Instructions
Analyzing a Case Study
Bargaining Strategy in Major League Baseball
Review Case 4: Strategy in Major League Baseball from the textbook, Negotiation: Readings, Exercises, and Cases. After reading the case, address the following prompts:
Assess the issues of conflict between the players and management during the history of the sport.
Analyze mistakes made in negotiations and the effect of mistakes on the processes and outcomes of negotiations.
Evaluate the interests and goals of each of the parties.
Analyze the best solution and strategy for all parties involved, including each party’s best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA).
Submission Details:
Submit your answers in a 3 page
Case 4 Bargaining Strategy in Major League Baseball
Introduction During the winter of 2005–2006, Donald Fehr was faced with some monumental decisions. As the head of the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA), he had been arduously preparing for the upcoming round of negotiations between his union and the owners of the 30 major league baseball clubs (collectively known as Major League Baseball, or MLB). Being the representative of the labor force in a multi-billion dollar business was no easy task, even for a seasoned negotiating veteran. The health—even the very survival—of his union had hung in the balance each time a new basic agreement (the uniform contract between the two sides) was negotiated, and Fehr couldn’t help but remember past work stoppages, which hurt both sides tremendously. Fehr knew that hard bargaining with the ownership group might cause another strike or lockout, but with attendance levels at the highest they had ever been in the history of the sport, he needed to gauge his constituents’ (and his opposition’s) resolve to decide how to approach the process. History The Early Years Tumultuous labor relations in professional baseball were almost as old as the sport itself. What started as a “gentlemen’s game” in the mid-1800’s quickly turned into business when the general public started taking interest in the sport. Throughout the second half of the 19th century, different leagues were formed by American industrialists whose intentions were to capitalize financially on the sport’s growing popularity. Only two leagues stood the test of time, the National League, formed in 1875, and the American League, formed in 1901. In 1903 the two leagues merged to become Major League Baseball, which quickly became the most profitable sports business in America. When players began to realize that their unique skills could be marketed to the highest bidder, nervous owners began to seek ways to ensure that their moneymakers would not jump ship. In the most controversial move in baseball’s early history, the “reserve clause” was developed and implemented into player contracts. In a move that some considered a form of outright collusion, owners agreed amongst themselves that after each season, each club was able to “re.
Baseball owners still 'reserving' right to underpay minor leaguersAdam Glazer
During spring training last year, this column detailed a class-action suit filed by three ex-minor leaguers alleging Major League Baseball paid them less than fast-food workers.
Unrepresented by a labor union, minor leaguers toil 50 to 70 hours per week through a five-month season for subminimum wage with no overtime and no compensation during spring training, instructional leagues or winter leagues.
Minor leaguers must serve a minimum of seven seasons to gain eligibility for free agency. And the few ballplayers who hang around long enough to meet this criterion are unlikely to have a major league future, inherently reducing their value.
Why this is the year baseball should correct its mistake and put Curt Flood i...John Eilermann St Louis
We write as baseball fans with a fondness for the game during the 1960s, when it provided a great escape in that turbulent time. In particular, we share an admiration for former St. Louis Cardinals center fielder Curt Flood. He won seven consecutive Gold Glove awards, was a three-time all-star and played an instrumental role in the Cardinals’ winning three National League pennants and two World Series titles.
1. The MLS Standard Player Agreement gives the league powers over players not seen in other major sports leagues, including unilateral contract extensions and exclusive group licensing of player names and likenesses.
2. The MLS salary cap of $3.1 million in 2014 is significantly lower than the caps in the NBA and NFL. However, there is a designated player exception allowing teams to exceed the cap for high-profile players.
3. A key issue in Fraser v. MLS was whether the single-entity structure of MLS shields it from antitrust claims in the same way joint ventures are protected. The courts found MLS operates as a single entity and is therefore not subject to antitrust laws.
Marvin Miller never played professional sports but had one of the biggest impacts on professional athletes. As the head of the Major League Baseball Players Association, Miller negotiated the first collective bargaining agreement in professional sports history in 1968. He supported Curt Flood's lawsuit for free agency and established salary arbitration, dramatically increasing players' salaries. His biggest achievement was helping to eliminate the reserve clause in 1975, making players true free agents. Since then, professional athlete salaries have skyrocketed. Miller fundamentally changed the player-owner relationship and empowered players, making him deserving of the Baseball Hall of Fame according to many.
This document discusses labor relations and collective bargaining in sports. It covers topics such as antitrust laws like the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and how they relate to labor acts and unions in sports. Collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) are formed out of negotiations between sports leagues and player unions, and outline the rights of both sides. When CBAs expire and new agreements cannot be reached, it can lead to strikes or lockouts that impact the league and all parties involved. The 1994 MLB strike is provided as an example of the lasting impacts a strike can have on revenue, attendance, and fan support.
This document summarizes how salary arbitration works in Major League Baseball (MLB). It discusses player eligibility, the arbitration process and requirements, theories behind final offer arbitration, the history and impact of arbitration in MLB including notable cases, benefits and cons of the system. Specifically, it provides details on how players and teams submit salary figures and an arbitrator chooses one as the one-year contract amount. It also discusses the role of negotiations and some high profile arbitration cases over the years involving players like Neifi Perez, Orlando Cabrera and Jorge Posada.
This document provides an overview of the history of free agency in Major League Baseball (MLB). It discusses key events and legal cases that established and challenged the reserve clause system that bound players to their teams. It analyzes how collective bargaining in the 1970s led to the establishment of MLB's current free agency system. However, recent trends suggest this system is now restraining trade as players typically reach free agency later in their careers when their skills are declining. The document proposes starting free agency earlier to improve player rights and encourage competitive bidding for players in their prime years.
Thesis Paper-The Players' Revolt and the Great Baseball WarAlyssa Yanni
The document discusses the salaries of professional athletes compared to military members and what this reflects about American societal values. Professional athletes such as Clayton Kershaw and Ryan Howard earn $30-35 million annually, while new enlisted military members earn only $17,892-21,089. This reflects a belief that military members choose their career knowing the risks and low pay, while athletes provide entertainment. However, military members risk their lives for far less pay than athletes who play a game. The large salaries for athletes versus low pay for those in the military shows American priorities.
Baseball owners still 'reserving' right to underpay minor leaguersAdam Glazer
During spring training last year, this column detailed a class-action suit filed by three ex-minor leaguers alleging Major League Baseball paid them less than fast-food workers.
Unrepresented by a labor union, minor leaguers toil 50 to 70 hours per week through a five-month season for subminimum wage with no overtime and no compensation during spring training, instructional leagues or winter leagues.
Minor leaguers must serve a minimum of seven seasons to gain eligibility for free agency. And the few ballplayers who hang around long enough to meet this criterion are unlikely to have a major league future, inherently reducing their value.
Why this is the year baseball should correct its mistake and put Curt Flood i...John Eilermann St Louis
We write as baseball fans with a fondness for the game during the 1960s, when it provided a great escape in that turbulent time. In particular, we share an admiration for former St. Louis Cardinals center fielder Curt Flood. He won seven consecutive Gold Glove awards, was a three-time all-star and played an instrumental role in the Cardinals’ winning three National League pennants and two World Series titles.
1. The MLS Standard Player Agreement gives the league powers over players not seen in other major sports leagues, including unilateral contract extensions and exclusive group licensing of player names and likenesses.
2. The MLS salary cap of $3.1 million in 2014 is significantly lower than the caps in the NBA and NFL. However, there is a designated player exception allowing teams to exceed the cap for high-profile players.
3. A key issue in Fraser v. MLS was whether the single-entity structure of MLS shields it from antitrust claims in the same way joint ventures are protected. The courts found MLS operates as a single entity and is therefore not subject to antitrust laws.
Marvin Miller never played professional sports but had one of the biggest impacts on professional athletes. As the head of the Major League Baseball Players Association, Miller negotiated the first collective bargaining agreement in professional sports history in 1968. He supported Curt Flood's lawsuit for free agency and established salary arbitration, dramatically increasing players' salaries. His biggest achievement was helping to eliminate the reserve clause in 1975, making players true free agents. Since then, professional athlete salaries have skyrocketed. Miller fundamentally changed the player-owner relationship and empowered players, making him deserving of the Baseball Hall of Fame according to many.
This document discusses labor relations and collective bargaining in sports. It covers topics such as antitrust laws like the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and how they relate to labor acts and unions in sports. Collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) are formed out of negotiations between sports leagues and player unions, and outline the rights of both sides. When CBAs expire and new agreements cannot be reached, it can lead to strikes or lockouts that impact the league and all parties involved. The 1994 MLB strike is provided as an example of the lasting impacts a strike can have on revenue, attendance, and fan support.
This document summarizes how salary arbitration works in Major League Baseball (MLB). It discusses player eligibility, the arbitration process and requirements, theories behind final offer arbitration, the history and impact of arbitration in MLB including notable cases, benefits and cons of the system. Specifically, it provides details on how players and teams submit salary figures and an arbitrator chooses one as the one-year contract amount. It also discusses the role of negotiations and some high profile arbitration cases over the years involving players like Neifi Perez, Orlando Cabrera and Jorge Posada.
This document provides an overview of the history of free agency in Major League Baseball (MLB). It discusses key events and legal cases that established and challenged the reserve clause system that bound players to their teams. It analyzes how collective bargaining in the 1970s led to the establishment of MLB's current free agency system. However, recent trends suggest this system is now restraining trade as players typically reach free agency later in their careers when their skills are declining. The document proposes starting free agency earlier to improve player rights and encourage competitive bidding for players in their prime years.
Thesis Paper-The Players' Revolt and the Great Baseball WarAlyssa Yanni
The document discusses the salaries of professional athletes compared to military members and what this reflects about American societal values. Professional athletes such as Clayton Kershaw and Ryan Howard earn $30-35 million annually, while new enlisted military members earn only $17,892-21,089. This reflects a belief that military members choose their career knowing the risks and low pay, while athletes provide entertainment. However, military members risk their lives for far less pay than athletes who play a game. The large salaries for athletes versus low pay for those in the military shows American priorities.
Thou Shalt Not Covet Thy Neighbour's Collective Bargaining AgreementJonathan Rose
The document discusses the background to the current NBA collective bargaining agreement negotiations between the NBA and NBPA. It notes that the previous CBA negotiations in 2011 were contentious and resulted in concessions from players. Now, with league revenues greatly increased, players will likely seek to regain a larger share. Key issues in the current negotiations include the split of league revenues, maximum salaries, and the minimum player age. Owners want to maintain their gains from 2011 while players want improved terms given the league's financial success.
The Negro Leagues Breaking the BarriersRyan Pohrte
1) The document discusses the history of the Negro Leagues, which were established in the 1920s to provide African American baseball players an opportunity to play professionally after being barred from the major leagues due to racism.
2) It divides the history of the Negro Leagues into four eras: the Foundation of the Game in the 1920s when early teams formed in cities; the Downfall in the 1930s during the Great Depression when economic hardship led many teams to fold; the Restoration in 1933 when Gus Greenlee's investment helped revive the leagues; and the Transition period in the 1940s-1960s as the leagues declined with the integration of baseball.
3) A key figure was Rube Foster,
Curt Flood was a star center fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals who refused to be traded to the Philadelphia Phillies in 1969, instead filing a lawsuit against Major League Baseball alleging that the reserve clause in player contracts violated antitrust law. While the Supreme Court ultimately ruled against Flood, his challenge helped pave the way for free agency in baseball by establishing the "Curt Flood Rule" allowing players with over 10 years in the MLB to veto trades. After his playing career, Flood remained an advocate for players' rights and against the reserve clause until his death in 1997.
This document summarizes how lawyers are learning project management techniques from other industries like engineering and contracting. It discusses how project management has become more popular in the legal field in recent years, with lawyers now able to get certified in it. Project management involves outlining the steps of a legal matter, defining its scope and cost upfront with the client, and monitoring commitments. While some lawyers see it as just a new term for what they already do, others believe it is a new approach that clients increasingly demand to control legal costs.
System AdminMax Points 6.07.1Which theory of the origins .docxssuserf9c51d
System Admin
Max Points: 6.0
7.1
Which theory of the origins of prejudice best describes the relationship between our attitudes and our behavior? Why?
7.2
System Admin
Max Points: 6.0
Allport is typically credited with the development of the contact hypothesis. Was Allport correct in this hypothesis? Why or why not?
Do Professional Sports Unions Fit the Standard Model of Traditional Unionism?
James Richard Hill & Jason E. Taylor
Published online: 29 June 2007
# Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2007
Abstract Current literature generally highlights the unique differences between sports and traditional unions. In particular, the contrast between the two types of unions’ approaches to the free market when it comes to wage determination— sports unions fought the “reserve clause” to obtain free market outcomes while traditional unions fought to circumvent the market for wages—has been widely cited. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the hitherto neglected comparisons between sports and traditional unions. With respect to both economic and non- economic issues, professional sports unions share far more in common with their traditional counterparts than the labor and sports economics literatures would lead one to believe.
Keywords Professionalsportsunions.Traditionalunionism. Union–management relations
Introduction
Although the sports industry is small in comparison with other U.S. industries, it garners a vastly disproportionate quantity of the nation’s media coverage: the plights of professional athletes are generally of greater interest to the typical American than those of Stan the steelworker. To illustrate, the cancellation of the 2004–2005 National Hockey League (NHL) season brought a far greater barrage of negative opinions concerning union–management relations than media coverage of the Northwest Airlines mechanics strike of 2005.
J. R. Hill (*) : J. E. Taylor
Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA e-mail: [email protected]
J Labor Res (2008) 29:56–67 57
In addition to differences in the public’s interest, the fundamental objectives of sports and traditional unions might appear clearly different. In fact Leeds and von Allmen (2005: 314) state, “Unions in professional sports do not readily fit” into the broad categories of union behavior as sports unions advocate “the free market while the otherwise free-market owners [advocate a] salary scale.” That sports unions were largely created to battle the “reserve clause,” which gave owners monopsony power to exploit players by paying wages below their marginal products, is the backbone of most analyses contrasting sports and traditional union behavior.1 Now that players unions in all four major sports largely have won the battle for market-based wage determination (i.e., free agency), franchise owners have focused their attempts on ways to re-circumvent the market. With respect to the recent NHL negotiations, for example, the players’ union argued to pre ...
This document summarizes the transition of the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants baseball franchises from the East Coast to the West Coast in the late 1950s. Population shifts and declining attendance prompted both teams' owners, Walter O'Malley of the Dodgers and Horace Stoneham of the Giants, to consider relocating. O'Malley was more determined than Stoneham to move, and convinced Stoneham to join him in moving their teams to Los Angeles and San Francisco, respectively. This left devastated fans in Brooklyn and New York City, as the teams were icons of their cities and communities. The moves highlighted the business and financial priorities of team owners over community ties.
This document summarizes a research paper assessing the characteristics of the most successful playoff teams in Major League Baseball since 2000. It discusses developments in player mobility and compensation, including the abolition of the reserve clause and growth of free agency. It also covers the commissioner's Blue Ribbon Panel report which found large revenue disparities between teams that impacted competitive balance. The document outlines the paper's methodology, including its use of ordinal logistic and binary logistic models to analyze the impact of talent distribution and other factors on team performance in the regular season and postseason.
This document provides a summary of the landmark case Brady v. NFL between the National Football League and professional football players. It discusses the long history of legal battles between the two sides primarily over antitrust and labor laws. In 2011, the players voted to end their union status and sued the NFL over a lockout, seeking a preliminary injunction. The court considered whether to grant the injunction based on four factors and determined the NFL did not sufficiently show they were likely to succeed in arguing the lockout was legal, so it ruled in favor of the players.
The Baseball Magnates and Urban PoliticsIn The Progressive E.docxmattinsonjanel
The Baseball Magnates and Urban Politics
In The Progressive Era: 1895 - 1920
Steven A. Riess
In the Progressive Era, club owners and sympathetic journalists
created a self-serving ideology for baseball. They encouraged the
public to believe that the game was one of the foremost indigenous
American institutions and that it epitomized the finest qualities of a
bygone rural age. Many sportswriters persuaded fans to regard the
baseball magnates as benevolent, civic-minded individuals, dedicated
to providing their fellow townsfolk with exciting and clean enter-
tainment.1 Professional baseball however was not really “dominated”
by such men, but by individuals with extremely close ties to urban
political leaders who were usually members of local political
machines. Ironically the national pastime which was said to exemplify
the best characteristics of American society was operated by men who
typified some of its worst aspects. In the period from 1901 to 1920,
seventeen of the eighteen American and National League baseball
teams were run by people with significant political connections. These
club owners included political bosses, friends and relatives of men in
what we could call high political places, and political allies like
traction magnates and professional gamblers. In boss-riddled
Cincinnati during the early 1900’s for instance, the Cincinnati Reds
baseball team was owned by a syndicate which at one time included
the city’s Republican boss, George B. Cox, his lieutenant, Water
Works Commissioner August Herrmann, and the town’s mayor,
Julius Fleischmann. The Baltimore Orioles were run by such men as
John Mahon, the leading Democrat in Maryland, Sidney Frank,
brother of a prominent city councilman, and Judge Harry Goldman.
And the Philadelphia Phillies owners included several traction
magnates, state senators, and a former New York City police
commissioner.2
The close alliance between professional baseball teams and urban
politicians was not unique to cities of any particular size or
1Harold Seymour, Baseball: The Golden Age (New York: 1971), II, pp. 62-64; David Q. Voigt,
American Baseball: From the Commissioners to Continental Expansion (Norman, Okla.: 1970), II, 107-
108; For typical contemporary attitudes towards baseball, see e.g., H. Addington Bruce, “Baseball and
the National Life,” Outlook, 104 (May, 1913), 103-7; Hugh Fullerton, “Fans,” American Magazine, 74,
(Aug., 1912), 462-7; William A. Phelon, “The Great American Magnate,” Baseball Magazine, 6 (Jan.,
1913), 17-23; Allen Sangree, “Fans and Their Frenzies,” Everybody’s, 17 (Sept., 1907), 378-87:
McCready Sykes, “The Most Perfect Thing in America,” Everybody’s, 25, (October, 1911), 435-46.
2The exception was Milwaukee, which was in the majors just in 1901. See Steven A. Riess,
“Professional Baseball and American Culture: Myths and Realities, 1892-1923, With Special Emphasis
41
geographic location. Politicos were nearly always involved in the
operations of the local ball cl ...
Curt Flood was a star centerfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals who was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies in 1969 without his consent due to the reserve clause. Flood refused to report to the Phillies and filed a lawsuit against Major League Baseball, arguing he should not be treated as property. Though Flood lost the case when it reached the Supreme Court, his challenge helped weaken the reserve clause and lead to free agency for players. Flood's stand paved the way for future reforms that gave players more freedom over their careers.
Bruce Laird and Tony Davis Fourth and Goal Presentation at Independent Retire...Robert Lee
Bruce Laird and Tony Davis from Fourth and Goal make a presentation on their new partnership with the NFL Alumni at the Independent Retired Football Players Summit at the South Point Resort & Casino in Las Vegas May 2009
This document provides background on the author's proposed research project examining employee compensation negotiation in the American workforce. The project aims to understand the effects of declining union membership and rising non-standard jobs, and determine whether individual negotiation or collective bargaining leads to better compensation outcomes for workers. The author plans to interview labor unions, companies, and employees to understand their perspectives and collect data on self-reported value. The goal is to better understand worker needs and employer willingness to provide compensation, and whether third-party negotiators are still needed. A literature review covers the history of labor unions and collective bargaining in the US and their decline in recent decades.
A former NBA player, Justin Brown, has filed a civil lawsuit against Cleveland Cavaliers player J.R. Smith seeking $2.5 million in damages. Brown alleges that during an incident last November in New York City, Smith choked and struck him in the head after Brown made a comment to Smith outside of a pizza restaurant. While Brown was not arrested at the time, he is now pursuing legal action over alleged physical injuries and emotional distress from the incident. Smith's attorney claims this lawsuit is frivolous and intends to defend Smith aggressively, calling it a "cash grab" by Brown.
Zachary Zygmund Brady v NFL PublicationZak Zygmund
The document summarizes a court case, Brady v. NFL, in which the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the NFL in a labor dispute between the league and NFL Players Association (NFLPA). It provides background on how the CBA between the two parties expired in 2011, leading the NFLPA to disclaim its union status and players to sue the NFL under antitrust law. The District Court had ruled against the NFL lockout, but the Eighth Circuit overturned that decision, finding the nonstatutory labor exemption protected the NFL from antitrust liability. The summary discusses the legal history behind collective bargaining between the NFL and NFLPA, including prior cases like Powell v. NFL and White v. NFL that set preced
InstructionsFor this assignment, select one of the following.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
For this assignment, select
one
of the following options:
Option 1: Imperialism
The exploitation of colonial resources and indigenous labor was one of the key elements in the success of imperialism. Such exploitation was a result of the prevalent ethnocentrism of the time and was justified by the unscientific concept of social Darwinism, which praised the characteristics of white Europeans and inaccurately ascribed negative characteristics to indigenous peoples. A famous poem of the time by Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden," called on imperial powers, and particularly the U.S., at whom the poem was directed, to take up the mission of civilizing these "savage" peoples.
Read the poem at the following link:
(Links to an external site.)
After reading the poem, address the following in a case study analysis:
Select a specific part of the world (a country), and examine imperialism in that country. What was the relationship between the invading country and the native people? You can select from these examples or choose your own:
- Belgium & Africa
- Britain & India
- Germany & Africa
- France & Africa
Apply social Darwinism to this specific case.
Analyze the motivations of the invading country?
How did ethnocentrism manifest in their interactions?
How does Kipling's poem apply to your specific example? You can quote lines for comparison.
Writing Requirements (APA format)
-Length: 2-3 pages (not including title page or references page)
-1-inch margins
-Double spaced
-12-point Times New Roman font
-Title page
-References page
.
InstructionsFor this assignment, analyze the space race..docxmaoanderton
This document provides instructions for a writing assignment analyzing the space race between the U.S. and USSR during the Cold War, discussing whether space exploration is still relevant considering costs, and how the space program benefits the national economy and world. The assignment requires a 2-3 page paper in APA format that addresses what the space race meant for the two superpowers, the ongoing relevance of space programs, and economic and social benefits to the U.S., its economy, and globally.
InstructionsFor the initial post, address one of the fol.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
For the initial post, address
one
of the following:
Option 1: Middle East
Examine the origins of the Arab-Israeli conflict from its beginnings some 4000 years ago and how it has evolved/devolved over the centuries to the current time? Analyze the role of the Balfour Declaration on Israel's rebirth in 1948 and its effectiveness in helping Jewish people in their quest to reclaim their ancient homeland.
Option 2: African Nation State Development
Examine some of the main (internal or external) reasons why the African people were to develop into nation states later than most experts feel was appropriate/normal. Examine the role of European imperial powers and the role of tribal chieftans in the international slave trade and African nation state
Writing Requirements
1 page (excluding reference page)
Minimum of 2 sources cited
APA format for in-text citations and list of references
.
InstructionsFollow paper format and Chicago Style to complete t.docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
Follow paper format and Chicago Style to complete this analytical written assignment on the Holocaust Museum(Houston).
Also, attach museum ticket with your final submission(not needed if you attended my only tour).
Paper will need to be formatted with the following information:
Student Name
Date of Museum Attendance
Name of Museum: Holocaust Museum(Houston)
Year Founded:
Physical Address:
5401 Caroline St, Houston, TX 77004
Museum Layout:
In two paragraphs, describe the 1st floor exhibitions. This includes the permanent and featured exhibitions.
Artifacts:
In two paragraphs, describe the Holocaust artifacts on exhibition. This includes personal belongings, clothing, furniture and transportation objects.
Photos, Maps and Films:
In two paragraphs, describe the photos, maps and films that depict the Holocaust.
.
InstructionsFind a NEWS article that addresses a recent t.docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
Find a
NEWS
article that addresses a recent technological development or the impact of a technological innovation on society. For example, there are many news articles about the impact of cell phone use on human cognition, social media on self-esteem or elections, gene editing, renewable energy, etc. (A news article is an article from a media source like a newspaper or magazine such as the New York Times, FOX, The Washington Post, VICE, etc. that
addresses a current event
. It does not include sources like Wikipedia, eHow, dictionaries, academic journals, or other information websites.)
Write a minimum 300 word essay that answers the following questions:
Based on the article you chose, how is the technological innovation described?
According to the article, what is the impact of the technological innovation on human society and culture? How is this similar to previous technological innovations discussed in the book?
How do you imagine the technology discussed will develop in the future, i.e. what do think the long-term impact will be?
Guidelines
Your essay should:
be a total of
300 words or more
.
The 300 word limit DOES NOT include the questions, names, titles, and references.
It also does not include meaningless filler statements
have
factual information from the textbook and/or appropriate articles and websites
.
be original work
and will be checked for plagiarism.
.
InstructionsFind a NEWS article that addresses a current .docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
Find a
NEWS
article that addresses a current social problem facing your community (local, national, or global) that you are concerned about. (A news article is an article from a media source like a newspaper or magazine such as the New York Times, FOX, The Washington Post, VICE, etc. that
addresses a current event
. It does not include sources like Wikipedia, eHow, dictionaries, academic journals, or other information websites.)
Write a minimum 300 word essay that answers the following questions:
Based on the article you chose, what is the social problem and who does it impact?
How can the social sciences be used to research the issue? Name specific methods and disciplines from Chapter 1.
What are some solutions you can think of to address the issue?
Guidelines:
Your essay should:
be a total of
300 words or more
.
The 300 word limit DOES NOT include the questions, names, titles, and references.
It also does not include meaningless filler statements
have
factual information from the textbook and/or appropriate articles and websites
.
be original work
and will be checked for plagiarism.
You will receive a zero if substantial portions of your work are taken from other sources without proper citation
have
references and citations
for your sources, including the textbook
Cite your sources in-text and provide references for each sources according to the
APA Style Guide
. FYI web addresses or links are not full references!
.
InstructionsFinancial challenges associated with changes.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Financial challenges associated with changes to how healthcare organizations are reimbursed for healthcare services, the cost of implementing new technology and professionals to comply with federal requirements for electronic health records, and the increasing numbers of individuals who cannot pay for their healthcare represent only one issue for healthcare executives in the healthcare delivery system. But it has significant consequences for the viability and solvency of healthcare organizations. Healthcare executives don’t have a crystal ball; however, they do engage in forecasting the future based on what is currently known and examination of trends (Lee, 2015). To do this type of forecasting, healthcare executives are demonstrating techniques found in anticipatory management. According to their seminal research, Ashley and Morrison (1997) reported there are severe consequences for not anticipating future trends in a rapidly changing and complex society. The anticipatory management process they describe begins with scanning the environment to identify issues; creating issues briefs to inform stakeholders; prioritizing issues; assembling the team of experts; creating, implementing, and evaluating action plans and outcomes; and adjusting the course when necessary.
Last week, you compared healthcare delivery and costs in the United States with those in developed countries. This week, you will focus U.S. healthcare executives and how they prioritize the challenges confronting them to minimize the impact to their organizations.
As you prepare your assignment, consider these questions:
What challenges you have experienced in the healthcare workplace or when you have accessed your own healthcare provider?
Have you observed changes to how your personal health information is gathered and documented?
What technology is now being used which may be new to your workplace?
Were you required to take additional training in your current healthcare position due to the implementation of new technology?
Have you experienced a shortage of healthcare personnel in your workplace or at your healthcare provider’s office?
What effect have these situations had on you as the employee and patient?
After your examination of current literature on the trends, issues, and challenges for healthcare executives and their organization's review Ashley and Morrison’s seminal article (1997) on anticipatory management and utilize the sample chart shown for this assignment.
You may recreate this four-column table in a Word document and insert your issues/trends, identify which organizational area is/will be impacted by each issue/trend, and provide your rationale for the priority level you assigned each issue/trend. Be sure to use a title page for this assignment and a reference page in APA format. You will add rows to your tabl.
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Thou Shalt Not Covet Thy Neighbour's Collective Bargaining AgreementJonathan Rose
The document discusses the background to the current NBA collective bargaining agreement negotiations between the NBA and NBPA. It notes that the previous CBA negotiations in 2011 were contentious and resulted in concessions from players. Now, with league revenues greatly increased, players will likely seek to regain a larger share. Key issues in the current negotiations include the split of league revenues, maximum salaries, and the minimum player age. Owners want to maintain their gains from 2011 while players want improved terms given the league's financial success.
The Negro Leagues Breaking the BarriersRyan Pohrte
1) The document discusses the history of the Negro Leagues, which were established in the 1920s to provide African American baseball players an opportunity to play professionally after being barred from the major leagues due to racism.
2) It divides the history of the Negro Leagues into four eras: the Foundation of the Game in the 1920s when early teams formed in cities; the Downfall in the 1930s during the Great Depression when economic hardship led many teams to fold; the Restoration in 1933 when Gus Greenlee's investment helped revive the leagues; and the Transition period in the 1940s-1960s as the leagues declined with the integration of baseball.
3) A key figure was Rube Foster,
Curt Flood was a star center fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals who refused to be traded to the Philadelphia Phillies in 1969, instead filing a lawsuit against Major League Baseball alleging that the reserve clause in player contracts violated antitrust law. While the Supreme Court ultimately ruled against Flood, his challenge helped pave the way for free agency in baseball by establishing the "Curt Flood Rule" allowing players with over 10 years in the MLB to veto trades. After his playing career, Flood remained an advocate for players' rights and against the reserve clause until his death in 1997.
This document summarizes how lawyers are learning project management techniques from other industries like engineering and contracting. It discusses how project management has become more popular in the legal field in recent years, with lawyers now able to get certified in it. Project management involves outlining the steps of a legal matter, defining its scope and cost upfront with the client, and monitoring commitments. While some lawyers see it as just a new term for what they already do, others believe it is a new approach that clients increasingly demand to control legal costs.
System AdminMax Points 6.07.1Which theory of the origins .docxssuserf9c51d
System Admin
Max Points: 6.0
7.1
Which theory of the origins of prejudice best describes the relationship between our attitudes and our behavior? Why?
7.2
System Admin
Max Points: 6.0
Allport is typically credited with the development of the contact hypothesis. Was Allport correct in this hypothesis? Why or why not?
Do Professional Sports Unions Fit the Standard Model of Traditional Unionism?
James Richard Hill & Jason E. Taylor
Published online: 29 June 2007
# Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2007
Abstract Current literature generally highlights the unique differences between sports and traditional unions. In particular, the contrast between the two types of unions’ approaches to the free market when it comes to wage determination— sports unions fought the “reserve clause” to obtain free market outcomes while traditional unions fought to circumvent the market for wages—has been widely cited. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the hitherto neglected comparisons between sports and traditional unions. With respect to both economic and non- economic issues, professional sports unions share far more in common with their traditional counterparts than the labor and sports economics literatures would lead one to believe.
Keywords Professionalsportsunions.Traditionalunionism. Union–management relations
Introduction
Although the sports industry is small in comparison with other U.S. industries, it garners a vastly disproportionate quantity of the nation’s media coverage: the plights of professional athletes are generally of greater interest to the typical American than those of Stan the steelworker. To illustrate, the cancellation of the 2004–2005 National Hockey League (NHL) season brought a far greater barrage of negative opinions concerning union–management relations than media coverage of the Northwest Airlines mechanics strike of 2005.
J. R. Hill (*) : J. E. Taylor
Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA e-mail: [email protected]
J Labor Res (2008) 29:56–67 57
In addition to differences in the public’s interest, the fundamental objectives of sports and traditional unions might appear clearly different. In fact Leeds and von Allmen (2005: 314) state, “Unions in professional sports do not readily fit” into the broad categories of union behavior as sports unions advocate “the free market while the otherwise free-market owners [advocate a] salary scale.” That sports unions were largely created to battle the “reserve clause,” which gave owners monopsony power to exploit players by paying wages below their marginal products, is the backbone of most analyses contrasting sports and traditional union behavior.1 Now that players unions in all four major sports largely have won the battle for market-based wage determination (i.e., free agency), franchise owners have focused their attempts on ways to re-circumvent the market. With respect to the recent NHL negotiations, for example, the players’ union argued to pre ...
This document summarizes the transition of the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants baseball franchises from the East Coast to the West Coast in the late 1950s. Population shifts and declining attendance prompted both teams' owners, Walter O'Malley of the Dodgers and Horace Stoneham of the Giants, to consider relocating. O'Malley was more determined than Stoneham to move, and convinced Stoneham to join him in moving their teams to Los Angeles and San Francisco, respectively. This left devastated fans in Brooklyn and New York City, as the teams were icons of their cities and communities. The moves highlighted the business and financial priorities of team owners over community ties.
This document summarizes a research paper assessing the characteristics of the most successful playoff teams in Major League Baseball since 2000. It discusses developments in player mobility and compensation, including the abolition of the reserve clause and growth of free agency. It also covers the commissioner's Blue Ribbon Panel report which found large revenue disparities between teams that impacted competitive balance. The document outlines the paper's methodology, including its use of ordinal logistic and binary logistic models to analyze the impact of talent distribution and other factors on team performance in the regular season and postseason.
This document provides a summary of the landmark case Brady v. NFL between the National Football League and professional football players. It discusses the long history of legal battles between the two sides primarily over antitrust and labor laws. In 2011, the players voted to end their union status and sued the NFL over a lockout, seeking a preliminary injunction. The court considered whether to grant the injunction based on four factors and determined the NFL did not sufficiently show they were likely to succeed in arguing the lockout was legal, so it ruled in favor of the players.
The Baseball Magnates and Urban PoliticsIn The Progressive E.docxmattinsonjanel
The Baseball Magnates and Urban Politics
In The Progressive Era: 1895 - 1920
Steven A. Riess
In the Progressive Era, club owners and sympathetic journalists
created a self-serving ideology for baseball. They encouraged the
public to believe that the game was one of the foremost indigenous
American institutions and that it epitomized the finest qualities of a
bygone rural age. Many sportswriters persuaded fans to regard the
baseball magnates as benevolent, civic-minded individuals, dedicated
to providing their fellow townsfolk with exciting and clean enter-
tainment.1 Professional baseball however was not really “dominated”
by such men, but by individuals with extremely close ties to urban
political leaders who were usually members of local political
machines. Ironically the national pastime which was said to exemplify
the best characteristics of American society was operated by men who
typified some of its worst aspects. In the period from 1901 to 1920,
seventeen of the eighteen American and National League baseball
teams were run by people with significant political connections. These
club owners included political bosses, friends and relatives of men in
what we could call high political places, and political allies like
traction magnates and professional gamblers. In boss-riddled
Cincinnati during the early 1900’s for instance, the Cincinnati Reds
baseball team was owned by a syndicate which at one time included
the city’s Republican boss, George B. Cox, his lieutenant, Water
Works Commissioner August Herrmann, and the town’s mayor,
Julius Fleischmann. The Baltimore Orioles were run by such men as
John Mahon, the leading Democrat in Maryland, Sidney Frank,
brother of a prominent city councilman, and Judge Harry Goldman.
And the Philadelphia Phillies owners included several traction
magnates, state senators, and a former New York City police
commissioner.2
The close alliance between professional baseball teams and urban
politicians was not unique to cities of any particular size or
1Harold Seymour, Baseball: The Golden Age (New York: 1971), II, pp. 62-64; David Q. Voigt,
American Baseball: From the Commissioners to Continental Expansion (Norman, Okla.: 1970), II, 107-
108; For typical contemporary attitudes towards baseball, see e.g., H. Addington Bruce, “Baseball and
the National Life,” Outlook, 104 (May, 1913), 103-7; Hugh Fullerton, “Fans,” American Magazine, 74,
(Aug., 1912), 462-7; William A. Phelon, “The Great American Magnate,” Baseball Magazine, 6 (Jan.,
1913), 17-23; Allen Sangree, “Fans and Their Frenzies,” Everybody’s, 17 (Sept., 1907), 378-87:
McCready Sykes, “The Most Perfect Thing in America,” Everybody’s, 25, (October, 1911), 435-46.
2The exception was Milwaukee, which was in the majors just in 1901. See Steven A. Riess,
“Professional Baseball and American Culture: Myths and Realities, 1892-1923, With Special Emphasis
41
geographic location. Politicos were nearly always involved in the
operations of the local ball cl ...
Curt Flood was a star centerfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals who was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies in 1969 without his consent due to the reserve clause. Flood refused to report to the Phillies and filed a lawsuit against Major League Baseball, arguing he should not be treated as property. Though Flood lost the case when it reached the Supreme Court, his challenge helped weaken the reserve clause and lead to free agency for players. Flood's stand paved the way for future reforms that gave players more freedom over their careers.
Bruce Laird and Tony Davis Fourth and Goal Presentation at Independent Retire...Robert Lee
Bruce Laird and Tony Davis from Fourth and Goal make a presentation on their new partnership with the NFL Alumni at the Independent Retired Football Players Summit at the South Point Resort & Casino in Las Vegas May 2009
This document provides background on the author's proposed research project examining employee compensation negotiation in the American workforce. The project aims to understand the effects of declining union membership and rising non-standard jobs, and determine whether individual negotiation or collective bargaining leads to better compensation outcomes for workers. The author plans to interview labor unions, companies, and employees to understand their perspectives and collect data on self-reported value. The goal is to better understand worker needs and employer willingness to provide compensation, and whether third-party negotiators are still needed. A literature review covers the history of labor unions and collective bargaining in the US and their decline in recent decades.
A former NBA player, Justin Brown, has filed a civil lawsuit against Cleveland Cavaliers player J.R. Smith seeking $2.5 million in damages. Brown alleges that during an incident last November in New York City, Smith choked and struck him in the head after Brown made a comment to Smith outside of a pizza restaurant. While Brown was not arrested at the time, he is now pursuing legal action over alleged physical injuries and emotional distress from the incident. Smith's attorney claims this lawsuit is frivolous and intends to defend Smith aggressively, calling it a "cash grab" by Brown.
Zachary Zygmund Brady v NFL PublicationZak Zygmund
The document summarizes a court case, Brady v. NFL, in which the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the NFL in a labor dispute between the league and NFL Players Association (NFLPA). It provides background on how the CBA between the two parties expired in 2011, leading the NFLPA to disclaim its union status and players to sue the NFL under antitrust law. The District Court had ruled against the NFL lockout, but the Eighth Circuit overturned that decision, finding the nonstatutory labor exemption protected the NFL from antitrust liability. The summary discusses the legal history behind collective bargaining between the NFL and NFLPA, including prior cases like Powell v. NFL and White v. NFL that set preced
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InstructionsFor this assignment, select one of the following.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
For this assignment, select
one
of the following options:
Option 1: Imperialism
The exploitation of colonial resources and indigenous labor was one of the key elements in the success of imperialism. Such exploitation was a result of the prevalent ethnocentrism of the time and was justified by the unscientific concept of social Darwinism, which praised the characteristics of white Europeans and inaccurately ascribed negative characteristics to indigenous peoples. A famous poem of the time by Rudyard Kipling, "White Man's Burden," called on imperial powers, and particularly the U.S., at whom the poem was directed, to take up the mission of civilizing these "savage" peoples.
Read the poem at the following link:
(Links to an external site.)
After reading the poem, address the following in a case study analysis:
Select a specific part of the world (a country), and examine imperialism in that country. What was the relationship between the invading country and the native people? You can select from these examples or choose your own:
- Belgium & Africa
- Britain & India
- Germany & Africa
- France & Africa
Apply social Darwinism to this specific case.
Analyze the motivations of the invading country?
How did ethnocentrism manifest in their interactions?
How does Kipling's poem apply to your specific example? You can quote lines for comparison.
Writing Requirements (APA format)
-Length: 2-3 pages (not including title page or references page)
-1-inch margins
-Double spaced
-12-point Times New Roman font
-Title page
-References page
.
InstructionsFor this assignment, analyze the space race..docxmaoanderton
This document provides instructions for a writing assignment analyzing the space race between the U.S. and USSR during the Cold War, discussing whether space exploration is still relevant considering costs, and how the space program benefits the national economy and world. The assignment requires a 2-3 page paper in APA format that addresses what the space race meant for the two superpowers, the ongoing relevance of space programs, and economic and social benefits to the U.S., its economy, and globally.
InstructionsFor the initial post, address one of the fol.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
For the initial post, address
one
of the following:
Option 1: Middle East
Examine the origins of the Arab-Israeli conflict from its beginnings some 4000 years ago and how it has evolved/devolved over the centuries to the current time? Analyze the role of the Balfour Declaration on Israel's rebirth in 1948 and its effectiveness in helping Jewish people in their quest to reclaim their ancient homeland.
Option 2: African Nation State Development
Examine some of the main (internal or external) reasons why the African people were to develop into nation states later than most experts feel was appropriate/normal. Examine the role of European imperial powers and the role of tribal chieftans in the international slave trade and African nation state
Writing Requirements
1 page (excluding reference page)
Minimum of 2 sources cited
APA format for in-text citations and list of references
.
InstructionsFollow paper format and Chicago Style to complete t.docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
Follow paper format and Chicago Style to complete this analytical written assignment on the Holocaust Museum(Houston).
Also, attach museum ticket with your final submission(not needed if you attended my only tour).
Paper will need to be formatted with the following information:
Student Name
Date of Museum Attendance
Name of Museum: Holocaust Museum(Houston)
Year Founded:
Physical Address:
5401 Caroline St, Houston, TX 77004
Museum Layout:
In two paragraphs, describe the 1st floor exhibitions. This includes the permanent and featured exhibitions.
Artifacts:
In two paragraphs, describe the Holocaust artifacts on exhibition. This includes personal belongings, clothing, furniture and transportation objects.
Photos, Maps and Films:
In two paragraphs, describe the photos, maps and films that depict the Holocaust.
.
InstructionsFind a NEWS article that addresses a recent t.docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
Find a
NEWS
article that addresses a recent technological development or the impact of a technological innovation on society. For example, there are many news articles about the impact of cell phone use on human cognition, social media on self-esteem or elections, gene editing, renewable energy, etc. (A news article is an article from a media source like a newspaper or magazine such as the New York Times, FOX, The Washington Post, VICE, etc. that
addresses a current event
. It does not include sources like Wikipedia, eHow, dictionaries, academic journals, or other information websites.)
Write a minimum 300 word essay that answers the following questions:
Based on the article you chose, how is the technological innovation described?
According to the article, what is the impact of the technological innovation on human society and culture? How is this similar to previous technological innovations discussed in the book?
How do you imagine the technology discussed will develop in the future, i.e. what do think the long-term impact will be?
Guidelines
Your essay should:
be a total of
300 words or more
.
The 300 word limit DOES NOT include the questions, names, titles, and references.
It also does not include meaningless filler statements
have
factual information from the textbook and/or appropriate articles and websites
.
be original work
and will be checked for plagiarism.
.
InstructionsFind a NEWS article that addresses a current .docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
Find a
NEWS
article that addresses a current social problem facing your community (local, national, or global) that you are concerned about. (A news article is an article from a media source like a newspaper or magazine such as the New York Times, FOX, The Washington Post, VICE, etc. that
addresses a current event
. It does not include sources like Wikipedia, eHow, dictionaries, academic journals, or other information websites.)
Write a minimum 300 word essay that answers the following questions:
Based on the article you chose, what is the social problem and who does it impact?
How can the social sciences be used to research the issue? Name specific methods and disciplines from Chapter 1.
What are some solutions you can think of to address the issue?
Guidelines:
Your essay should:
be a total of
300 words or more
.
The 300 word limit DOES NOT include the questions, names, titles, and references.
It also does not include meaningless filler statements
have
factual information from the textbook and/or appropriate articles and websites
.
be original work
and will be checked for plagiarism.
You will receive a zero if substantial portions of your work are taken from other sources without proper citation
have
references and citations
for your sources, including the textbook
Cite your sources in-text and provide references for each sources according to the
APA Style Guide
. FYI web addresses or links are not full references!
.
InstructionsFinancial challenges associated with changes.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Financial challenges associated with changes to how healthcare organizations are reimbursed for healthcare services, the cost of implementing new technology and professionals to comply with federal requirements for electronic health records, and the increasing numbers of individuals who cannot pay for their healthcare represent only one issue for healthcare executives in the healthcare delivery system. But it has significant consequences for the viability and solvency of healthcare organizations. Healthcare executives don’t have a crystal ball; however, they do engage in forecasting the future based on what is currently known and examination of trends (Lee, 2015). To do this type of forecasting, healthcare executives are demonstrating techniques found in anticipatory management. According to their seminal research, Ashley and Morrison (1997) reported there are severe consequences for not anticipating future trends in a rapidly changing and complex society. The anticipatory management process they describe begins with scanning the environment to identify issues; creating issues briefs to inform stakeholders; prioritizing issues; assembling the team of experts; creating, implementing, and evaluating action plans and outcomes; and adjusting the course when necessary.
Last week, you compared healthcare delivery and costs in the United States with those in developed countries. This week, you will focus U.S. healthcare executives and how they prioritize the challenges confronting them to minimize the impact to their organizations.
As you prepare your assignment, consider these questions:
What challenges you have experienced in the healthcare workplace or when you have accessed your own healthcare provider?
Have you observed changes to how your personal health information is gathered and documented?
What technology is now being used which may be new to your workplace?
Were you required to take additional training in your current healthcare position due to the implementation of new technology?
Have you experienced a shortage of healthcare personnel in your workplace or at your healthcare provider’s office?
What effect have these situations had on you as the employee and patient?
After your examination of current literature on the trends, issues, and challenges for healthcare executives and their organization's review Ashley and Morrison’s seminal article (1997) on anticipatory management and utilize the sample chart shown for this assignment.
You may recreate this four-column table in a Word document and insert your issues/trends, identify which organizational area is/will be impacted by each issue/trend, and provide your rationale for the priority level you assigned each issue/trend. Be sure to use a title page for this assignment and a reference page in APA format. You will add rows to your tabl.
InstructionsExplain the role of the U.S. Office of Personnel.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Explain the role of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management and its impact on public administration.
Write a two-page paper (maximum) that explains the role of the
U.S. Office of Personnel Management (Links to an external site.)
and its impact on public administration.
Be certain to include the website of this and any other organizations used to access the information by creating a References page as a document.
Follow APA style format.
Include in-text reference citation and a References page in APA format.
.
Instructions
Evaluate: Personality Tests
Evaluation Title: Personality Assessments
Select
two
of the personality assessments from the
Personality Tests
list below. Compare the two personality assessments and respond to the following questions:
Describe the history of each test.
Who developed it and why?
Where would it be administered? (as part of job interview, in a psychiatric setting, to determine a field of study, to set up a good dating match)
What is your opinion of each test? Be sure to include evidence to support your opinion.
What are the pros and cons or strengths and weaknesses of each test?
Personality Tests
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Rotter’s Internal Locus of Control Test
The NEO-PI Test
The MMPI-2 Test
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Your assignment should be typed into a Word or other word processing document, formatted in APA style.
Please include 2 to 3 credible resources as evidence to support your comparisons.
The assignments must include:
Running head
A title page with Assignment name
Your name
Professor’s name
Course
.
InstructionsEach of your responses will be graded not only for .docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
Each of your responses will be graded not only for its mastery of content, but also upon its efficacy as an academic essay. As such, it is expected that each response include an introduction with a thesis statement, body paragraphs which build upon each other, and a conclusion. Additionally, it is imperative that you use precise information when supporting your claims – remember to always cite your sources. Finally, proofread and edit your responses to ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and fully answers the prompt. Please do not plagiarize from the web. We check and if we do discover plagiarism we will immediately report it.
For writing assistance, you may want to contact Learning Support Services (located in the Academic Resource Center).
Formatting Papers:
400 words minimum (2 page maximum) response
per prompt
(1200 word minimum in total for all three responses)
Number your essays so that we understand which prompt (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) you are answering
List all citations on a separate page, keeping the works cited page specific to and directly after each prompt question response (3 separate works cited pages)
Helvetica or Times New Roman, 12 point
Double spaced
1 inch margin on all sides (No header with name, title etc)
Saved as .pdf
Please
choose three
of these six questions to answer. EACH answer must be at least four paragraphs (400 words) but no longer than two pages. Each page should be double spaced, Times, 12pt.
What does “What you do to the land you do to your body” mean and where did it come from? (Some independent research might be necessary here.) Discuss three artists whose artwork directly addresses the concepts in this statement. In your answer be sure to describe at least one artwork by each artist and clearly state how the artworks relate to the statement.
Pick one environmental artist (eco-artist) that has been part of the modules so far. Do some outside research on them and explore their website and artworks. Choose one of their artworks to discuss, paying careful attention to choose one that has not mentioned so far in the readings/interviews/modules. Clearly state what materials and methods they use to make their artwork. Describe what influenced the artwork. Explain how this work can be or is considered environmental art? Use Linda Weintraub's readings to help you to define environmental art (eco-art) and defend your arguments as to how the work can be considered environmental art. Also look at other writings and articles to help understand and explain the context in which the artist makes their work.
How have different artists used walking to activate connections to land/landscape and how can artists represent an environmental issue through walking? Please name at least 2 specific artists we have discussed in class and cite examples of their walking pieces. Describe how these artists use embodiment in their work and are they effective in terms of heightening awareness.
InstructionsEffective communication skills can prevent many si.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Effective communication skills can prevent many situations from escalating to a physical altercation. Officers revert to their training when involved in situations. For this assignment, prepare a PowerPoint training presentation for officers on how to communicate with hostile citizens. Include recommended techniques in verbal and nonverbal communications, along with how technology can play a role. Be sure to explore any legal and ethical considerations the officers must remember and do when dealing with hostile individuals.
Incorporate appropriate animations, transitions, and graphics as well as speaker notes for each slide. The speaker notes may be comprised of brief paragraphs or bulleted lists and should cite material appropriately. Add audio to each slide using the
Media
section of the
Insert
tab in the top menu bar for each slide.
Support your presentation with at least three scholarly resources
.
In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources may be included.
Length: 10-12 slides (with a separate reference slide)
Notes Length: 200-350 words for
each slide
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InstructionsEcologyTo complete this assignment, complete the.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Ecology
To complete this assignment, complete the steps below.
Download the Unit V Assignment Worksheet.
Save the document to your computer using your name and student ID in the file name.
Follow the directions to review and research the website.
After selecting and studying your species, answer the questions in the “What Information Did You Find?” section.
Once you have completed the worksheet, upload it to Blackboard for grading (make sure your name and student ID are provided).
.
InstructionsDevelop an iconographic essay. Select a work fro.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Develop an iconographic essay. Select a work from this module to write the essay on. Utilize the objectives and above information to develop the statement. The essay must include a thesis statement/introduction, supporting body, and conclusion. The conclusion should provide a synthesis of the statements and thesis into a final idea about what the audience should remember and take away from the assignment.
List the objects and subjects included in the painting
Provide an iconographic definition (ala dictionary or glossary for each item)
Identify the narrative source for each item (artist invention, poem, narrative, biblical, greco-roman, other presence, real life historical or cultural artifact as symbol, other artworks and ideas as symbols, etc.) (
ex. Alexander the Great as a symbol; American Flag as a symbol; Greek mythology as symbols; The hammer and sickle in Russia, the american eagle, a soldier, etc.)
Is there more than one context for the iconographic or symbolic representation of the idea? How many contexts or roles is each symbolic object fulfilling in presenting, adding, or relaying meaning about the subject; (current age vs. past age; multiple metaphors; multiple layers of ideas etc.)
Symbols and Icons in different contexts - define how the symbols and subjects make one idea serve another idea (A Greek god is rebranded and used in Rome. What does this act mean for Rome to use a Greek Religious concept)
What do the symbols mean in the age, or multiple ages, and how are we supposed to connect to them in the context of the work? - ex. How are greco-roman subject and symbols used and perceived in a Renaissance age? Why would someone in the Renaissance care about Ancient Greco-Roman gods and subjects, what’s in it for a Renaissance Italian or Renaissance Italy for that matter?
Analysis through Iconology
This kind of analysis usually is most useful for narrative works and art before the Modern period. Non-objective art or art with arbitrary subjects (such as DADA) don't work as well with this kind of analysis because narratives and conventional symbols are not a part of these works. Here you will look for a particular element that occurs in the object (an object, action, gesture, pose) and explain either:
when that same element occurs in other objects through history and how this object’s representation of it is unique, or
what that element means generally in art or to art historians—in other words, the traditional association an art historian might make between that depiction and some other thing.
The following video provides an example of Iconological analysis. The video speaks to the meaning of the gestures, iconography, meaning of certain types of depiction, and other narrative imagery and symbolism related to those narrative elements. https://youtu.be/rKhfFBbVtFg
If you are confused, read Erwin Panofsky’s essays on iconology and iconography, in which he defines these terms more extensively. Be w.
InstructionsDEFINITION a brief definition of the key term fo.docxmaoanderton
Instructions:
DEFINITION:
a brief definition of the key term followed by the APA reference for the term; this does not count in the word requirement.
SUMMARY:
Summarize the article in your own words-this should be in the 150-200-word range. Be sure to note the article's author, note their credentials and why we should put any weight behind his/her opinions, research or findings regarding the key term.
DISCUSSION:
Using 300-350 words, write a brief discussion, in your own words of how the article relates to the selected weekly reading assignment Key Term. A discussion is not rehashing what was already stated in the article, but the opportunity for you to add value by sharing your experiences, thoughts and opinions. This is the most important part of the assignment.
REFERENCES:
All references must be listed at the bottom of the submission--in APA format.
.
InstructionsCreate a PowerPoint presentation of 15 slides (not c.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Create a PowerPoint presentation of 15 slides (not counting title and reference slides) that provides an overview of the three major environmental, health, and safety (EHS) disciplines. Include each of the following elements:
summary of the responsibilities for the discipline,
evaluation of types of hazards addressed by the discipline,
description of how industrial hygiene practices relate to safety and health programs,
description of how industrial hygiene practices relate to environmental programs,
evaluation of types of control methods commonly used by the discipline,
interactions with the other two disciplines, and
major organizations associated with the discipline.
Construct your presentation using a serif type font such as Times New Roman. A serif type font is easier to read than a non-serif type font. For ease of reading, do not use a font smaller than 28 points.
.
Instructions
Cookie Creations (Continued)
Part I
Natalie is struggling to keep up with the recording of her accounting transactions. She is spending a lot of time marketing and selling mixers and giving her cookie classes. Her friend John is an accounting student who runs his own accounting service. He has asked Natalie if she would like to have him do her accounting.
John and Natalie meet and discuss her business. John suggests that he do the tasks listed below for Natalie.
Hold cash until there is enough to be deposited. (He would keep the cash locked up in his vehicle). He would also take all of the deposits to the bank at least twice a month.
Write and sign all of the checks.
Record all of the deposits in the accounting records.
Record all of the checks in the accounting records.
Prepare the monthly bank reconciliation.
Transfer all of Natalie’s manual accounting records to his computer accounting program. (John would maintain all of the accounting information that he keeps for his clients on his laptop computer.)
Prepare monthly financial statements for Natalie to review.
Write himself a check every month for the work he has done for Natalie.
For Part I of the assignment, identify the weaknesses in internal control that you see in the system that John is recommending. Can you suggest any improvements if Natalie hires John to do the accounting?
Part I should be a minimum of two pages in length. Please use APA format. While there are no required resources, please be sure that any sources used have proper citations.
Part II
Natalie decides that she cannot afford to hire John to do her accounting. One way that she can ensure that her cash account does not have any errors and is accurate and up-to-date is to prepare a bank reconciliation at the end of each month. Natalie would like you to help her. She asks you to prepare a bank reconciliation for June 2020 using the information below.
Additionally, take the following information into account.
On June 30th, there were two outstanding checks: #595 for $238 and #604 for $297.
Premier Bank made a posting error to the bank statement: Check #603 was issued for $425, not $452.
The deposit made on June 20 was for $125, which Natalie received for teaching a class. Natalie made an error in recording this transaction.
The electronic funds transfer (EFT) was for Natalie’s cell phone use. Remember that she uses this phone only for business.
The NSF check was from Ron Black. Natalie received this check for teaching a class to Ron’s children. Natalie contacted Ron, and he assured her that she will receive a check in the mail for the outstanding amount of the invoice and the NSF bank charge.
For Part II of the assignment, complete the tasks below.
Prepare Cookie Creations’ bank reconciliation for June 30.
Prepare any necessary adjusting entries at June 30.
If a balance sheet is prepared for Cookie Creations at June 30, what balance will be reported as cash in the Current Asse.
InstructionsCommunities do not exist in a bubble. Often changes .docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Communities do not exist in a bubble. Often changes made in the larger society, driven by technology, have an unexpected effect on local communities. Consider the effects of the advancements in transportation technologies on communities. Routes of transportation have evolved from water to train to the road and then to air. Each of these advancements led to job displacement and changes in travel routes. In the United States, prior to the mid-1800s, the communities that thrived had water access and ports where the exchange of goods and services occurred. With the building of the transcontinental railway and the growth of transportation by rail, the communities that thrived had train depots. With the building of major highways in the 1900s, access to those roads became critical to survival. With each advancement, local communities were impacted, such that many communities that grew around train depots became ghost towns full of poverty, homelessness, and despair once train travel was no longer the primary means of human transportation.
In this assignment, you are asked to create a presentation on one of the following topics:
Green Energy
Globalization
Communication Technology
Remote Elementary Education
Remote High School Education
Remote Work
You can create your presentation in your choice of presentation media. For example, you could choose to create a PowerPoint presentation, a video, or use Prezi. (refer to the Unit 1 assignment) If you choose to use video, you are required to supply a script as well as the URL of the video.
In your presentation, you must address the following:
Describe the specific technological development and its association with your chosen topic.
Explain why you chose that topic and the technological advancement associated with it.
Discuss which demographic (income, age, sexual preference, ethnicity) and/or geographic feature (urban, suburban, rural) might be most affected by the changes. Support your opinion with three (3) external references.
Explore the societal impacts (good and bad) associated with the technology. include a discussion for each of the following:
Economic impacts (unemployment, loss of revenue, poverty), include one (1) external reference
Health impacts (including mental health), include one (1) external reference
Privacy concerns, include one (1) external reference
Community life, include one (1) external reference
Be sure to use appropriate sources for the external references required for this assignment.
.
InstructionsChoose only ONE of the following options and wri.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Choose only
ONE
of the following options and write a post that agrees OR disagrees with the assertion.
Cite specific scenes and/or use specific quotes
from the novel to support your position. Your answer should be written in no fewer than
200 words
.
When you are done posting your response, reply to at least
one classmate
in no fewer than
75 words
.
Although the novel is titled
Sula
, the real protagonist is Nel because she is the one who is transformed by the end.
80% - Thoughtful original post that includes specific scenes from the novel to support your position
(at least 200 words)
.
InstructionsChoose only ONE of the following options and.docxmaoanderton
Instructions
Choose only
ONE
of the following options and write a post that agrees OR disagrees with the assertion.
Cite specific scenes and/or use specific quotes
from the novel to support your position. Your answer should be written in no fewer than
200 words
.
When you are done posting your response, reply to at least
one classmate
in no fewer than
75 words
.
Although the novel is titled
Sula
, the real protagonist is Nel because she is the one who is transformed by the end.
80% - Thoughtful original post that includes specific scenes from the novel to support your position
(at least 200 words)
.
InstructionsBeginning in the 1770s, an Age of Revolution swep.docxmaoanderton
This document provides instructions for a student to write a 5-7 paragraph essay analyzing the outcomes and impacts of one of three suggested revolutions: the French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, or American Revolution. Students are asked to provide background on the revolution they choose, key events and turning points, and consider how the revolution impacted different groups of people in varying ways. They are to cite evidence from suggested sources using APA style citations and references.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
InstructionsAnalyzing a Case StudyBargaining Strategy .docx
1. Instructions
Analyzing a Case Study
Bargaining Strategy in Major League Baseball
Review Case 4: Strategy in Major League Baseball from the
textbook, Negotiation: Readings, Exercises, and Cases. After
reading the case, address the following prompts:
Assess the issues of conflict between the players and
management during the history of the sport.
Analyze mistakes made in negotiations and the effect of
mistakes on the processes and outcomes of negotiations.
Evaluate the interests and goals of each of the parties.
Analyze the best solution and strategy for all parties involved,
including each party’s best alternative to a negotiated
agreement (BATNA).
Submission Details:
Submit your answers in a 3 page
Case 4 Bargaining Strategy in Major League Baseball
2. Introduction During the winter of 2005–2006, Donald Fehr was
faced with some monumental decisions. As the head of the
Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA), he had
been arduously preparing for the upcoming round of
negotiations between his union and the owners of the 30 major
league baseball clubs (collectively known as Major League
Baseball, or MLB). Being the representative of the labor force
in a multi-billion dollar business was no easy task, even for a
seasoned negotiating veteran. The health—even the very
survival—of his union had hung in the balance each time a new
basic agreement (the uniform contract between the two sides)
was negotiated, and Fehr couldn’t help but remember past work
stoppages, which hurt both sides tremendously. Fehr knew that
hard bargaining with the ownership group might cause another
strike or lockout, but with attendance levels at the highest they
had ever been in the history of the sport, he needed to gauge his
constituents’ (and his opposition’s) resolve to decide how to
approach the process. History The Early Years Tumultuous
labor relations in professional baseball were almost as old as
the sport itself. What started as a “gentlemen’s game” in the
mid-1800’s quickly turned into business when the general
public started taking interest in the sport. Throughout the
second half of the 19th century, different leagues were formed
by American industrialists whose intentions were to capitalize
financially on the sport’s growing popularity. Only two leagues
stood the test of time, the National League, formed in 1875, and
the American League, formed in 1901. In 1903 the two leagues
merged to become Major League Baseball, which quickly
became the most profitable sports business in America. When
players began to realize that their unique skills could be
marketed to the highest bidder, nervous owners began to seek
ways to ensure that their moneymakers would not jump ship. In
the most controversial move in baseball’s early history, the
“reserve clause” was developed and implemented into player
contracts. In a move that some considered a form of outright
3. collusion, owners agreed amongst themselves that after each
season, each club was able to “reserve” five players that could
not be sought after by the other teams. In this regard, the five
players on each team that were reserved had no right to switch
teams if they found the conditions deplorable or found that they
could make more money elsewhere. Eventually this clause
would be written into all contracts, and players who chose to
dishonor the clause were blacklisted from organized baseball.
Opposition to the reserve clause became a rallying point for the
players, and several unions were formed over the next few
decades in an attempt to give players bargaining leverage and a
bigger voice. The Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball
Players (1885), the Players Protective Association (1900), the
Baseball Players’ Fraternity (1912), the National Baseball
Players’ Association of the United States (1922), and the
Association of Professional Ballplayers (1924) all had formed,
in part, to oppose the reserve clause. However, those unions had
trouble sustaining member interest and financial backing and
eventually disbanded. During the time of these unions’
formations, the anti-union sentiment was high among the
general public due to several highly publicized instances of
labor union violence. The unions’ failures meant the owners
maintained complete control over their players’ salaries,
benefits, and livelihoods. Illegal Restraint of Trade? By
restricting the movement of labor from team to team, which in
almost all cases would be over state lines, it seemed to many
that the owners were illegally restraining trade, a violation of
the Sherman Antitrust Act. Several legal challenges were
mounted against organized baseball by rival start-up leagues
who were angered when they were denied access to the player
market. In 1922, the United States Supreme Court ruled that
baseball was a sport, not a business, and since it was conducted
in local ballparks for local fans, it was mainly involved in
intrastate commerce. The Federal Baseball Club v. National
League decision (aka the Holmes decision, named after Judge
Oliver Wendell Holmes) would ultimately give baseball an
4. “antitrust exemption.” In 1953, the Supreme Court would
reaffirm the ruling after a player (George Toolson of the New
York Yankees) filed suit, claiming the reserve clause was
illegal and was threatening his livelihood. Chief Justice Earl
Warren reiterated that baseball “was not within the scope of
federal antitrust laws,”1 and that action taken against the
exemption should be by the U.S. Congress, not the courts. The
reserve clause would remain untouched and embedded in
players’ contracts until the mid-1970s. The Major League
Baseball Players Association In 1946, a Mexican league was
hiring several prominent U.S. players, creating competitive
pressure on American player salaries. U.S. owners wanted to
avoid a bidding war with the Mexican League. That same year,
a labor lawyer convinced U.S. players to organize the American
Baseball Guild. This union’s existence concerned management
enough to cause them to bargain over a uniform players’
contract. The contract called for a minimum player salary
($5,000) and a guaranteed pension plan. Players contributed the
bulk of the retirement funds, paying into the pension plan until
their tenth season; owners contributed to it primarily from
radio, television, and post-season ticket revenue. The union was
short-lived, fading into obscurity by the end of that same year;
however, the pension fund endured. By the early 1950s funds
for the pension plan fell short, and the players felt it was in
their best interest to organize once again. In 1953, the Major
League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) was formed to
serve as the players’ main bargaining body and the owners
implicitly voluntarily recognized the union by allowing it to
operate the pension fund and by contributing to the fund. The
union was led by player representatives and legal advisors until
1965 when it hired its first full-time executive, Marvin Miller,
an economist with the Steelworkers Union. Miller brought with
him experience in industrial relations and a hard-line bargaining
approach. In response, the owners formed the Major League
Player Relations Committee (PRC) to serve as their negotiating
body. In 1968, the two sides hammered out the 1st Basic
5. Agreement, a uniform contract that established (among other
things) a formal grievance procedure for players and a
significantly increased minimum salary level. Baseball historian
Lee Lowenfish writes, “[the owners] conceded more rights in
the 1st Basic Agreement than in all previous decades of the
sport.”2 The Early 1970s: Players Challenge the Reserve Clause
In 1972, the MLBPA and the PRC ran into trouble while
negotiating the 3rd Basic Agreement. The major disagreement
between the two sides stemmed from the amount the owners
were willing to contribute to the players’ pension fund. Players
union head Marvin Miller claimed that there was a surplus of
pension funding that could be used to offset increased cost-of-
living expenses that the players had been incurring. The owners
showed solidarity (which has been rare throughout the league’s
history) by refusing the MLBPA’s demands. The union even
went so far as to file an “unfair labor practice” claim with the
National Labor Relations Board when the owners refused to
share certain financial information with them (the information
was eventually provided). On April 1, 1972, a day that the
Sporting News would call “the darkest day in sports history,”3
the players went on strike. The strike did not last long, as the
two sides eventually reached a compromise on the contribution
amount ($500,000). The half-million dollars that the players
received in increased pension contributions was far less than the
salary losses they incurred during the two-week long strike. The
owners, who had talked the union down from their initial
proposal of a $1 million increase in contributions, had lost $5.2
million in revenue.4 Shortly after the strike of 1972, the reserve
clause was threatened once again. Outfielder Curt Flood of the
St. Louis Cardinals challenged the legality of the reserve clause
in court, and in Flood v. Kuhn, the Supreme Court once again
upheld the Holmes decision. Flood was successful, however, in
attracting Congress’s and the media’s attention to the reserve
clause issue. In 1974, pitcher Catfish Hunter sought to become
the league’s first free agent when the owner of his team (the
Oakland A’s) dishonored a provision in his contract. Hunter’s
6. case went to a three-man arbitration panel, which had been
created and outlined in the 3rd Basic Agreement. The panel
voted 2 to 1 that Hunter had the right to “shop his services” to
other clubs since his own club did not honor the legally binding
contract. Hunter became baseball’s first free agent. A year later,
two players (Dave McNally and Andy Messersmith) challenged
the clause once again. The two teams that held the rights to
McNally and Messersmith had renewed the players’ contracts
for the 1975 season, and for different reasons, both players
refused to sign them. They played out the season anyway,
without being under contract, and when the season concluded,
the clubs employed the reserve clause once again. The players
claimed that the reserve clause only provided that clubs could
renew the contracts for one year, and that since they were not
under contract during the 1975 season, the clubs were not
within their rights to renew them for the 1976 season. The case
went to arbitration, and by a 2 to 1 vote, the McNally and
Messersmith won. The players had won the right to offer their
services to the highest bidder (a process called “free agency”),
and the reserve clause was dead. The new labor environment
would become even more turbulent as free agency shook the
economics of the game to its core. 1976 to 1989: Free Agency
Becomes the Norm In 1976, the MLBPA and the PRC were split
on the new free agency issue. The owners wanted players to
gain free agency eligibility after 10 years of professional
service, while the union proposed a five-year requirement.
During Spring Training, the owners instituted a lockout.
Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, who was technically an “employee
of the owners,” ordered the owners to end the lockout, a move
that lost him favor with many on the management side. The two
sides eventually agreed on an eligibility minimum of six years
of professional service, and compensation in the form of a draft
pick for the team who was losing the player. Prior to the start of
the 1980 season, the two sides were again far apart when
negotiating the 5th Basic Agreement. The major issue was the
compensation that a team would receive after losing a free
7. agent. The proposals that the PRC presented were seen by
Marvin Miller as an attempt to “dismantle free agency in its
infancy.”5 On April 1, the players again went on strike. They
agreed to start the season on the scheduled opening day, but
promised to resume the strike on May 23 (the week that
attendance usually plateaued) if no agreement had been reached.
On the morning of May 23, the two sides reached a deal which
basically provided that the free-agent compensation issue be
studied for a year, after which negotiations regarding the issue
would reopen. The committee that was selected to study the
issue produced nothing substantial, and in 1981, the two sides
were again having trouble finding common ground. The
MLBPA’s Marvin Miller and the PRC’s president Ray Grebey
had developed a bitter rivalry that the press could not get
enough of. On May 29, the players went on strike once again.
The strike lasted 50 days. The National Labor Relations Board,
Congress’s Federal Mediation and Conciliation Services, and
the Department of Labor all attempted to help the parties end
their strike. On July 31, the two sides reached a deal that would
provide the team losing a free agent compensation. The team
that lost the player would receive a player from the “signing”
team. The union won a free agency system that was similar to
their own bargaining position—but at a heavy price. Players lost
a total of $30 million in wages, and the owners lost roughly $72
million in revenues.6 Miller, Grebey, Kuhn, and other key
figures in the negotiation process left their positions, and
baseball witnessed labor peace and an attendance boom over the
next four years. In 1985, with Donald Fehr heading the MLBPA,
the two sides were determined to avoid a work stoppage while
negotiating the 6th Basic Agreement. The two main issues that
divided the two sides were once again free agent compensation
and pension contribution levels. Several issues were agreed
upon early (e.g., a drug review board would investigate cases
where a player was accused of using cocaine), but it was still
not enough to avoid another work stoppage. On August 6, the
players went on strike, but with the 1981 strike still fresh in
8. their minds, the two sides reached an agreement within a day.
The risk of alienating the fans, who were spending more money
than ever on baseball, proved to be the driving force behind the
speedy resolution. The Early 1990s: Salary Arbitration,
Revenue Sharing, and “The Big Strike” In 1990, the owners
instituted another lockout while bargaining with the union over
the 7th Basic Agreement. The disparity between large market
teams (such as the New York Yankees and Los Angeles
Dodgers) and small market teams (such as the Kansas City
Royals and Milwaukee Brewers) was growing. With a larger fan
base, large market teams were able to attract significantly richer
television contracts from local networks. Because no salary cap
existed, large market teams could sign better players due to
their ability to offer high salaries. The owners saw this as a
major problem, and proposed a “revenue sharing” program, in
which large market teams would share a certain portion of their
local revenue with small market teams. Their justification was
that by increasing competitive balance, playoff races would be
closer, attracting more people to the ballparks late in the season
and producing higher television ratings. The union opposed a
revenue sharing proposal because, if the large market teams had
less money, they could not afford to offer top dollar contracts to
free agents. Players employed by teams that received revenue
sharing would not necessarily benefit either, because those
teams were not obligated to spend the funds on player salaries.
The owners tried to preempt a strike by locking the players out
of spring training. After 32 days, an agreement was reached; the
revenue sharing issue was put on hold. In 1994, the owners
realized that not only was competitive and financial disparity
hurting their profits, but salary arbitration was driving up salary
levels. Beginning with the 1985 contract, players with three
years of major-league service who felt that they were underpaid
could demand that their salaries be adjusted upward through a
process called “final offer arbitration.” The process worked as
follows: The player’s representative presented evidence that the
player was underpaid, relative to peers with comparable
9. records. The team owner’s representative presented evidence
that the player was equitably compensated, given other players
in his peer group. Each side proposed a salary figure. The
arbitrator then had to select either the player’s proposal or the
owner’s proposal. Teams had been more inclined to pay players
a little bit more than what they were worth instead of risking a
loss in the final-offer arbitration process (where they stood to
pay considerably more). The owners suggested an overhaul of
the entire economic structure of the league: eliminating salary
arbitration, phasing in a “salary cap” (where a team’s total
payroll was limited to a specified amount), lowering free
agency eligibility, and splitting television revenue 50/50 with
the players. Fehr and the MLBPA, on the other hand, rejected
these proposals. On August 11, 1994, the players went on strike.
This time, the strike lasted 232 days, and the World Series was
cancelled for the first time ever. The courts, the NLRB,
Congress, the FMCS, and President Clinton all intervened at
some point during the stoppage. The strike eventually ended
when Judge Sonia Sotomayor of the United States District Court
in Manhattan granted the NLRB’s request for an injunction. The
NLRB was claiming that the owners had implemented their
proposals during the strike without the existence of a good-faith
impasse. Baseball resumed on April 26, 1995, with the old
contract provisions being re-implemented. Historian Paul
Staudohar calls the strike “one of the most eventful, but
unproductive, ever.”7 The owners estimated their total losses to
be in upwards of $1 billion, and the players saw their salaries
drop considerably as cash-strapped clubs sought cheaper talent
from the minor leagues. Some fans turned to minor league teams
for baseball entertainment; others abandoned the game
altogether. Meanwhile bargaining continued. The 8th Basic
Agreement wasn’t agreed upon until late December, 1996. A
revenue sharing program was implemented, but the owners did
not receive their highly sought salary cap. Labor Relations
Developments from 1998 to 2002: The Curt Flood Act and
Contraction In 1998, Congress passed the Curt Flood Act. The
10. law called for an end to baseball’s storied antitrust exemption,
but only as it applied to labor relations. The premise of the bill
was to “reduce the chance of future strikes by allowing players
to bring an antitrust suit against the owners if labor negotiations
stall.”8 All other aspects of the exemption still applied. In July
2000, the owners tried to partially rectify the problem of
competitive and financial disparity by eliminating (or
contracting) two teams from Major League Baseball. Their
rationalization was that by having two of the poorly performing
clubs gone, the revenue sharing burden would be eased
substantially. Congress unsuccessfully attempted to stop the
contraction, and the union responded by filing a grievance.
Eventually, the owner of the Montreal Expos (one of the teams
that was being considered for contraction) sold his team to an
ownership group made up of the other 29 owners for $120
million. They moved the team to Washington, D.C., renamed it
the Nationals, and then found a buyer for the team.9 The issue
of contraction was put on hold. In 2002, the two sides entered a
bargaining process that was calmer and more productive than in
previous bargaining sessions. The owners wanted to implement
a “luxury tax” (a team exceeding a certain payroll threshold
would pay money to MLB and those funds would be
redistributed among the other teams) and a competitive balance
draft (the eight worst teams could select players from the eight
best teams). Fehr and the union opposed these provisions (the
original proposal by the owners was a 50 percent tax on all
salary spending over $84 million), and disagreements over a
proposed expansion of the drug testing policy also arose. The
union set a strike date of August 30, and the two sides struck a
deal the night before the work stoppage was to take place. A
luxury tax with higher thresholds than originally proposed was
implemented as a way to slow rising player salaries, and,
perhaps just as importantly, the post-season (which accounts for
a large portion of baseball’s revenue) was saved. The Upcoming
10th Basic Agreement The 2002 contract was set to expire in
December 2006. The history of labor relations in professional
11. baseball—the lost revenue from strikes and lockouts, attempts
to control escalating players’ salaries, and clauses found in
prior contracts—all cast a long shadow over the 2006
negotiations. Baseball Commissioner Allen H. (Bud) Selig
issued an order to all MLB employees that no one outside of his
office was to discuss upcoming labor negotiations. While the
MLBPA’s Fehr planned to travel to each of the teams to listen
to player concerns in the early spring, as of December 2005 the
following issues seemed prominent: 1. Steroids In the fall of
2005, with negotiations over the 10th Basic Agreement still
months away, the two sides were forced to bargain over a drug
testing program. The endless media coverage over certain
players’ alleged steroid usage was harming Major League
Baseball’s image greatly, and Congress (most notably Senator
John McCain, R-Arizona) had been threatening to act if the two
sides could not develop a tougher policy.10 The controversy
began when a book by ex-slugger Jose Canseco claimed to
reveal the extent to which major league ballplayers were using
and abusing steroids. The steroid issue had been gaining
momentum for several years prior, as home-run records were
broken and balls were flying out of the park like never before.
In what some say was an attempt to garner media attention and
solidify anti-drug stances with the public, several Congressmen
became involved, even subpoenaing several former players and
executives to testify in front of the Government Reform
Committee in March of 2005.11 The MLBPA complained that
the union should be contacted before either current or former
players spoke out publicly on this issue. Fehr and Commissioner
Selig were far apart on the issue of punishment for steroid
users, with Fehr’s proposal being far more lenient than
Selig’s.12 Fehr was calling for suspensions of 20 games for the
first time a player was tested positive for steroids, 75 games for
the second penalty (with some flexibility, based on
circumstances), and a lifetime ban for the third penalty. Selig
countered with an absolute ban of 50 games for the first
penalty, 100 games for the second penalty, and a lifetime ban
12. “for anybody dumb enough to be caught a third time.”13
Congress was threatening to act if the two sides could not
voluntarily agree on a drug testing program for steroids.
Amphetamines also became a topic for discussion. Owners
wanted to expand the drug testing program to include
amphetamines, albeit with lighter penalties than for steroids.
The union leadership generally opposed this expansion of the
drug testing program, but again Fehr was sensitive to
Congressional pressure. 2. Contraction In 2002, “contraction”—
a possible decrease in the number of MLB teams and/or
relocation of poorly performing clubs—was a prominent topic.
However, with the transformation of the Montreal Expos into
the Washington, D.C. Nationals, it was unlikely that the topic
would be a part of the 2006 negotiations; the owners had sent
signals that contraction was no longer a pressing issue.
However, it was possible that the topic could reemerge, if only
as a “throw-away” issue. The 9th Basic Agreement stated that
the owners had until July 2006 to notify the union of
contraction/relocation plans. 3. The “Luxury Tax” Financial
disparity was a topic that the PRC would certainly not consider
to be “throw-away” issues. Owners argued that because some
teams could afford to pay high salaries, they could hire the best
players and make it unlikely that most other teams could make
the playoffs. To restore competitive parity, the owners wanted
to continue, and even expand, the luxury tax that had been
implemented in 2002. The players union remained
philosophically opposed to any formula such as the luxury tax
(which they considered to be a type of flexible salary cap) that
might hurt player incomes. However, as Murray Chass of The
New York Times wrote, “. . . the owners would be hard pressed
to make proposals based on economic hardship. Industry
revenues didn’t reach $2 billion until 1997, and last year [2005]
it soared to $4.7 billion.”14 The luxury tax which was laid out
in the 9th Basic Agreement only affected a few teams (most of
the penalties were paid by the New York Yankees), so both
sides could have trouble proving or disproving its worth. It
13. started in 2003 with a tax threshold of $117 million and rose to
$136.5 million in 2006. Certain alterations to the complicated
tax formula—the tax increased with each offense—could be
proposed during bargaining, but it was doubtful that team
owners would agree to a complete overhaul of the system so
early in its existence. 4. Revenue Sharing In addition to the
luxury tax, MLB used revenue sharing (e.g., from television
contract rights and ticket sales) to distribute income from the
most profitable teams to the least profitable teams. In 2004 and
2005, Major League Baseball witnessed its highest attendance
levels ever, with 73,022,969 and 74,915,268 fans passing
through the turnstiles, respectively.15 With luxury box and
ticket prices rising, this attendance boom signaled an
unprecedented rise in gate revenue. While this helped improve
the profitability of the smaller-market teams, the union was
concerned about how these funds were used. Minimum team
salary levels needed to be addressed. After the Florida Marlins
club received luxury tax and revenue sharing funds, it slashed
its payroll to $15 million ($20 million less than the second
lowest payroll). To the union leaders, such a move exposed
holes in the revenue sharing program—in effect, funds were
being transferred from some owners to other owners, but there
was no guarantee that the players would see any of those funds.
5. Salary Levels The average salary earned by a MLB player
rose 7 percent—about double the inflation rate for 2005. The
average MLB player certainly seemed well-paid, with a 2005
salary of $2.4 million. However, this figure was skewed by the
very high salaries paid to star players, some of whom earned
over $20 million annually. The minimum annual salary was
$327,000. The union wanted to increase that minimum. 6.
Salary Arbitration and Free Agency How long one must play
before becoming eligible for salary arbitration and/or free
agency remained an issue. The union wanted to shorten the
length of time so that high-performing players could increase
their income to be comparable to their peers. The owners
wanted to keep it where it was, or perhaps even lengthen the
14. eligibility requirements. The appropriate compensation a
signing team should pay to the team losing a free agent also
remained a topic of potential discussion in contract
negotiations. 7. Pension Contribution Levels The union wanted
owners to increase their contributions to the player’s pension
fund. Owners balked at this request, citing declining television
revenues, which were used to fund pension contributions. The
World Series television contract that Major League Baseball
could sign with the FOX network might be the X-factor in the
owners’ approach to bargaining over economic matters. A large
percentage of baseball’s revenues came from national
broadcasting contracts, which gave a network the right to
broadcast playoff games, the All-Star Game, and a certain
number of games throughout the regular season. The previous
contract with FOX, which ran from 2000 through 2006, was
worth $2.5 billion, but unfortunately coincided with the lowest
television ratings in the sport’s history. The World Series
ratings in 2000, 2002, and 2005 were the three lowest-rated
broadcasts since the Series began airing in 1968.16 Because of
this surprising trend, the new contract with FOX, which was to
be signed in July of 2006, was rumored to be worth
significantly less (estimated at $1.75 billion over seven
years).17 Since the owners used large portions of the television
contract to fund the players’ pension fund, the claim of
financial hardship by the PRC could rear its ugly head during
Basic Agreement negotiations. 8. Strike Risks The potential
alienation of baseball’s fan base by undergoing another work
stoppage might prove to exert more influence over bargaining
matters than any other factor. Past work stoppages had cost both
players and owners significant amounts of money. A strike
could result in team owners attempting to bring in “scab”
players (e.g., minor league players) or it could result in the
decertification of the union by disgruntled players. 9. The
Media and Public Perception Finally, with any labor relations
situation, the media play an important role in the approaches
that the two sides take to bargaining. In prior negotiations,
15. national media attention to labor contract negotiations was
considerably more intense than in other industries. The ESPN
television network only added to the scrutiny as it
complemented traditional media outlets, such as Sports
Illustrated magazine and the USA Today, New York Times, and
Washington Post newspapers. The MLBPA was recently accused
of shielding drug addicts and criminals because of its stance on
steroid testing. Yet to give in to owner demands for a tough new
drug testing policy would only lead to media criticism that “the
strongest union in America” was ineffective and could be beaten
by determined owners. Such criticism could cause some union
leaders to encourage taking a hard-line approach to regain the
confidence of their constituents. The Big Decision: What
Bargaining Strategy Should Fehr Adopt? Donald Fehr realized
that he could go one of two ways when the bargaining sessions
were to begin during the 2006 season. On one hand, he could
probably secure the “basic” increases in minimum salary and
pension contributions without a lot of resistance from the PRC
and its leader, Commissioner Bug Selig. Although the owners
might claim that the decreased television revenue put them in a
less desirable financial position, Fehr knew that he could
retaliate by going to the media with the astronomical industry
revenue figures that baseball was currently realizing. With gate
revenues and industry profits at an all time high, a hard-line
approach and the threat of a strike or anti-trust lawsuit might
allow the union to secure better wages and benefits than they
had ever imagined. On the other hand, Fehr knew that the public
image of the union had suffered because of past “strikes by
millionaires” and because of the union’s current resistance to a
tougher steroid policy. As Fehr mulled his options and planned
his bargaining strategy, he perhaps hoped that Jose Canseco
wasn’t planning on writing another book anytime soon. Source:
This case was prepared by Daniel T. Romportl and William H.
Ross, Jr., both of the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse. Used
with permission from the authors and the Society for Case
Research.