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Intro day 16

This document contains notes from a philosophy class discussing the problem of free will and determinism. It summarizes Professor Hicks' lecture which explored determinism at small and large scales, and how scaling up introduces more complexity, ignorance of conditions, and potential indeterminism. It then discussed Hume's compatibilism, which argues that necessity is just predictability and not a secret power, and that freedom involves a lack of constraint on what one wants to do. Compatibilism holds that as long as our actions are determined by our own choices, there is no conflict between freedom and determinism.

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Philosophy 11: Introduction to Philosophy Professor Michael Hicks 12 February 2014 Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 1/8
Introductory Administrative issues Midterm: Friday Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 2/8
Introductory Administrative issues Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 2/8
Introductory Administrative issues Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Open book, open hand-written notes Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 2/8
Introductory Administrative issues Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Open book, open hand-written notes No technology: computers, phones, tablets, etc. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 2/8
Introductory Administrative issues Midterm: Friday Study Guide up now Open book, open hand-written notes No technology: computers, phones, tablets, etc. No typed text, unless it is OKed by me or a TA Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 2/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Divine Foreknowledge Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Divine Foreknowledge Question: can freedom exist in a deterministic world? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Work at wrong scale: macro-phenomena are deterministic Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
The Problem of Free Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Work at wrong scale: macro-phenomena are deterministic If my activities were determined randomly, it isn’t obvious that would be any better Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Necessity is opposed to chance. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism The strategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Necessity is opposed to chance. If everyone believes in necessity, what exactly is the problem? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? “Libertarianism”: we are free in a way that contradicts necessity Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraint is being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? “Libertarianism”: we are free in a way that contradicts necessity Is there an idea of libertarian freedom? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
Incompatibilism How to dispute compatibilism Rationalism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
Incompatibilism How to dispute compatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
Incompatibilism How to dispute compatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
Incompatibilism How to dispute compatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
Incompatibilism How to dispute compatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? The experience of freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
Incompatibilism How to dispute compatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? The experience of freedom What we need to do is investigate our feeling of puzzlement Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
Incompatibilism How to dispute compatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? The experience of freedom What we need to do is investigate our feeling of puzzlement If there is an experience that gives us an idea of incompatibilist freedom, we will have found the problem Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
Incompatibilism How to dispute compatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? The experience of freedom What we need to do is investigate our feeling of puzzlement If there is an experience that gives us an idea of incompatibilist freedom, we will have found the problem Does incompatibilism entail libertarianism? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
Incompatibilism How to dispute compatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? The experience of freedom What we need to do is investigate our feeling of puzzlement If there is an experience that gives us an idea of incompatibilist freedom, we will have found the problem Does incompatibilism entail libertarianism? Searle is a “hard determinist” (incompatibilist anti-libertarian) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Models of causation Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Models of causation Top-down story: mental states (e.g., decisions) cause physical events (e.g., hand-movings) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Models of causation Top-down story: mental states (e.g., decisions) cause physical events (e.g., hand-movings) Bottom-up story: physical states (e.g., neural processes) explain mental states (e.g., decisions) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Models of causation Top-down story: mental states (e.g., decisions) cause physical events (e.g., hand-movings) Bottom-up story: physical states (e.g., neural processes) explain mental states (e.g., decisions) Searle: top-down causal stories can always be replaced with bottom-level only causal stories. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosis victim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Models of causation Top-down story: mental states (e.g., decisions) cause physical events (e.g., hand-movings) Bottom-up story: physical states (e.g., neural processes) explain mental states (e.g., decisions) Searle: top-down causal stories can always be replaced with bottom-level only causal stories. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8

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Intro day 16

  • 1.
    Philosophy 11: Introductionto Philosophy Professor Michael Hicks 12 February 2014 Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 1/8
  • 2.
  • 3.
    Introductory Administrative issues Midterm: Friday StudyGuide up now Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 2/8
  • 4.
    Introductory Administrative issues Midterm: Friday StudyGuide up now Open book, open hand-written notes Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 2/8
  • 5.
    Introductory Administrative issues Midterm: Friday StudyGuide up now Open book, open hand-written notes No technology: computers, phones, tablets, etc. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 2/8
  • 6.
    Introductory Administrative issues Midterm: Friday StudyGuide up now Open book, open hand-written notes No technology: computers, phones, tablets, etc. No typed text, unless it is OKed by me or a TA Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 2/8
  • 7.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 8.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 9.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 10.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 11.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 12.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 13.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 14.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 15.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 16.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 17.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 18.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Divine Foreknowledge Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 19.
    The Problem ofFree Will Determinism as a problem Small scale universe: three balls in a genuinely closed box (no forces in or out). We can predict where they’ll all end up. What failings we might have are due to ignorance about initial conditions, etc. Scaling up: what changes? More complex laws More ignorance about initial conditions Epistemological indeterminacy Potentially non-deterministic laws Determinism Initial state and laws of nature yield all other states Bracketing indeterminacy issues, perfect prediction/retrodiction Divine Foreknowledge Question: can freedom exist in a deterministic world? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 3/8
  • 20.
    The Problem ofFree Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
  • 21.
    The Problem ofFree Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
  • 22.
    The Problem ofFree Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
  • 23.
    The Problem ofFree Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
  • 24.
    The Problem ofFree Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Work at wrong scale: macro-phenomena are deterministic Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
  • 25.
    The Problem ofFree Will Quantum Indeterminacy: an aside Epistemic indeterminacy Precludes perfect prediction/retrodiction Basic problem still remains What about non-deterministic laws? Work at wrong scale: macro-phenomena are deterministic If my activities were determined randomly, it isn’t obvious that would be any better Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 4/8
  • 26.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 27.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 28.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 29.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 30.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 31.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 32.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 33.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 34.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 35.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 36.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Necessity is opposed to chance. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 37.
    Humean Compatibilism Hume’s Compatibilism Thestrategy Puzzle stems from apparent conflict between “necessity” and freedom Hume: the idea of free will that appears to oppose necessity is, Hume thinks, a confusion. It is one of those “ideas of reason” that is no idea at all. If we can explain what is at stake in describing ourselves as free, it might turn out that freedom is compatible with necessity. Necessity Everyone believes in it. Example: prediction of drivers on road (employees [17], jailer [19]) Example: friend who behaves unexpectedly ([20]) Necessity is explicability, not secret power ([21]) Necessity is opposed to chance. If everyone believes in necessity, what exactly is the problem? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 5/8
  • 38.
  • 39.
    Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraintis being prevented from doing something one wants to do Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
  • 40.
    Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraintis being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
  • 41.
    Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraintis being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
  • 42.
    Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraintis being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
  • 43.
    Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraintis being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
  • 44.
    Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraintis being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
  • 45.
    Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraintis being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
  • 46.
    Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraintis being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
  • 47.
    Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraintis being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
  • 48.
    Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraintis being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? “Libertarianism”: we are free in a way that contradicts necessity Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
  • 49.
    Humean Compatibilism Compatibilism, continued Freedom Constraintis being prevented from doing something one wants to do Freedom is a lack of constraint Is constraint necessity? No. Compatibilism Our psychological states are subject to natural laws So long as our actions are determined by our choices, there is no problem There is no other idea of freedom The problem of free will Do we need a non-compatibilist conception of freedom? “Libertarianism”: we are free in a way that contradicts necessity Is there an idea of libertarian freedom? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 6/8
  • 50.
    Incompatibilism How to disputecompatibilism Rationalism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
  • 51.
    Incompatibilism How to disputecompatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
  • 52.
    Incompatibilism How to disputecompatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
  • 53.
    Incompatibilism How to disputecompatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
  • 54.
    Incompatibilism How to disputecompatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? The experience of freedom Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
  • 55.
    Incompatibilism How to disputecompatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? The experience of freedom What we need to do is investigate our feeling of puzzlement Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
  • 56.
    Incompatibilism How to disputecompatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? The experience of freedom What we need to do is investigate our feeling of puzzlement If there is an experience that gives us an idea of incompatibilist freedom, we will have found the problem Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
  • 57.
    Incompatibilism How to disputecompatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? The experience of freedom What we need to do is investigate our feeling of puzzlement If there is an experience that gives us an idea of incompatibilist freedom, we will have found the problem Does incompatibilism entail libertarianism? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
  • 58.
    Incompatibilism How to disputecompatibilism Rationalism Do we “intuit” that we are free in an incompatibilist sense? We certainly intuit that there is a puzzle here But is there, really? The experience of freedom What we need to do is investigate our feeling of puzzlement If there is an experience that gives us an idea of incompatibilist freedom, we will have found the problem Does incompatibilism entail libertarianism? Searle is a “hard determinist” (incompatibilist anti-libertarian) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 7/8
  • 59.
  • 60.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 61.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 62.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 63.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 64.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 65.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 66.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 67.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 68.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 69.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Models of causation Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 70.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Models of causation Top-down story: mental states (e.g., decisions) cause physical events (e.g., hand-movings) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 71.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Models of causation Top-down story: mental states (e.g., decisions) cause physical events (e.g., hand-movings) Bottom-up story: physical states (e.g., neural processes) explain mental states (e.g., decisions) Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 72.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Models of causation Top-down story: mental states (e.g., decisions) cause physical events (e.g., hand-movings) Bottom-up story: physical states (e.g., neural processes) explain mental states (e.g., decisions) Searle: top-down causal stories can always be replaced with bottom-level only causal stories. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8
  • 73.
    Incompatibilism Searlean Determinisms Psychological determinism Hypnosisvictim claims to have reasons for doing what he does We can predict in advance that he’d do it; his reason claims (we think) are mere rationalizations Psychological determinism is the claim that all reason claims are rationalizations Is Hume a psychological determinist? Psychological determinism is false (91) Physical determinism The argument against psychological determinism is that reason (sometimes) matters. But is reason deterministic or anti-deterministic? Searle argues that there is no good reason to think the invocation of reason avoids the problem. Models of causation Top-down story: mental states (e.g., decisions) cause physical events (e.g., hand-movings) Bottom-up story: physical states (e.g., neural processes) explain mental states (e.g., decisions) Searle: top-down causal stories can always be replaced with bottom-level only causal stories. Prof. Hicks Phil 11 February 12 8/8