers had their first paid exhibition screening of
their short films at the Le Grand Cafe in Paris
 Within the same year, they also shot “The Arrival of aTrain” which was a
short clip of a train pulling into a train station, exiting frame right.
 The angle at which the brothers set up the camera was dynamically
composed, giving the impression that the train was coming toward the
camera.
 In 1896, George Méliès, a French magician (also referred to as the
“Cinemagician”), started shooting a series of over 500 short films in his glass-
enclosed studio for the sole purpose of creating illusions with elaborate
stage decorations and lantern-slide projections.
 Over the years, the technological advances in the industry, such as the use
of light and shadows, 3-D films, special camera effects, CGI, HD technology,
etc. had been added to the art of cinematography in order to give life to that
film.
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8. PIONEERS
Louis Le Prince
 Father of Cinematography
 Born in 28th August 1841 in Metz, France
 Mysteriously vanished in 16th September 1890
 French Inventor
 Contributed to;
Recognised as the “Father of Cinematography” since 1930
Directed the first motion picture “Roundhap Garden Scene”
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9. PIONEERS
Philip E. Rosen
 Born on 8th May 1888, in Russia, grew up in Machias, Maine
 Was a projectionist and lab technician before becoming a
cinematographer in 1912
 Contributed to;
One of the founding member of the American Society of
Cinematographer (A.S.C)
Was A.S.C’s president 1981-1921
 A.S.C
Founded in 1919
An Educational Organization
Invitation only
An honour
Created over 140 films as a director
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10. William FrieseGreene
 Born in 1855, left school to become an apprentice to Maurice
Guttenberg, a photographer at the age of 14.
 Most of his inventions were a bit avant-garde although some were
a bit impractical.
 Contributed to;
Was claimed to be ‘the first inventor and patentee of
cinematography’ although it might exaggerated.
Invented a camera for sensitized paper film which was patented in
1889
In 1893, patented a camera/projector which is in the Museum’s
collection.
Patented a process of colour photography in 1898 and a two-colour
process for moving pictures in 1905
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PIONEERS

11. Lumiere Brothers
 Consisted of two men who were brothers, Louis and Auguste.
 Contributed to;
 In France in 1895, they founded the Cinématographe , a combined a
printer, camera and projector.
 The cinematograph quickly penetrated the U.S. market, as well as
countries around the world.The invention earned an international
presence as its silent nature effaced the language barrier.
 The original cinématographe had been patented by Léon Guillaume
Bouly on 12 February 1892.
 The brothers patented their own version on 13 February 1895.The
first footage ever to be recorded using it was recorded on March 19,
1895.
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PIONEERS

12. TERMINOLOGIES
Camera Shots
 Extreme Long Shot
 Long Shot/ LongTake
 Full Shot
 Mid Shot
 Close up
 Overshot
 High Angle
 Eye Level
 LowAngle
 Undershot
Camera Movements
 Static
 Dolly
 Pan
 Tilt
 Crane
 Handheld
 Zoom
 Tracking Shot
 Focus
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13. TERMINOLOGIES
 Focal Length
 Pan &Tilt
 Shutter speed
 Film speed or ISO/ASA
 Frame rate
 Aperture Rig
 Depth of Field
 Lens Speed
 Rack Focus
 Dolly zoom
 Follow Focus
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14. TERMINOLOGIES
Matte box Rack focus
Dolly zoom Follow focus
Slate/ clapperboard Focal length
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EARLY
EQUIPMENTS
Camera obscura Camera lucida Daguerreotype camera
Dubroni No.1 Sliding box wet-plate camera Sliding box stereo camera
Nelson’s portable FM2/T analog camera

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EARLY
EQUIPMENTS
Kodak Brownie camera
Leica 1 (first 35mm camera)
Asahiflex 11b ( the first Japanese camera with 135 film)
Argus C3
Celluloid film

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EARLY
EQUIPMENTS
Nikon F (the first Japanese system camera) Contax camera (the first pentaprism SLR camera)
Kodak film rolls
Polaroid's LandCamera Model J66 camera

18. EQUIPMENTS
Dolly
 A filmmaking tool used to get moving shots.
Jib/Crane
 A jib/camera crane is essentially a camera mounted on crane arm.
Steadicam
 Developed in 1976 by Garret Brown)
Shoulder Rigs
 Stabilisation tool which generally rests on the shoulders of camera
operator.
Suspension cables
 Used so that cables can be attached onto supports.
Copters
 Used to provide stability to carry equipment for aerial
photography/videography.
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19. EQUIPMENTS
Camera
 This is the center piece of your filmmaking.What camera you choose depends
on your budget, the type of shooting you're doing (static, stealth, run-and-
gun, etc.) and where you plan to showcase your film (web-only, theatre,
broadcast, etc.)
Tripod
 A necessary piece of equipment to keep your footage looking steady and
professional. Get a tripod with a fluid head for smoother looking pans.
Matte box
 serves to primary functions: it serves as a more heavy duty sunshade
(preventing flares or direct sunlight hitting the lens) and it holds filters.
Follow focus
 is a piece of film gear that attaches to your camera rig and which allows you to
put marks on its white disc for focusing to different elements in the frame.A
follow focus is particularly helpful when doing a rack focus.
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20. EQUIPMENTS
Copter
Dolly
Shoulder Rings
Steadicam
Jib/crane camera
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21. MODERN
EQUIPMENTS
Sony HXR-NX30U
Canon EOS C300Canon EOS C300 MARK II
Canon EOS 7D
Canon EOS -M
Sachtler DV12 100mm
Tripod Head
with Miller Carbon
Fiber Legs
DJI Ronin
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22. MODERN
EQUIPMENTS
Shotgun Microphone
Shotgun Microphone with
boom pole accessories
RodeVideo Microphone
Wireless Microphone
Redrock Micro Remote
Wireless Focus System
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23. MODERN
EQUIPMENTS
Matte box Follow focus
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24. MODERN
EQUIPMENTS
Three-Point Lighting Kit
Light Reflector
Litepanels
Astra Bi-Color LED
Fresnel
Litepanels
Micro On-Camera Light
(2x) Lowel DP
1,000W Open Face
Light Meter
Daylight FLitepanels 1x1
lood
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25. MODERN
EQUIPMENTS
Canon EF-S
17-55mm f/2.8 / IS
Canon EF 24-105mm
f/4 / L IS
Canon EF 70-200mm
f/2.8 / L IS II
Canon EF 24mm f/2.8 Canon EF 35mm f/2.0
Canon EF 50mm f/1.4
Canon EF 100mm
MACRO f/2.8
Rokinon EF 8mm
Fisheye Lens f/3.5
Canon 2x Extender
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26. MODERN
EQUIPMENTS
SmallHD DP7-PRO LCD 7"
on-board monitor
SmallHD DP6 5.6“
on-board monitor
SmallHD DP6 with
Wireless HDMI Capabilities
CamRanger Wireless Monitoring
and Control Solution for DSLRs
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27. MODERN
EQUIPMENTS
Portable DigitalAudio Recorder
Zoom H1
Headphones
Zoom H4N
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28. REFERENCES
 http://precinemahistory.net/introduction.htm
 http://courses.washington.edu/pioneers/film.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 http://www.filmsite.org/pre20sintro.html
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