Insights_to_the_Book_of_Daniel_Part_1.doc

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INSIGHTS TO THE BOOK OF DANIEL
By
Alvin Bernard
PREFACE
The insights shared in this book constitute the fruit of many years of my prayerful study
and research attempting to personally settle within my mind what was the truth versus the
errors surrounding many theological inconsistencies that plague the Christian churches
today. Prior to starting this work I was a Christian committed to a set of doctrinal beliefs
that shaped my thinking and perception of spiritual matters. However, as I matured in
my faith, I found out that a large number of Christian authors and speakers were not in
agreement in far too many areas of theology, and that many Bible passages that seem to
shed much light on many of those varied subjects were being ignored. Hence my
conviction to conduct this independent research which so consumed my thoughts that I
put aside the reading of many books in favor of asking God to grant me the Spirit of
wisdom and humility to understand His Word.
Once I let go of my presuppositions and began to delve into the Word, things began to
happen. Inexplicably, certain insights began to develop so serendipitously, but with such
amazing accurate that I give all credit to God. This document is basically a compilation
of some of my findings. The theme focuses on the impact of Christ's first advent as
revealed in the prophecies of the Old Testament in general, but more specifically as they
are pointed out in the the book of Daniel. The document brings to light some insights that
have been hidden for years; unfolds just how Jesus Christ arrived exactly on schedule in
fulfillment of the prophecies about Him; and directs us to the nearness of His impending
return.
I encourage you to study these insights for their content and not merely for scholarship.
Since most of what is documented here will be received by many for the first time, there
will be a natural tendency to question or to disagree. It is at this time that the reader is
being asked to reread and study a second time asking God’s guidance throughout. If you
have been as enlightened as I have been, then you are faced with the challenge of not
wasting time in helping others to see the light. Very little time is left for any of us to
prepare ourselves or to help others prepare themselves for the impending return of our
Lord Jesus Christ.

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Part One
INTRODUCTION
The Bible tells us in John 8:32 “And ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you
free.” The truth of God’s Word is about to set you free. You are about to be introduced to
some fresh insights into the Word of God-- insights that you may have never seen or
understood before --insights into prophecy with special emphasis on the Book of Daniel
and the prophecies as they relate to the Messiah.
After careful examination of some of the many commentaries and doctrinal beliefs
relating to the prophecies of Daniel, I became convinced that a need for a review of the
application of these prophecies (particularly viewed within the framework of
eschatology) existed. The following conclusions were derived after much prayerful
research:
Primarily, the first advent of the Messiah, viewed from the aspect of our salvation
constitutes the most significant event occurring in the most significant period of time
known since the history of the world from creation.
Secondly, God inspired the prophets of the Old Testament to prophesy focusing attention
upon this most important event that included both the timing and significance of the
Messiah’s atonement for sin. That event was scheduled to bring reconciliation between
God and man, and initiate the establishment of the Messiah’s kingdom among us.
Thirdly, Jesus confirmed and fulfilled those prophecies when He arrived preaching that
“the time is fulfilled and the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand” Mark 1:15. He then offered
Himself as the propitiation for our sins and returned to heaven to receive power, glory,
and a kingdom to the end that all nations and languages and tongues and people could
serve Him. His kingdom is an everlasting kingdom.
Finally, the apostles factually recorded in the Gospels and Epistles the ministry of Jesus
Christ and the all sufficient atonement on Calvary. They have confirmed His return to
heaven as our Savior, King, High Priest, and Advocate, and have shared with us their
utmost confidence and faith in Christ’s ability and His promise to save us all, to translate
us from the power of darkness into His kingdom, to keep us from falling, and to present
us faultless before the presence of His glory with exceeding joy.
God did not leave mankind in darkness concerning these prophecies that the Messiah
fulfilled. He provided His people (Israel) with precise knowledge, and meticulous
prophecies concerning the exact time for the atonement, sanctuary cleansing, and
establishment of His kingdom. The time prophecies of Daniel, such as the 2300 evenings
and mornings, the 70 sevens or weeks, the 1290 days, and the 1335 days were given to

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carefully pinpoint the exact time for the first advent of the Messiah. Other prophecies of
the Book of Daniel were primarily concerned with world conditions leading up to that
event, but have no bearing upon eschatological fulfillment of the prophecies as they are
often applied when the Book of Daniel is discussed.
Examine these insightful reviews with an open mind and I’m certain that you will concur
that the prophecies of Daniel were given primarily to identify the first advent of the
Messiah; to give the Jews ample instruction, time, and opportunity to be ready for the
Messiah, and to be prepared for world conditions leading up to that event. The Jews were
well informed about the nations in power and the one that would be responsible for their
destruction and desolation after they would fail to accept the Messiah.
You will discover the way in which the current Jewish calendar was altered to reflect
denial of Jesus as the Messiah. You will likewise understand, for the first time, the
accurate meaning of the Image, the 4 Beasts, the little horn, 2300 evenings and mornings,
1290 days and 1335 days as they apply to the first advent of the Messiah.
Let us now examine the records of the past as we try to understand how the prophecies of
Daniel were fulfilled.

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Outlining the Book of Daniel
The Book of Daniel is a record of the history of a man named Daniel and a series of
prophecies given to him by God directly in visions or through an angel named Gabriel
who also interpreted the criptic portions of the prophecies. Daniel was of Hebrew descent
and was exiled in Babylon with many other Jews who were taken captive during the three
invasions of Jerusalem (606, 597, 587 BC) by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar. The
Medes and Persians overthrew the Babylonians in 538 BC and in 536 BC seventy years
of captivity (606-536 BC) were brought to an end. Nevertheless, Daniel remained in
Babylon serving as a statesman under Darius the Mede and Cyrus the Persian.
Preamble to the Captivity:
The captivity came as a result of the sins of God’s people (Israel) and their disobedience
in ignoring the repeated warnings sent to them through His servants the prophets. Two
major prophets, Jeremiah and Ezekiel, warned of the impending doom. Jeremiah
prophesied before the invasions began and Ezekiel, who was also taken captive,
prophesied from Babylon after the first invasion.
Jeremiah 1:14-19 An evil shall break forth out of the north.. God utters His judgments.
Jeremiah 2:8,13 The evils committed by God’s people
Jeremiah 4:3-29 God exhorts Judah to repentance, destruction is cried
Jeremiah 5:10-19 Destruction comes from and ancient nation, a remnant is saved
Jeremiah 15:4 Captivity because of the sins of Manasseh
Jeremiah 22:25,26 Nebuchadnezzar to bring about captivity
Jeremiah 25:1-13 Jerusalem and Judah to serve king of Babylon for seventy years
Ezekiel 3:1-27 God's instruction to Ezekiel to warn the rebellious house of Israel
Ezekiel 8:4-18 Abominations of the house of Israel continues after first captivity
II Kings 24,25 Historical accounts of Nebuchadnezzar's invasions
Even though God's judgment fell on the house of Israel and the city of Jerusalem, He
promised that they would not be totally destroyed during the invasion and captivity. God
also planned to bring judgment upon Babylon for taking His people into captivity (Jer
25:12) and that a remnant would return to repossess the land of Judah and rebuild the city
of Jerusalem (Jer 29:4 13;30:1-11;31:1-14). God also promised to do a great thing and
"raise up unto David a righteous Branch, and a king shall reign and prosper... and this is
the name whereby he shall be called, THE LORD OUR RIGHTEOUSNESS "(Jer. 23:3-
8; 33:14-18). Furthermore, God promised to make a new covenant forgiving the iniquity
of His people and remembering their sins no more (Jer 31:31-34; Heb10:16,17). Implicit
in these promises lies the promise of the Messiah.

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Outline of Daniel in Chronological Sequence with Corresponding Chapters
Kings and Events Chapters in Daniel
Nebuchadnezzar (607-562)
1. Young Hebrews at the court of Nebuchadnezzar 1
(Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, Azariah)
2. Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar's 1st
dream 2
(Kingdom of heaven established after four world kingdoms)
3. Nebuchadnezzar erects a golden statue. Everyone required to worship 3
(Three Hebrew boys in fiery furnace)
4. Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar's 2nd
dream 4
(King loses power is reinstated after 7 years)
Belshazzar (555-538)
5. Daniel's vision of 4 world kingdoms symbolized as 4 beasts 7
(Judgment and kingdom reign of Son of Man)
6. Daniel's vision of a Ram and an He-goat and 2300 evenings & mornings 8
(Two world powers, 4 divisions of 2nd one and cleansing of temple)
7. Belshazzar's fatal feast (Medes and Persians conquer Babylon) 5
Darius the Mede (559-531?)
8. Daniel in the Lion's Den 6
9. Daniel's vision of the Seventy Weeks (Sevens) prophecy 9
(Primary interpretation of vision of 70 wks by Gabriel)
Cyrus the Persian (559-529)
10. Man in linen talks to Daniel 10
11. Secondary interpretation of vision of 70 wks and 2300 E&M combined 11
(A. Three more kings in Persia
(B. Grecian king overthrows Media-Persia
(C. Grecian kingdom divided into 4 parts
(D. Conflicts between kings of north (Seleucids) & south (Ptolemies)
(E. Jews in crossfire Rome intervenes and become king of north
(F. Rome (north) defeats Ptolemies of Egypt (south) in great naval battle
(G. The prince of Rome plants the tabernacle of his palace in Palestine
12. Secondary interpretation (cont'd) 12
(H. Michael, the Great Prince stands up to deliver
(I, Many saints delivered, some resurrected
(J. From resurrection to end of prophecy is 3.5 yrs (i.e. 70 wks prophecy)
(K Time for the end of all Daniel's prophecies identified (12:7)
(L Abomination of desolation
(M 1290 days and 1335 days after which Daniel is also resurrected.

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CLUES TO THE INTERPRETATION OF DANIEL
By Alvin Bernard
There are specific clues for the interpretation of the book of Daniel and a few will
be shared with you for your consideration. These simple guidelines will help to unlock
the secrets of this prophetic book.
1. The prophecies of Daniel were given primarily to identify the time of the First Advent
of the Messiah and the prevailing world conditions surrounding His appearing. They also
include predictions about the nations (Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome) that
were in power, predictions leading up to that event, and the impact those powerful
nations exerted on the Jews.
2. The time for the fulfillment of the prophecies of Daniel ended in 70 AD. i.e. all the
prophecies of Daniel met their fulfillment by 70 AD.
“And I heard the man clothed in linen which was upon the waters of the river,
when he held up his right hand unto heaven, and swear by him that liveth for ever
that it shall be for a time, times, and a half; and when He shall have accomplished
to scatter the power of the holy people. All these things shall be finished. (Dan.
12:7).

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In this context the holy people refer to the Jews. Jeremiah chapter 2 verse 3 states: “Israel
was holiness unto the Lord and the firstfruits of His increase.” God wanted the Jews to be
His holy people on earth. But they frequently exhibited such a rebellious spirit that God
had to discipline them sometimes very severely.
The scattering of the holy people was accomplished when the Romans destroyed
Jerusalem in 70 AD. In forecasting this sad time for the Jews Jesus addressed His
disciples in Luke 21 saying that:
"When ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know that the
desolation thereof is nigh (vs20)...For these be the days of vengeance, that all
things which are written may be fulfilled (22)…and they shall fall by the edge of
the sword, and shall be led away captive into all nations: and Jerusalem shall be
trodden down of the Gentiles, until the time of the Gentiles be fulfilled.” Luke
21:20-24.
History records that during the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD 1,100,000 Jews died
and 97,000 were led away captive. Many of them died before arriving at their intended
destination of exile or servitude. This desolation that followed the war was predicted to
last until the consummation (Dan. 9:27). Consequently, Jerusalem remained desolate of
Jews in control until 1948, and though a significant number of Jews have returned to the
area, the strategic occupation of the temple site by the followers of Islam and others
besides Jews, suggests that the specifics of the prophecy are even now being sustained.
Conclusively, according to Daniel 12:7, “When he shall have accomplished to scatter the
power of the holy people all these things shall be finished,” specifies that the event of the
destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD marked the end of the fulfillment of Daniel's
prophesies. This most significant discovery in the 12th
Chapter (the epilogue) makes it
necessary for us to review every prophecy that precedes this statement. That amounts to
every prophecy written in the book. In light of this statement, “All these things” means
everything. Everything was finished when the holy people were scattered.
The image of Daniel 2, before 70AD
The establishment of the Kingdom, before 70 AD
The 4 beasts of Daniel 7, before 70 AD
The judgment of Daniel 7, before 70 AD
The little horn/ prince/antichrist of Daniel 8, 9, before 70 AD
The sanctuary cleansing of Daniel 8, before 70 AD
The 2300 E&M of Daniel 8, before 70 AD
The 70 sevens of Daniel 9, before 70 AD
The Messiah of Daniel 9, before 70 AD
The resurrection of Daniel 12, before 70 AD
The 1290 and 1335 days of Daniel 12, before 70 AD.
Most emphatically, all of these things were finished before 70 AD when the holy people
were scattered. To ignore this illumination is to throw reason out of court.
3. The little horn' of Daniel 7:8 and 8:9 also known as the king/prince in Daniel 8:23-25;
9:26, and 11:21-45, is none other than the Julio-Claudian dynasty of emperors, from
Augustus Caesar in 31 BC to Nero, the last of the bloodline rulers who died in 68 AD.

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CHAPTERS 7 AND 8 OF DANIEL COMPARED
THE REPUBLIC OF ROME First: 59 BC
(450 – 59) BC Pompey
Crassus
Julius Caesar
Second: 44BC
168 BC Octavian
Antony
146 BC Lepidus
65 BC
331 BC 323 BC 31 BC to 68 AD
When Rome occupied Syria, the king of the north in 65 BC, Rome became the king of
the north, then conquered Egypt, the king of the south, and secured the rich treasures of
gold and corn. Rome was propelled into fame as the master of the world. Octavian was
crowned as Rome's first emperor/prince and set up a form of Government known as a
Principate. That principate was the little horn / prince/antichrist which:
A) Subdued three kings (three horns) or the triumvirate, which had replaced
the Decemvirate republic(ten horns)(Dan 7:24).
B) Came to power towards the end of the four divisions of Greece, in the latter
time of their kingdom. (Dan 8:21-23). Egypt -- the last of the four divisions of
Greece -- was subjugated to Rome after the battle of Actium in 31 BC. thereby
bringing an end to the former Greek divisions. This famous battle also resulted in
Octavian’s (Augustus) dissolving of the triumvirate and ushering in the
establishment of the principate.
C) Magnified himself against the Prince of the host -Messiah (Dan
8:11): Stood up against the Prince of princes- Messiah (Dan 8:25):
And The Prince of the covenant - Messiah, was broken by him (Dan 11:22).
D) Planted the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the
Glorious holy mountain (Palestine) (Dan 11:45), by erecting shrines,
Temples and cities in Palestine, such as Caesarea, Sebaste and
Tiberias, some of which were built by Herod the Great and dedicated to Caesars.
Even the new temple at Jerusalem that was being reconstructed during the time of
the Messiah was targeted as Caesar’s temple. The Messiah's birth in 4 BC
threatened this vile ambition and Herod attempted to eliminate the competition
by destroying all baby boys two years old and younger. (Mat 2:3-18).
Decemvirate (10 horns) Dan 7:7,8, 23 Triumvirate Principate – little horn
GREECE
Under
Alexander
The Great
Dan. 8:8,21 EGYPT King of the south
SYRIA King of the north
GREECE
MACEDONIA
Rome in north The Julio-Claudian
Dynasty/ Caesars
The principate was
established by
Octavian who left
Macedonia after the
assassination of
Julius Caesar and
went to Rome to
become Prince/god

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E) Magnified himself above every god (Dan 11:36)
Those Caesars were deified and demanded emperor worship from all
Citizens and provinces including the Jews. Augustus took the title of
Pontifex Maximus and his devotees addressed him as: "God, or the Son of God,
the Great Deity, the Heaven-born, the Divine, the Omniscient, The Beneficent,
the Just, the Long-suffering, the Merciful God." (Alexander Del Mar, The
Worship of Augustus Caesar (New York.' The Cambridge Encyclopaedia Co,
1900), p. 315.
F) Persecuted the saints for 3.5 years when they were given into his
hands for a time, and times and the dividing of time. (Dan 7:25). That was the
persecution of the Christians under Nero from 64-68 A.D., when many Christians
including Peter and Paul were martyred.
G) Directed his people to destroy the city and the sanctuary resulting in
desolations after the war. (Dan 9:26 last part). Nero, the last of the Julio-
Claudian dynasty, ordered Vespasian to squelch the rebellion of the Jews.
Nero died before the destruction of Jerusalem and after Vespasian became
emperor, his son Titus completed the desolation in 70A.D.
H) Came to his end and none helped him. (Dan 11:45). Nero's vile
behavior, compounded with his intense desire to be worshipped as a
God, just as his predecessors, drove him into insanity. He was driven from the
throne and sentenced to a slave's death. He avoided his executioners for some
time, but lonely and fearful, he committed suicide in 68 AD, and was buried in a
white sheet by his mistress. That was a most disgraceful end for an emperor of
Rome, and the once powerful Julio-Claudian Dynasty.
4. The time of the end in the context of Daniel refers to the period of time beginning with
the rise of the little horn power when Egypt was overthrown (Dan 11:49), at the battle of
Actium in 31 BC and ending with the desolation of the city of Jerusalem in 70 A.D., a
period of approximately 100 years. That period includes the Messiah's birth, ministry,
suffering, ascension, and glorification (inauguration) as well as the contrasting 'antichrist’
power of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, known as the principate or prince.
During that period, not only was the sealed book of Daniel opened, but it was also
understood. The following paragraphs attempt to explain how that was accomplished:
Jesus began his ministry in the fall of 27 A.D. and proclaimed that "The time is fulfilled
and the kingdom of heaven is at hand." (Mark 1:14,15). Later in his ministry, He placed
an emphasis upon the fact that the prophets prophesied until John (Mat 11:13) and that all
things must be fulfilled which were written in the Law of Moses, and in the prophets, and
in the Psalms concerning Him (Lk 24:44); and beginning at Moses and all the prophets
(Daniel included), he expounded unto them in all the Scriptures the things concerning
Himself. (Luke 24:27).

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Undoubtedly, Jesus revealed the hidden secrets of the book of Daniel when he taught
about himself and the things pertaining to the kingdom of God. The prophecies in Daniel
relating to the kingdom, the atonement, the 2300 evenings and mornings, the seventy
weeks of years, the judgment, the cleansing of the sanctuary, etc. were all due to be
fulfilled through the Messiah during that period referred to as the time of the end.
5. The work of the cleansing of the sanctuary at the end of 2300 evenings and mornings
(E & M, Dan 8:14) and the reconciliation for iniquity or atonement during the seventy
weeks of years [Dan 9:24], refer to one and the same sacrifice for sin and atonement that
transpired at the cross in 31 A.D.
6. The vision concerning the daily sacrifice and the transgression of desolation of the
2300 E&M prophecy (Dan 8:13) refers to the same events associated with the sacrifice
and oblation and overspreading of abominations of the 70th week described in Dan 9:27
as well as the daily sacrifice and the abomination that maketh desolate in Dan 12:11.
7. The overspreading abomination of Daniel 9:27 refers to the continued transgressions of
the Jews in rejecting the work of the Holy Spirit and the Messiah beyond the termination
of the 70th
week of years in 34 A.D. This is also called the abomination of desolation or
the abominations that maketh desolate. That abomination, which began in 34 AD (as
evidenced by the stoning of Stephen and other crimes against the Christians) resulted in
the desolation of the city of Jerusalem in 70 AD. It was that same abomination and
desolation to which Jesus referred a few years before its inception:
0 Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them which are
sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a
hen gathered her chickens under her wings, and ye would not; behold your house
is left unto you desolate.
When ye therefore shall see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel
the prophet, stand in the holy place, (Mat 23:37,38; 24:15).
The above statements were made by our Lord just prior to his crucifixion, and
undoubtedly revealed the abomination as being yet future. How many years future?
Daniel had that answer:
And from the time that the daily (sacrifice) shall be taken away, and the
abomination that maketh desolate set up, there shall be a thousand two hundred
and ninety days. (Dan 12:11).
8. The sacrificial death of Jesus on Calvary obviated the need for ceremonial sacrifices in
the temple. When Jesus died, the veil of the temple was rent apart. That was a sure sign
that the earthly ceremonial system had ended and it was time for the termination of all
animal sacrifices for sin. Counting from the time of the crucifixion (when sacrifices and
oblations ceased) unto the abomination 1290 literal days are obtained. Those 1290 days
also parallel the final 3.5 years of the seventieth and last week of the seventy weeks
prophesy. The 1335 days are also relative to the 70th
week and refer to the beginning of
Christ’s ministry in 27 AD (when Michael began to stand up [Dan 12:1, Lk 16-21]) to the
day of Pentecost in 31 AD when Christ was inaugurated in heaven.

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9. The beasts of Revelation do not exist simultaneously with the beasts of Daniel. Instead
they are sequel to those of Daniel. In general, the prophecies of Revelation began where
Daniel’s ended. For example the beast of Revelation 13 began to emerge after the
antichrist of the Julio-Claudian dynasty came to its end with Nero in 68 AD.
10. The various references to time, times, and the dividing of time do not all refer to the
same event. In addition, they are literal times which should not be interpreted according
to a day/year principle.
Below is an example of the manner in which many scholars have applied the various time
elements in prophecy according to the day/year principle:
1. Time = year =360 days = 360 years
2. Week = 7 days = 7 years
3. Days = days = years
4. Evenings &Mornings = days = years
The obvious conclusion by these "scholars" is that regardless of which time element is
used (times, evenings and mornings, weeks, or days) that time needs to be evaluated
according to a day/year principle. As noted in the first example, it is sometimes necessary
to carry the time element through three levels of evaluation in order to have the desired
result. Needless to say, such application violates the principles of prophetic interpretation.
The deciphering of the cryptic time elements of a prophecy may be a complicated
process. When that process is expanded to more than one level, the application is
stretched and the meaning becomes so complicated that it may represent one thing while
it really means something else also in need of interpretation. Thus time and times and a
half represent 3.5 years which really mean 1260 days that must be reinterpreted as 1260
years. Others use 7 years as 7x360 days to arrive at 2520 days which are then determined
to be 2520 years. No other prophetic symbol is given this same treatment of expansion
and to create an exception here would be to throw reason out of court.
It seems that God had a different plan of interpretation in mind when he incorporated
these different time elements into the prophecies of Daniel. One must bear in mind that
the prophecies were given to a Jew [Daniel] primarily for his people who were then in
exile in Babylon. This fact helps us to interpret the time elements in terms of the context
of Jews and the Babylonians. Then, too, some of these time elements were given as
explanations of previous prophecies and have already been deciphered by the Interpreter
[the angel] thus obviating the need for further interpretation. Finally (as another principle
of prophetic interpretation) if the symbol can be applied literally, there is no need to treat
it symbolically especially when dealing with numbers.
Why then were different time elements used in the prophecies? The answer is that various
units of time, and various time periods were intended. A brief examination of each one
with consideration of the three principles aforementioned is provided below:

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Time: In Daniel 4:16, 23, & 32, Nebuchadnezzar was given a vision involving seven
times, which was interpreted by Daniel as referring to seven literal years. From this
prophetic interpretation one can conclude that Daniel understood time in prophecy to
refer to a literal year. Thus time, times, and a half meant 3.5 literal years.

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SEVENTY SEVENS: In the Jewish economy a seven/week referred to a period of seven
days or seven years. [See Leviticus 23 & 25]. The context will determine whether days
or years were intended. The longer period of time identified with the seventy-sevens
prophecy suggests that sevens of years ( or 70 Sabbatic Cycles) were intended. . A Jewish
Sabbath year in the BCE period has a remainder of 2 when it is divided by seven,
whereas a Sabbath year in the CE period has a remainder of 6 when divided by seven.
The Sabbath years 9, 16, 23, and 30 BC all have 2 as remainder, but 20, 27, and 34 AD
have 6 as remainder when divided by 7. A failure to follow this specification has created
and will continue to create numerous distortion of the meaning intended. The seventy
weeks of years must therefore contain seventy of these perfect Sabbatic Cycles. God was
very specific about this. The seventy sevens period began with the Sunday (first) year of
456 BC, and ended 490 years later with the Sabbath (seventh) year of 34 AD. There is an
offset of 3 to 4 months between the Jewish calendar year and the AD/BC Christian
calendar. The Jewish Sunday year of 456 BC actually began in the fall of 457 BC.
Following is the outline of the seventy sevens:
Wks Sun. Sab. Wks. Sun. Sab. Wks. Sun. Sab.
Begin in fall of 457
1st
456 450 25th
288 282 49th
120 114
2nd
449 443 26th
281 275 50th
113 107
3rd
442 436 27th
274 268 51st
106 100
4th
435 429 28th
267 261 52nd
99 93
5th
428 422 29th
260 254 53rd
92 86
6th
421 415 30th
453 247 54th
85 79
7th
414 408 31st
246 240 55th
78 72
8th
407 401 32nd
239 233 56th
71 65
9th
400 394 33rd
232 226 57th
64 58
10th
393 387 34th
225 219 58th
57 51
11th
386 380 35th
218 212 59th
50 44
12th
379 373 36th
211 205 60th
43 37
13th
372 366 37th
204 198 61st
36 30
14th
365 359 38th
197 191 62nd
29 23
15th
358 352 39th
190 184 63rd
22 16
16th
351 345 40th
183 177 64th
15 9
17th
344 338 41st
176 170 65th
8 2 BC
18th
337 331 42nd
169 163* 66th
1 6 AD
19th
330 324 43rd
162 156 67th
7 13
20th
323 317 44th
155 149 68th
14 20
21st
316 310 45th
148 142 69th
21 27
22nd
309 303 46th
141 135 70th
28 34 END
23rd
302 296 47th
134 128
24th
295 289 48th
127 121
*The year 163 BC is recorded as a Sabbath year in 1 Maccabees 6:48-54.

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Days: The term days is used in the explanation of the seventy-weeks prophecy. This
explanation of the Seventy Sevens begins in Chapter 9, and continues through Chapters
11 & 12. Since “days” is used in the explanation, it seems that it was intended to be as
literal as possible. It is not necessary to look for a symbolic application of the 1290 and
1335 days because the Interpreter (Angel) is telling the meaning in a non-cryptic form.
Thus, days are literal and should be treated as such.
Messiah Sacrifices Cease & Saints Resurrected Abominations
Anointed Crucifixion Maketh Desolations
31 AD
1290 days
Pentecost/Inauguration
1335 days `
3 ½ years 52 days 3 ½ years
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27AD THE SEVENTIETH WEEK of DANIEL 12 34AD
Evenings and Mornings: This terminology has stimulated more discussion and
conclusions than any of the other three time elements mentioned above. Most Bible
students refer to the evenings and mornings of creation that identify the days of creation.
From this they interpret evenings and mornings in Daniel 8:14 as days. Some conclude
that they are literal days and others evaluate them as prophetic days or years according to
a day/year principle. If they are literal days, why did God not use the term days as was
used with the 1290 and 1335 days? If they are years, why not use the term time as was
employed elsewhere in the prophetic narrative? Was God demonstrating His command of
the language or was He flashing clues for interpretation? It appears that God again used
wisdom with this form of expression in order to convey certain specifics about the
prophecy. Undoubtedly, He employed certain symbols that would be identifiable by
Daniel (who was in Babylon) in order for him to receive the full meaning intended.
The Babylonians used similar astrological symbols to the ones following to represent the
end of one year and the beginning of a new year.
    

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 years

15
This was a dark/light symbol or evening/morning symbol with the half darkness
representing the year past and the half-light representing the year ahead. Since Daniel
was in Babylon, God used a familiar Babylonian concept to acquaint Him with the time
for the cleansing of the sanctuary. The term 'evenings and mornings' suggested
Babylonian years that referred not solely to future years but past years as well.
Therefore, 2300 evenings and mornings were 2300 years, some of which were past just as
the darkness of evening and the others were future just as the light of the morning.
This will be explained further in another chapter. Summary of the time elements in the
prophecies of Daniel:
Evenings and Mornings indicate Babylonian years: past and future.
Weeks [sevens] indicate Sabbatical cycles (Sun-Sab) of years.
Times indicate years (calendar years).
Days indicate days (24 hours).
This information serves to better prepare the student of the Bible to conduct a study of the
prophecies of Daniel while keeping in mind that all the prophecies were fulfilled by 70
AD when the holy people were scattered.

16
CONCERNING THE MAJOR PROPHECIES OF DANIEL
AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CHRIST’S KINGDOM
By
Alvin Bernard
Most Bible scholars subscribe to one of the following concepts in regard to the
prophecies of Daniel and Revelation.
1. Presentist One who believes that the prophecies are now being fulfilled
2. Preterist One who believes that the prophecies have all been fulfilled
3. Futurist One who believes that the fulfillment of the prophecies are yet future
4. Historicist One who believes that the fulfillment of the prophecies extend over a
period of time from the prophet to the end of the world
The more popular historicist view represents the three major symbolic visions in Daniel
as events that begin with Daniel and lead up to the second coming of Christ. The
following chart presents the historicist’s view.
THE HISTOR1CISTS’ VIEW OF DANIEL’S SYMBOLIC VISIONS
607 BC 538 BC 331 BC 168 BC soon AD (1844 )
Even though there are minor variations from one school of thought to another, the
preceding chart offers a reasonable explanation. Historicists also represent the prophecies
of Revelation as being parallel to the prophecies of Daniel. There is widespread
agreement that the three major visions in Daniel are parallel symbolisms of
approximately the same period of time leading up to and including the reign of the beast
and little horn, the establishment of Christs kingdom, and the time for the beginning of
the judgment. Most people accept the view that the establishment of the kingdom of
heaven as depicted by the stone striking the image in Daniel chapter 2, is yet future and
they teach that we are now living in "the days of the toes", that at any moment the
Mesaiah will return to set up his kingdom after defeating the antichrist and other world
powers. They have also been awaiting this event since Rome came into power over 2000
plus years ago.
DANIEL 69 YRS 207 YRS 163 YRS 2,000 YRS Everlasting
Babylon Medo-Persia Greece Rome Christ’s Kingdom
Chap. 2 Head Breast & Arms Belly & Thigh Legs & Feet Stone strikes image,
Gold Silver Brass Iron Cut Stone becomes
Mountain, fills earth
Chap. 7 Lion Bear Leopard Fierce beast Judgment
Little horn Son Inaugurated,
receives a kingdom
Chap. 8 ------ Ram He-goat Little horn Prince of covenant

17
There is good reason for concern about the historicist interpretation of the book of Daniel
for there is usually a biased treatment of the subject of Messiah’s first advent. A question
then arises: Why would God depict the significant world events in Daniel chapter 2 (from
Nebuchadnezzar in Babylon to the Second Advent) without identifying the First Advent
which, so far, has been the most significant event in all of history?
Some similar questions could be asked of chapters 7 and 8 of the book of Daniel. Where
would one place the birth, ministry, atonement, and ascension of our Lord? Did he not die
for the sins of the world? Did he not ascend to heaven in a cloud and return to the Father?
Why would God be careful to identify the time of Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece,
Alexander the Great (who was not really all that great compared to Christ), Rome, and
the little horn, and end the scene with the Second Advent without including the Messiah
during His first advent?
To ignore the First Advent in this manner is to:
1. accept, like the Jews, that the Messiah has not yet come to fulfill the prophecies
2. misunderstand the meaning of the prophecies
3. function outside of reason
4. to underestimate the wisdom and fairness of God
While this writer supports an historicist viewpoint, there is yet a different justifiable way
of comparing the prophecies of Daniel and those of Revelation -- not as parallel
prophecies, but with Revelation as the sequel to the prophecies of Daniel. This concept
will be known hereafter as the Historicist B Concept. It also crystallizes the author’s
viewpoint concerning the interpretation of the book of Daniel. Both books mentioned are
historicist in extent except for the portion which advocates Revelation as beginning
where Daniel ends.There are overlapping periods between the two books. But the overall
concept is that Daniel's prophetic horizon is the first advent of the Messiah; the
establishment of Christ's kingdom; and the subsequent fall and destruction of Jerusalem,
all foretold events that materialized during the time of Rome and the little horn prince.
The future beyond this horizon was kept sealed until Jesus was glorified and received his
kingdom and power upon returning to heaven. Messiah proceeded to reveal and open the
seals of the future to John on the isle of Patmos. Here is an illustration of the Historicist B
concept.
An expanded illustration is displayed at the end of this complete manuscript.
THE HISTORICIST 'B' CONCEPT
Jerusalem Destroyed
Prophecies of Daniel Fulfilled (Dan 12:7)
Daniel Prophesies in exile 6th
Century BC 70 AD
31AD
First Advent Second Advent
PROPHECIES OF DANIEL
John Prophesies in exile (96 AD)
PROPHECIES OF REVELATION

18
Since the prophecies of Daniel are parallel prophecies extending over the same period of
time, solving one prophecy should provide insight for solving the others.
Consider, for example, the vision of the great statue in Chapter 2 of Daniel.
[31] Thou, 0 king. sawest, and behold a great image. This great image whose
brightness was excellent. stood before thee. and the form thereof was terrible.
[32]This image's head was of fine gold, his breast and his arms of silver, his belly
and his thigh of brass,
[33] His legs of iron, his feet part of iron and part of clay.
[34] Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the
image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and break them in pieces.
[35] Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to
pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer thressing floors; and the
wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that
smote the image became a great mountain and filled the whole earth.
[36] This is the dream; and we will tell the interpretation thereof before the king.
[37] Thou, 0 King, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath given thee a
kingdom, power, and strength, and glory,
[38] And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beast of the field and the
fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over
them all.Thou art this head of gold
[39] And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and another third
kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the earth.
[40) And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron...
[41] And whereas the feet and toes, part of potters' clay, and part of iron. the
(fourth) kingdom shall be divided, but there shall be in it the strength of iron...
[42] and as the toes of the feet were part of iron, and pant of clay, so the kingdom
shall be partly stong and partly broken.
[43] And whereas thou sawest iron mixed with miry clay, they shall mingle
themselves with the seed of men: but they shall not cleave one to another, even as
iron is not mixed with clay.
[44] And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom,
which shall never be destroyed and the kingdom shall not be left to other people,
but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms and it shall stand
forever.
Why did God use the symbolism of a statue to depict the future from Nebuchadnezzar to
the establishment of the kingdom of heaven? Here is one possible explanation;
This statue is an image of a person. The human physique is consistently proportionate
from head to foot. God who formed man from the dust of the ground is well aware of the
proportion of the head to the chest and thighs and legs. It appears that when He
appropriated the symbol of the statue of a man and apportioned it to represent the reign of
world kingdoms, He had in mind, among other things, the proportionate distribution of
time for their existence before the Messiah would come to set up His kingdom. God's
omniscient plan designated four kingdoms to reign for a limited period of time
approximated by being assigned portions of the statue. One example would be the years
of the reign of Babylon being proportionate to or of the same ratio to that of Medo-
Persia, as the head is proportionate to the chest of the body.

19
By constructing a prototype of a proportionate statue an illustration could be made
considering a statue of a person of 6' 2" or 74" tall. (My ht) The divisions and distibution
of inches of this statue according to the divisions of the statue in Nebuchadnezzar's
dream, could be averaged as the illustration below will demonstrate. This division
establishes a ratio and proportion for the statue. In other words 8:24:19:23 is the relative
proportion of the head; breast and arms; belly and thighs; legs and feet respectively.
Illustration 1

20
If the size of the head is measured in inches. PROTOTYPE
feet, yards or years, then the other parts of the
body must also be measured in the same units in
order to maintain the same proportion. It
appears that God employed this proportion to
establish the time for each nation from Babylon
to the establishment of his kingdom. Since God
used the image to represent the time for the
reign of each kingdom before its successor
rises to power, let us represent the prototype in
years as opposed to inches.
Illustration 2.
Another fact about the ratio and proportion is that if the value of one part changes, then
all others must change in order to keep the figure in proportion. Consequently, if the
measurement of the head is doubled to a value of 16, then the breast and arms must be
doubled to 48, and the thighs are doubled to 38, while the legs and feet are doubled to 46
The ratio of 16 : 48 : 38 : 46 is the same as the original 8:24:19:23.
The values when doubled can be computed according to the following schedule. Notice
that each number of the original value is multiplied by (16) and divided by (8), in order to
establish the new values and maintain the same ratio.
8 X 16 = 16; 24 X 16 = 48; 19 X 16 = 38; 23 X 16 = 46
8 8 8 8
PROTOTYPE
In Illustration 3, the head of the prototype is
given a value of 69 and the proportionate values
are calculated for each division of the statue.
HEAD BREAST & ARMS
8 X 69 = 69 yrs 24 X 69 = 207 yrs
8 8
BELLY & THIGHS LEGS & FEET
19 X 69 = 163.875 yrs 23 X 69 = 198.375 yrs
8 8
Illustration 3
HEAD
BREAST
&
ARMS
BELLY
&
THIGH
LEGS
&
FEET
8
yrs
24
yrs
19
yrs
23
yrs
69
207
163
198
HEAD
BREAST
&
ARMS
BELLY
&
THIGH
LEGS
&
FEET

21
The ratio of prototype 8:24:19:23 is now calculated as 69:207:163.875: 198.375.
Remeber also that the measurements are in years for this particular prototype. The
calculations revealed that if the first kingdom exists for 69 years, then the next would
exist for 207 years, the third would exist for 163.875 years and the fourth would exist for
198.375 before the stone kingdom begins. The stone kingdom is the kingdom of heaven
established by God. An examination of the popular theory will determine whether or not
its time allotments are relevant to the prototype.
The statue and the distribution of time allotments according to popular theory.
Head 69 years (607 BC-538 BC) Babylon
Breast & Arms 207 years (538 BC-331 BC) Medo-Persia
Belly & Thigh 163 years (331 BC-168 BC) Greece
Legs & Feet 2000 years (168 BC - Present AD) Rome
STONE SOON Everlasting years Kingdom of Heaven
Apart from the fact that no consideration is given to the First Advent in this sequence of
events, it is notable that Rome has a problem with her “legs.” Babylon, Medo-Persia, and
Greece are reasonably proportionate, but upon observation of Rome (the nation coming
into power before the Messiah's kingdom is set- up) one will note that she is 2,000 years
plus! The Legs and Feet are 10 times that of the Breast and Arms and 30 times that of the
Head. One would wonder, “Is that how God intended it?” It would be quite unreasonable
of anyone not to give God more credit than that!
The disproportionate legs would have to be brought back to conformity with the rest of
the statue by shortening them, and an approximate number of years that would be
proportionate to the rest of the body is 199 years.
What event took place at the end of 199 years
after Rome came into power? The First Advent
of the Messiah of course. Jesus began his ministry
in 27 AD approximately 195 years after Rome
became a world power. His ministry lasted for
3 ½ years after which He returned to the Father
to receive power and glory and dominion according
to Daniel 7:13,14 and Ephesians 1:20-22. That was
in 31 AD, and, as the prototype indicates, 199 years
(168 BC to 31 AD) after Rome was in power.
Based on the proportionate distribution of time
according to the legs and feet of the statue,
Rome had to be in existence for 198.375 years before
the kingdom of heaven (represented by the stone)
was established. This revelatory analysis of the
proportionate distribution of time correlates the stone’s
striking of the image with the establishment of Christ’s
kingdom in 31 AD.
Denying such clear evidence and ignoring the impact of the First Advent of the Messiah
and His subsequent inauguration would be unreasonable, illogical, and unjustifiable.
HEAD
BREAST
&
ARMS
BELLY
&
THIGH
LEGS
&
FEET
69 YRS
207 yrs
163.87
yrs
198.37
yrs
69 YRS
207 yrs
163 yrs
199 yrs
ACTUAL PROTOTYPE
Christ’s Kingdom Established in 31AD

22
At the very onset of His ministry, Christ proclaimed that the time was fulfilled and the
kingdom of heaven was at hand. [Mark 1:14-15]. Thereafter, He made the kingdom of
heaven the main focus of His teachings [Matthew 13] and commissioned His disciples to
preach the gospel of the kingdom into all the world until the end comes [Matt 24:14].
This gospel includes the following facts about Christ and His kingdom taken from
selected passages of Scripture:
1. Christ was raised from the dead and sits on the right hand of God, far
above all principality and power, and might and dominion. and every name
that is named, not only in this wortd. but also in that which is to come:
and put all things under his feet, and gave him to be the head over all
things to the church. [Eph 1:20-22]
2 In whom we have redemption through his blood, even the forgiveness of sins
[Col. 1:14]
3. And he is the head of the body, the church: who is the beginning, the firstborn
from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence. For it pleased
the Father that in him should all fullness dwell. [Col 1:18,19]
4. This man. after he had offered one sacrifice for sins for ever, sat down on the
right hand of God. From henceforth expecting till his enemies be made his
footstool. [Heb. 10:12,13)
5. And hath raised us up together, and made us sit together in heavenly places
in Christ Jesus, that in the ages to come he might shew the exceeding riches of
his grace in his kindness toward us through Christ Jesus. [Eph 2:6,7]
6 Who is gone into heaven, and is on the right hand of God angels and
authorities and power being made subject to him. [I Pet 3:22}
7. For he must reign, till he hath put all enemies under his feet: then cometh the
end when he shall have delivered up the kingdom to God, even the Father, when
he shall have put down all rule and all authority and power. [I Cor 15:24,25]
8. This is the stone that was at nought of you builders, which is become
ttre head of the corner. [This Is also the same stone that was cut from the
mountain without hands] Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none
other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved [Acts
4:11,12]
9. Jesus said unto them, Did ye never read in the scriptures, The stone which
the builders rejected, is become the head of the corner: this is the Lord's doing,
and is it marvelous in our eyes? Therefore say I unto you, The kingdom of God
shall be taken from you. and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits
thereof. And whosoever shall fall on this stone shall be broken; but on
whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder. [Mat 21: 42-44)
10. And this word, yet once more. signifieth the removing of those things that
are shaken, as of things that are made, that those things which cannot be
shaken may remain. Wherefore, we receiving a kingdom which cannot be
moved, let us have grace, whereby we may serve God acceptably with
reverence and godly fear. [Since we have a Kingdom that nothing can
destroy, let us please God by serving him wtth thankful hearts, and with
holy fear and awe.(The Living Bible)]. [ Hebrews 12:27,28}

23
11. For the time is come that judgment must begin at the house of God: and if it
first begin at us ( with Peter and the Apostles) what shall the end be of them
that obey not the gospel of God? [I Pet 4:17]
12. And this is the record that God hath given us eternal life. and this life is in his
Son. He that hath tha Son. hath life; and he that hath not the Son of God hath
not life. These things have I written unto you that believe on the name of the Son
of God, that ye may know that ye have eternal life. and that ye may believe
(keep on believing) on the name of the Son of God. [I Jn 5; 11-13]
13 There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus,
who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit. Now if any man have not the
Spirit of Christ, he is none of his. For as many as are led by the Spirit of God,
they are the sons of God. [Rom 8 1. 9, & 14]
14. For this cause I Paul, the prisioner of Jesus Christ for you Gentiles, if ye
have heard of the dispensation of the Grace of God which is given you of me to
youward: how that by revelation he made known unto me the mystery, (as I
wrote afore in few words, whereby when ye read, ye may understand rny
knowledge in the mystery of Christ) which in other ages was not made known
unto the sons of men. as it is now revealed unto his holy apostles and prophets
by the Spirit That the Gentilee should be fellowheirs, and of the same body. and
partakers of his promise in Christ by the gospel. [Eph 3:1-6]
15. And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached In all the world for a witness unto
all nations: and then shall the end come. [Mat 24:14]
This list of texts pertaining to Jesus Christ being given a Kingdom with the power to
reign as King and Judge with the salvation of the world coming solely through Him is by
no means exhaustive.
This opportunity of salvation is not limited to the Jews, but is extended to all nations and
those who receive him become children of God and receive his Holy Spirit. Moreover,
the fact that salvation came when Satan was decidedly defeated and judged by the
powerful heroic deeds of Michael and his angels is recorded by John the apostle/revelator
in John 12:31 and Rev. 12:9-10 respectively:
“Now is the judgment of this world: now shall the prince of this world be cast out..
And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto me.
“And there was war in heaven; Michael and his angels fought against the dragon;.
and the dragon fought against his angels, and prevailed not; neither was there
place found anymore in heaven. And the dragon was cast out, that old serpent,
called the Devil and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out
into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him. And I heard a loud voice
saying in heavan. Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of
our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast
down, which accused them before our God day and night.”
That John is particularly referring to events connected with Christ's triumph on the cross
is most evident from the context. Our salvation came as a result of Satan’s being cast out,
and Jesus’ (Michael’s) gaining the victory to receive strength, power, and the kingdom.

24
Therefore, the time of the casting out signaled the beginning of Christ’s kingdom as well
as the time for the judgment of the world [Jn 12:31]
It also appears that even the messages of the three angels in Revelation 14:6-11
(beginning wth the announcement to ' fear God and give glory to Him for the hour to His
judgment is come) are directly related to the preaching of the gospel of the kingdom as
commissioned to the apostles. These messages are significant to each generation of
Christians since the inauguration of the Messiah and the subsequent preaching of the
gospel by His apostles. The preaching of three angels’ messages began with the apostles,
and will continue until the end of time. No one should attempt to limit the messages to
an eschatotogical period in the dispensation of Christianity.
Conclusion:
The popular historicist viewpoint is that the prophecies of Daniel including the vision of
the image, extend to the second coming of Christ. Contrary to this popular view it
appears that when the image is divided according to a proportionate distribution of a
human statue and the corresponding years are assigned to each subdivided part of the
body, the measurement of legs and feet depict the fourth kingdom as being in existence
for 198.375 years prior to the setting up of the kingdom of heaven. The foregoing
corresponds accurately to 31 AD when Jesus returned to heaven and received His
kingdom and power and glory.
THE VISIONS OF DANIEL LEADING UP TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
KINGDOM OF HEAVEN IN 31 AD
607 BC 538 BC 331 BC 168 BC 31 AD
Chap 9 Seventy sevens:
Chap. 11 Four divisions of Greece and little horn
Chap. 12
DANIEL 69 YRS 207 YRS 163 YRS 199 YRS Everlasting
Babylon Medo-Persia Greece Rome Christ’s Kingdom
Chap. 2 Head Breast & Arms Belly & Thigh Legs & Feet Stone strikes image
Gold Silver Brass Iron Cut Stone becoming
Mountain&filling
the earth. Judgment
Chap. 7 Lion Bear Leopard Fierce beast Son Inaugurated
receives a kingdom
Little horn
Chap. 8 ------ Ram He-goat Little horn Prince of covenant
(Caesars) (Messiah)
7 sevens 62 sevens 1 seven
Michael Stands Up

25
Chapter 3
THE FOURTH BEAST
According to Daniel 7:23-25 & 12:7, "The fourth beast shall be the fourth
kingdom upon the earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms , and
shall devour the whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces.
And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall arise. And
another shall rise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first, and he
shall subdue three kings. And he shall speak great words against the most
High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change
times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times
and the dividing of time. ... and when he shall have accomplished to
scatter the power of the holy people, all these things shall be finished.
This chapter will attempt to show that the ten horns on the fourth beast were rulers of the
same kingdom represented by the fourth beast. These ten horns actually symlolized rulers
in the kingdom of the fourth beast before the Messiah and the little horn prince appeared,
hence the following representation that the ‘little horn’ was the Julio-Claudian dynasty
(31 BC - 68 AD). Several Bible scholars have mistakenly identified the ten horns of this
beast as the ten Germanic tribes that invaded and sacked Rome during the 4th
and 5th
centuries A.D. (or ten European nations past, present, or even future) That error has
disoriented many Christians depriving them of a clear understanding of the prophecies of
Daniel.
The vast majority of Bible scholars are inclined to believe that the fourth beast
represented Rome. As widely acceptable as that viewpoint may be, one should not ignore
the various stages in the development of the governments of Rome for that would
certainly lead to a conclusion that there is only one Rome and the prophecies must be
interpreted in the light of that understanding. Historians tell us that there were different
stages in the development of Rome that identified various forms of government and the
exercise of power. Knowledge of this must be taken into consideration whenever anyone
is attempting an interpretation of the prophecies of Daniel.
At first there existed early Rome in its embryonic stage; then there was the republic with
its rulers of magistrates, ten of whom (the decemvirate, for ten men) wrote the laws that
governed Rome for centuries. Next came the period of the triumvirate or three-man
rulership and that was replaced by the principate, [from the Latin: princeps or princips for
prince]. The principate developed into the empire of Rome which later emerged as the
"Holy Roman Empire.”
The premise of this review is that the prophecies of Daniet pointed to the Messiah's first
advent, and that Rome, the ruling world power at the time of the Messiah, was
symbolized in one of the prophecies as the fourth beast in three of its stages of
government : 1)the decemvirate, 2) the triumvirate, and 3) the principate as a beast with
ten horns, three horns, and one littte horn respectively.

26
The Julio-Claudan dynasty is that portion of the principate identified as the little horn
and that dynasty governed Rome during the time of the Messiah, magnified himself
against Messiah the prince, planted the tabernacles of his palace in Palestine, and came to
his end with the death of Nero in 68 AD after he had persecuted the saints for 3 ½ years.
It appears that the future of Rome beyond this point was not revealed to Daniel except for
the prediction of the destruction of Jerusalem by the people of the little horn prince in 70
AD. At that time the power of the holy people was scattered and desolation ensued after
the war according to Daniel 9:27and12:7.
By turning to the book of Revelation as the sequel of the book of Daniel, a continued
prophetic narrative of Rome will unfold. Revelation chapters 13 and 17 continue this
story of the beast by referring to it as the beast that was, and is not, but yet is; connoting
that it was the beast of Daniel that no longer prophetically existed, but was yet in
existence with qualities similar to its past and John described it as having seven heads
and ten horns. The seven heads represented seven hills and seven kings (Rev. 17:9, 10).
The angel said to John that of the seven kings, five had fallen, one is, (i.e. contemporary
of John on the isle of Patmos) and the other is not yet come. These seven kings were the
first seven successors after the little horn prince of Daniel ended. Remember that Nero
was the last of the little horn dynasty. The first five of the seven successors of Nero
identified here are those that were fallen 1) Galba ( 68-69; 2) Otho ( 69-69 3);
Vitellius (69-7); 4) Vespasian (70-79); 5) Titus (79-81); 6) Domitian 81-96 ( the one
that was referred to as “is” contemporary of John on Patmos); and 7) Nerva 96-96 (the
one who had not yet come). The ten horns are the ten Gemianic tribes that had not yet
received their power as of 96 AD when John was on Patmos; but they were to receive
their kingdoms later as well as use their power to destroy the beast of Rome (See Rev
13:1-8 and 17:6-18). The destruction of Rome by the ten Germanic tribes was completed
by 476 AD. These kingdoms of Revelation are discussed elsewhere. But for now , we
will concentrate on the prophecies of Daniel regarding the fourth beast.

27
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE BEASTS OF DANIEL AND
REVELATION
606 BC
D
A
538 BC N
I
E
331 BC L
168 BC
59 BC
31 BC
68 AD
COMPPOSITE BEASTS OF DANIEL IN REVELATION 13 AND 17
68 AD
476 AD LAMB-LIKE BEAST WITH TWO HORNS
1900 AD
LION
BABYLON
BEAR
MEDO-PERSIA
LEOPARD
GREECE
FIERCE BEAST
ROME
(Decemvirate 10 horns)
Triumvirate – 3 horns
First Second
Pompey Octavian
Crassus Antony
J. Caesar Lepidus
Principate – little horn
Augustus 30 BC–14 AD
Tiberius 12 AD- 37 AD
Caligula 37 AD- 41 AD
Claudius 41 AD- 54 AD
Nero 54 AD- 68 AD
SEVEN HEADS 10 HORNS
SEVEN KINGS SEVEN HILLS
GALBA 68 AD- 69 AD AVENTINE 1. ALEMANNIS 6. LOMBARDS
OTHO 69 AD- 69 AD CAILIAN 2. VISIGOTHS 7. SAXONS
VITELLIUS 69 AD- 70 AD ESQUILINE 3. OSTROGOTHS 8. FRANKS
VESPASIAN 70 AD- 79 AD PALATINE 4. BURGUNDIANS 9. JUTES
TITUS 79 AD- 81 AD QUIRINAL 5. VANDALS 10.ANGLES
DOMITIAN 81 AD- 96 AD SATURNAL
NERVA 96 AD- 98 AD VIMINAL
PAPACY AND ISLAM
IMAGE TO THE BEAST AND 666
THE KINGDOM OF JESUS CHRIST --
THE MESSIAH WAS ESTABLISHED IN
31 AD ON THE DAY OF PENTECOST
The prophecy of the beast of Revelation is a
sequel to the prophecy of the beast of Daniel.
The beast with 7 heads and 10 horns of
Revelation is referred to as the beast that was,
and is not (the 4th
beast of Daniel that no longer
existed), but yet is, connoting that it is also
similar to the one that it succeeds.
The little horn is the principate of the Julio-
Claudian dynasty that ruled from 31 BC to
68 AD
Observe the distinction of the 10 horns of Daniel
prophecy and those of Revelation. They do not
refer to the same set of characters. Also the 7
kings in succession after the end of the Principate
in 68 AD. The 6th
is Domitian, the “one is”
contemporary with John on the Isle of Patmos
(Revelation 17:10)

28
DIFFERENT STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROME
Early Rome
"Legend has it that Rome was founded around 750 BC by Romulus, conqueror of the
Sabines. The Etruscans soon came to rule Rome, dominating the area during most of the
6th
century BC. At that time Rome was also home to the Latins and many Greeks, who
made significant contributions to Roman culture. Rome's state religion, which had direct
equivalents to the Greek deities. was also institutionalized under the monarchy, and a
military code was set up. Roman government took much of its impulse from the needs
and desires of the people. Indeed the word republic, from the Latin 'res republicas'.
means "thing of the people" The concept of monarchy was anathema. The etruscans were
overthrown, and the republic was founded in 509 BC."1
Rome the Republic.
'Concurrent with the king's loss of power came the rising influence of the Senate, a
council of elder statesmen who were members for life. The Senate recognized that
political power belonged to the people, but for the purposes of efficiency that power was
granted to elected officials known as magistrates who represented the people in all
matters. It should be noted that the term " to the people" refers only to the aristocrats or
patricians at this point in the evolution of the republic. But Romans were politically
astute, and they recognized the valuable military resource that they had in the lower
classes, particularly the farmers. To keep the lower classes or plebeians, in check, the
upper classes permitted them to have their own representatives, called tribunes, who ,
however, eventually gained veto power over the decisions of the magistrates. " 2
It is interesting to note that this form of government was not practised anywhere else
in the world before or during that time. Kingdoms prior to Rome were ruled by
monarchs, dictators, theocracies or chiefs, but not this form of democracy. It is no wonder
that Daniel referred to this beast as "different from all the beasts that were before it, and it
had ten horns" (Dan. 7:7). Did the evolving republic of Rome have ten horns?
The Decemvirate.
Within this unique form of government the magistrates administered a system of law
based upon the Twelve Tablets of the Decemvirs . To form the code ten patricians were
selected and these were called decemvirs from the word meaning ‘ten men’.These ten
men formed the decemvirate ,which held sway in place of the consuls until the written
code was formed in 450 BC. 3
Soon the tables were made the basis of education; till
1
2
3

29
Cicero’s day all schoolboys had to learn them by heart: doubtlessly, they had a share in
forming the stern and orderly, litigious and legalistic, Roman soul . 4
The Twelve Tables constituted one of the severest codes in history:
They retained the old, paternal omnipotence of a military-agriculture society: allowed the
father to scourge, chain, imprison, sell, or kill any of his children merely adding that a
son thrice sold thereafter was free from his father’s rule. Class division was preserved by
forbidding the marriage of a patrician with a plebeian. Creditors received every right
against debtors. Owners could dispose freely of their property by will: property rights
were held so scared that a thief caught in the act was given as a slave to the man who he
had robbed. Penalties ranged from simple fine exile, enslavement or death. Death was
decreed for libel, bribery, perjury, harvest thieving, nocturnal damage to neighbor’s
crops, the defrauding of a client by a parton, practicing enchantments, arson, murder and
seditious gathering. 5
For centuries, these Twelve Tables served as the fundamental basis
of Roman Law. 6
We can see, therefore, that even though the ten magistrates who comprised the
decimvirate did not stay in power very long, their laws governed Roman life for many
years and one can truly say that they governed Rome from their graves. The Roman
republic under the laws of the decemvirate was indeed the ten horn beast that Daniel saw
in vision.
Another symbol used in prophecy to represent Rome is: the legs of iron and feet of iron
and clay found in Daniel Chapter 2. Rome is represented as iron in the image and as a
beast with great iron teeth, because of its strong military might with ability to conquer
and subdue her enemies. But, she is also depicted as being 'partly strong and partly
broken.' Dan 2:42, 43.
At first the Republic emerged as a stable and strong government at home, and gave Rome
the security and power to enable its armies to invade and conquer foreign lands. In
keeping with Roman tradition, a certain number of captured people were sent back to
Rome as slaves, while many others who remained in the provinces were given the
privileges of Roman citizenship; not so many that the subject peoples could form power
blocks, but enough to keep them willing to fight for their Roman masters. Rome's success
led it into conflict with Carthage, an established commercial power in North Africa, for
control of the Mediterranean. The ensuing battles known as the Punic Wars, spanned the
years 264-146 B.C. Two great military geniuses were among the leaders In these wars.
Hannibal was one who led the Carthaginian forces from about 220- 200 BC. Hannibal
was defeated by Scipio Africaus Major. The Romans then occupied Carthage and
eventually destroyed it completely in 146 BC 7
4
5
6
7

30
The defeat of this powerful rival sustained the Romans' acquisitive momentum, and they
set their sights on the entire Mediterranean area. They had already defeated Macedonia
in 168 B.C, and further to the east and south, which was it its final days as part of the
decaying Alexandrian empire, the Romans defeated Greece (146 B.C.), Syria ( 65 B.C.),
and finally Egypt in 31 BC The Romans organized the conquered peoples into provinces
- small units that were arms of the central government - and stationed troops in each,
ready to exercise appropriate force if necessary. 8
While Rome was advancing as a military might, in Rome proper, the majority of citizens
suffered the consequences of living in a nation that had its eyes invariably trained on the
far horizon. Roman farmers were unable to raise crops to compete economically with
produce from the province's, and many migrated to the city. Slavery fueled the Roman
economy, and its rewards for the wealthy turned out to be disaster for the working class.
Tensions grew and civil wars erupted. The ensuing period of unrest and revolution
marked the transition from a republic to an empire. 9
The period of tension and unrest in Rome can also be looked upon as the period of the
feet of iron and clay. (Daniel Chapter 2). During that time, the little horn' would arise
followed by the establishment of the kingdom of heaven. During this revolution the
many prophecies of Daniel,Chapter 7&11, find fulfillment. Later stages of the revolution,
encompassing the celebrated career of Pompey, the orator Cicero, Julius Caesar. Mark
Antony, and Octavian (later Augustus), reflect God's foreknowledge and the accuracy of
the prophecies.
The fourth beast in chapter 7 is identified as having ten horns which were previously
discussed and concluded to be the decemvirate. The Decemvirate’s law and influence
lasted until Julius Caesar in 59 BC.
Further confirmation of this entails a looking for consistency in the interpretation of the
prophecy. Daniel was shown that following this ten horn decemvirate kingdom, there will
arise another after them, “and he shall be diverse from the first, and he shall subdue three
kings.” Daniel 7:24. Again these kingdoms or rather powers are arising out of the beast
so they must originate from the same power represented by the beast i.e. Rome.
Following the decemvirate should come a three-ruler form of government and that must
be followed by the other little horn. If the ten kings comprised the decemvirate, then the
three kings must comprise a triumvirate and the one king or little horn a principate. Was
that really possible? Did Rome have a triumvirate and a principate after the decemvirate?
We must let history speak to this.
Since the prophecy identifies a 'little horn' which replaces three horns, it is necessary to
consider these three horns or triumvirate to determine how this triumvirate was replaced
by the 'little horn' or principate.
The First Triumvirate
Julius Caesar made the first attempt at uniting the warring factions of the republic with
the hope of reducing civil strife and bringing the power of the ruling class under control.
8
9

31
He was the most able politician of his generation and won a great reputation and the
loyalty of his army in a long series of wars which ended with the conquest of Gaul and
the invasion of Britain. 10
For a time he formed a triumvirate and worked in conjunction with Crassus and Pompey;
but after the death of Crassus, he and Pompey came into conflict. 11
Pompey had ruled
Rome while Julius Caesar was on his conquests in foreign lands. When he returned, he
discovered that Pompey was no longer an associate but an enemy. By 49 BC he and
Pompey with their legions, he from the west and Pompey from the east, were fighting
openly for predominance in the Roman state. 12
It was during this time that the Senate
declared Caesar a public enemy and instructed Pompey to protect the state, and Caesar “
crossed the Rubicon”, that is passed out of his authorized province into territory where it
was unlawful for him to appear under arms. 13
Pornpey decided to withdraw from Italy since he had strong forces in Spain and
controlled the sea, and his plan was to launch a coordinated attack upon Caesar from the
east and west. Pompey also had at his disposal the rich resources of the east. and his
lieutenants showed little scruple in exploiting them. 14
Let us not forget that all this history ties in with the prophecies of Daniel. So let’s pick up
some of that history from Daniel 11:18-20:
“After this shall he turn his face unto the isles, (British Isles), and shall take
many: but a prince for his own behalf (Pompey) shall cause the reproach offered
by him to cease: wthout his own reproach he shall cause it to turn upon him.
Then he shall turn his face toward the fort of his own land: but he shall stumble
and fall, and not be found. (Caesar assassinated by his own people)
Then (at that time) there shall stand up (or shall be standing up) in his estate a
raiser of taxes in the glory of the kingdom: but within a few days he shall be
destroyed, neither in anger, nor in battle.”
This raiser of taxes can identified as Scipio -- Pompy's Lieutenant who gave himself the
Title of impertor in 49 BC.
“Upon receiving sundry defeats near Mount Amanus ( in Syria, Pornpey's
lieutenant] Scipio gave himself the title of Imperator. This done, he requisitioned
large sums from cities and kings and exacted from the taxgatherers of his
province the moneys due for two years and forced them to advance him the
amount for the year following. He also requisioned cavalry from the entire
province. Having made these collections, he left behind him the Parthian enemy
which had lately killed the triumvir Crassus and held Marcus Bibulus under
siege, and marched his legions and cavalry out of Syria.The province was filled
with anxious apprehensions of a Parthian war soldiers were heard to say that
10
11
12
13
14

32
they were ready to march against an anemy if such were their orders, but would
not bear arms against a fellow citizen and consul. But Scipio took them to
Pergamum, quartered them in luxurious cities, bestowed bountiful largesse
upon them. and to exercise their soldiership, gave them cities to plunder.
In the meanwhile, the moneys requisitioned in the whole province were
collected ruthlessly. Many novel devices for satisfying greed were contrived. A
poll tax was imposed on all individuals, slave and free. Column taxes, door
taxes, grain, soldiers, weapons, rowers, artillery, vehicles were requisitioned.
Anything for which a name could be invented seemed appropriate for exacting
money. Individual prefects clothed with military authority were placed in charge
not only of the cities but of the villages and hamlets, and these were esteemed
good and stalwart citizens to the degree that they behaved like cruel martinets.
The province was full of general officers and their orderlies, teeming with
prefects and collectors. Besides the moneys requisitioned, these looked out for
their private purses also. To cover shameful conduct with a decent title they kept
repeating thart they had been expelled from home and country and were in need
of every necessity The burden was compounded by usurious interest rates, as
generally happens in war when all moneys are confiscated. In such
circumstances. the postponement of a day was called a gift. In that span of two
years the indebtedness of the provinces was multiplied .” 15
Daniel’s prophecy predicted untimely ends for these enemies in conflict, and history
records that both men, Pompey and Caesar died neither in battle nor in anger. At the
battle of Pharsalos in Thessaly (48 BC), Pompey was routed but escaped and fled to
Egypt.There he was murdered by the young Ptolemy, Cleopatra's brother, who craved the
throne from Cleopatra and wanted Caesar's approval and support. Caesar, however, was
angered and condemned Ptolemy for his actions, removed him from the throne of Egypt
and installed Cleopatra as Queen of the last vestige of the crumbling Greek empire.
After the death of Pompey, the first triumvirate came to an end, leaving Caesar more
master of the Roman worid than his predecessors had been. He was declared dictator for
ten years in 4C BC, and early the next year he was made dictator for life. 16
This move infuriated the anti-monarchy factions. They objected as his image was carried
amidst those of the gods in the opening pompa of the arena, and his statue was set up in
the temple with the inscription. 'To the Unconquerable God!" Priests even were appointed
for his godhead. Finally, (44 BC) he was assassinated by a group of his own friends and
supporters, to whom these divine aspirations had become intolerable. He was beset in the
Senate, and stabbed in three-and-twenty places, dying at the foot of the statue of his
fallen rival Pompey the Great. 17
Julius Caesar made a brave attempt at establishing the principate after the first triumvirate
but the time had not yet quite come since there were other aspects of the prophecy to be
fulfilled He, however, made a significant contribution by setting the stage for his grand-
nephew, Octavian, to bring about a more complete and accurate fulfillment.
15
16
17

33
Daniel 11:20 - 12:13, then gives an almost detailed account of events from this point on
to the arrival of the Messiah and the "end-of-time"' prophecies.
The Second Triumvirate
After the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, the second triumvirate of Mark Antony,
Lepidus, and Octavian ruled Rome. The genius of this arrangement was Octavian,

34
Caesar's grand-nephew and adopted son. He emerged from attending school in the former
Greek state of Macedonia according to the prophecy of Daniel 8:8-9: which states that:
Therefore the he- goat (Greece under Alexander the Great) waxad very great:
and when he was strong, the great horn was broken (Alexander dies) and
for it came up four notable ones (Macedonia, Greece, Syria, and Egypt)
towards the four winds of heaven. And out of one of them (Macedonia) came
forth a little horn , which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and
toward the east and toward the pleasart land....
This little horn is also identified as " a vile person, to whom they shall not give the
honour of the kindom: but he shall come in peaceably. and obtain the kingdom by
flatteries. And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him, and
shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the covenant. And after the league (triumvirate)
made with him he shall work deceitfully: for he shall come up, and shall become strong
with a small people..." (Daniel 11:21-23).
Here is one historian'a account of Octavian's entrance on the stage of the world to fulfill
these prophecies:
Now a sickly youth of eighteen. Caesar's grand-nephew and adoptive son, Octavius.
entered the scene and proved himself one of history's greatest political geniuses. Against
his family's advice he came to Rome (from Macedonia) to claim his inheritance, and
when Antony refused to hand over Caesar's fortune, he discharged Caesar's lavish
bequests with his own and borrowad money and so secured the loyalty of the veterans.
The republicans were glad to exploit the rift between the Caesarians, and conferred
consular authority upon Octavian (his proper style after his adoption was formalized) so
that he could cooperate with their armies to defeat Antony at Mutina (44-43 BC). At the
instigation of Cicero, now leader of the republicans, Antony was declared a public enemy
Cicero thought "that stripling (Octavian) must be praised, used, got rid of," but the
stripling marched upon and occupied Rome and had himself elected consul with
the sole charge of defending Italy. He then combined with Antony and Lepidus
(whom he, it developed, would use and get rid of) to form a triumvirate which,
unlike the unofficial coalition of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, had formal and
virtually unlimited authority to regulate the state for a term of five years. 18
As soon as the triumvirs were together alone, they wrote the names of those to
be killed, listing men supected because they were powerful and also personal
enemies. They traded their own relatives and friends for liquidation, both then
and later when they made new lists, one after another, proscribing some for
enmity or mere friction, some because they were friends of enemies or enemies
of friends, or very wealthy. They needed much money for the war; revenues from
Asia had been paid to Brutus and Cassius, and kings and satraps were still
making contributions. And since Europe, and especially Italy was exhausted by
wars and taxes, the triumvirs in their need levied very heavy contributions on the
common people and women, and contemplated imposts on sales and rents.
18

35
And now a man would be proscribed for a villa or house. The number of
senators condemned to death and confiscation was about 300, and of the
equestrians about 2000. The lists included brothers and uncles of the
proscribers, and also some of the officers, who had been at odds with their
superiors or fellow officers. The greater number they postponed proscribing,
when they left the meeting for Rome, but twelve (some say seventeen) of the
most powerful they decided to send men to kill at once. Among these was
Cicero. 19
This second triumvirate endured for almost ten years but was plagued with rivalry
among the three rulers. In October of 43 Lepidus formed the triumvirate with Antony
and Octavian. Lepidus was consul again in 42, but his two colleagues soon deprived him
of most of his power. His provinces of Gaul and Spain were taken from him, and he was
confined to the government of Roman Africa and only formally included in the renewed
triumvirate of 37. In 36 he attempted to raise Sicily in revolt against Octavian, but his
soldiers deserted his cause. Although allowed to remain pontifex maximus (high priest),
Lepidus was forced to retire from public life and died 13/12 BC. ( EB Vol 7)
Antony was married to Octavia, Octavian’s sister, but his love affair with Cleopatra in
Egypt separated him from the protection of the senate and Octavian seized the
opportunity to declare war on Antony and consequently Egypt. This famous battle of
Actium in 31 BC ended in the demise and death of Antony and Cleopatra and the
subjugation of Egypt with all of her treasures to Rome .
The Battle ofActium
In Daniel chapter 11, the division of Syria and the division of Egypt are the kings of the
north and south respectively. However, after Rome conquered Syria in 65 BC., Rome
became the king of that northern territory and Egypt remained the king of the south.
Therefore, the following passage in Daniel describes in prophetic format the final conflict
between Rome, then king of the north, and Egypt, then king of the south which is
commonly known as the battle of Actium fought in 31 B.C
“And at the time of the end shall the king of the south ( Egypt) push at him ( the king of
the north, now Rome): and the king of the north shall come against him like a whirlwind,
with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships: and he shall enter into the
countries, and shall overflow and pass over. He shall stretch forth his hand also upon the
countries: and the land of Egypt shall not escape. But he shall have power over the
treasures of gold and of silver, and over the precious things of Egypt: and the Libyans
and the Ethiopians shall be at his steps” ( Dan 11:40-43).
Octavian and Antony were the two remaining survivors of the triumvirate. Even though
Anthony was married to Octavia, the sister of Octavian, he was madly in love with
Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt. Egypt, at that time, was the only remaining kingdom of
the four divisions of the empire of Alexander that had not yet been subjugated to Rome.
As fate or rather prophecy would have it, Octavian (Caesar} seized this romantic
19

36
interlude between Antony and Cleopatra to convince the Roman Senate that Egypt was a
threat to the security of Rome and war was declared on this Enemy. Some selected
passages from Plutarch pp 766-780, are as follows:
“For assembling the people in the exercise ground, and causing two golden
thrones to be placed on a platform of sliver, the one for him and the other for
Cleopatra, and at their feet lower thrones for their children, he (Antony)
proclaimed Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Libya, and Coele-SyrIa, and with
her conjointiy Caesarion, the reputed son of the former Caesar, who left
Cleopatra with child. Cleopatra was then, as at other times when she
appeared in public, dressad in the habit of the goddess Isis, and gave audience
to the people under the name of the New Isis.
“Caesar, relating these things in the senate, and often complaining to the people, excited
men's minds against Antony, and Antony also sent messages of accusations against
Caesar.... Antony was in Armenia when this answer came to him, and immediately sent
Canidius with sixteen legions towards the sea; but he, in the company of Cleopatra went
to Ephesus, whither ships were coming in from all quarters to form the navy, consisting,
vessels of burden included, of eight hundred vessels, of which Cleopatra furnished two
hundred, together with twenty thousand talents, and provision for the whole army during
the war....
“The speed and extent of Antony's preparations alarmed Caesar, who feared he
might be forced to fight the decisive battle that summer.... As soon as Caesar
had completed his preparations, he had a decree made declaring war on
Cleopatra, and depriving Antony of the authority which he had let a woman
exercise in his place...
“When the armaments gathered for the war, Antony had no less than five
hundred ships of war, including numerous galleys of eight and ten banks of
oars, as richly ornamented as if they were meant for a triumph. He had a
hundred thousand foot and twelve thousand horse. He had vassal kings
attending, Bocchus of Libya, Tarcondemus of the Upper Cilicia. Archelaus of
Cappadocia, Philadelphus of Paphlagonia, Mitridates of Commagene, and
Sadalas of Thrace; all were with him in person. Out of Pontus Polemon sent
him considerable forces, as did also Malchus from Arabia, Herod the Jew, and
Amyntus, king of Lycaonia and Galatia. also the Median king sent some troops
to join him.” 20
It is with that army that the 'king of the south pushed at the king of the north' but as
prophecy predicted, the king of the north came against him like a whirlwind, with
chariots and with horsemen and with many ships (Daniel 11: 40-43).
“Caesar had two hundred and fifty galleys of war, eighty thousand foot, and horse
equal to the enemy (twelve thousand horse). Caesar had ships that were built
not for size or show, but for service, not pompous galleys, but light, swift, and
20

37
perfectly manned....
“When they engaged, there was no charging or striking of one ship by another. because
Antony’s by reason of the great bulk, were incapable of the rapidity
required to make the stroke effectual, and on the other side, Caesar's durst not
charge head to head on Anthony's, which were all armed with solid masses and
spikes of brass, nor did they like even to run in on their sides, which were so
strongly built with great squared pieces of timber, fastened together with iron
bolts, that their vessels beaks would easily have been shattered upon them...
“But the fortune of the day was still undecided, and the battle equal, when on a
sudden Cleopatra's sixty ships were seen hoisting sail and making out to sea in
full flight, right through the ships that were engaged.... Here it was that Antony
showed to all the world that he was no longer actuated by the thoughts and
motives of a commander or a man, or indeed by his own judgment at all, and
what was once said as a jest, that the soul of a lover lives in some one else's
body, he proved to be a serious truth. For. as if he had been born part of her,
and must move with her wheresoever she went, as soon as he saw her ship
sailing away, he abandoned all that were fighting and spending their lives for
him, and put himself aboard a galley of five banks of oars, taking with him only
Alexander of Syria and Scellias, to follow her that had so well begun his ruin and
would hereafter accomplish it...
“But at Actium, his fleet, after a long resistance to Caesar, and suffering the most damage
from a heavy sea that set in right ahead, scarcely at four in the afternoon, gave up the
contest, with the loss of not more than five thousand men killed, but of three hundred
ships taken, as Caesar himself has recorded. Only a few had known of Antony’s flight;
and those who were told of it could not at first give any belief to so incredible a thing as
that a general who had nineteen entire legions and twelve thousand horse upon the
seashore, could abandon all and fly away, and he. above all, who had so often
experienced both good and evil fortune, and had in a thousand wars and battles been
inued to changes... But at last, seeing that Canidius himself, who commanded them, was
fled from the camp by night, and that all their officers had quite abandoned them, they
gave way and made their submission to the conqueror.” 21
Often, through the eyes of man, there appears to be unexplained circumstances and
events that change the course of time. This historical account of the battle of Actium
reveals that based on logistics and logic, Antony and Cleopatra should have been the
victors of the war. However, a sudden, unexplained series of events, or an unexpected
twist of fate, resulted in a victory for Caesar. The truth of the matter is that whatever God
predicts must come to pass .
This unexplained move by Cleopatra, followed by the abandonment of the war by
Antony, is not a mere twist of fate, but the accurate fulfillment of God's prediction to the
prophet Daniel more than five hundred years earlier. At that time it was forecasted that
the king of the north - the little horn, the Julio-Claudian dynacty - would conquer Egypt,
21

38
Libya, and Ethiopia, at the time of the end just before the appearance of the Messiah
(Dan 11:40-45). The battle of Actium in 31 BC confirms the accuracy of that prophecy.
That decisive battle opened the way for the establishment of the principate or prince who
would then magnify himself against the Messiah during the time of his earthly ministry.
When Rome, the king of the north, conquered Egypt, the king of the south, and secured
the rich treasures of gold and corn, Rome was propelled into fame as the master of the
then known world. Octavian was crowned Rome’s first emperor and set up a form of
government known as a principate.
THE REPUBLIC OF ROME First:
Pompey
Crassus
Julius Caesar
Second:
168 BC Octavian
Antony
146 BC Lepidus
65 BC
331 BC 323 BC 31 BC to 68 AD
Decemvirate (10 horns) Dan 7:7,8, 23 Triumvirate Principate – little horn
GREECE
Under
Alexander
The Great
Dan. 8:8,21 EGYPT King of the south
SYRIA King of the north
GREECE
MACEDONIA
Rome in north The Julio-Claudian
Dynasty/ Caesars
The principate was
established by
Octavian who left
Macedonia after the
assassination of
Julius Caesar and
went to Rome to
become Emperor

39
Chapter 4
The Principate ‘little horn’.
When the tremendous commotion caused by the assassination of Julius Ceaser had spent
itself in civil wars and in the firm establishment of the Messianic religion and ritual,
when Actium was won and Egypt and Asia where reconquered, Augustus ascended the
throne of his martyred Sire and was in turn anointed addressed and worshipped as the
Son of God; whilst Julius was tacitly worshipped as the father. Most of the ancient books
were now destroyed; the writers of the old school were executed or where banished; the
republican calendar was altered and a conclave of historians and mythological poets was
encourage and rewarded, who rewrote the history of Rome and erected for posterity a
body of elegant fiction and imposture, which nineteen centuries of time have not yet
sufficed to wholly overthrow or eradicate. 22
Daniel's prophecy of the little horn. the king of fierce countenance or the prince that shall
come, could not be more accurately predicted and fulfilled as through the rise of the
principate. The English word prince originates from the Latin princip of princeps and
can also be translated principate. It is no coincidence that the power that destroyed the
last vestige of the Greek dynasty in Egypt is identified as a principate and the ruler gives
himself the tittle of Princeps.
Daniel specifically stated that at the end of their reign, (i.e the four divisions of Greece,
viz: Macedonia. Greece, Syria, and Egypt) when the measure of their sins is full, a king
will arise, a proud-faced ingenious-minded man. His power will gather strength. – but not
through power of his own - he will plot incredible schemes, he will succeed in what he
undertakes, he will destroy powerful men and the people of the saints. Such will be his
resourcefulness of mind that all his treacherous activities will succeed. He will grow
arrogant of heart, take many unawares and destroy them He will challenge the power of
the Prince of princes but, no hand intervening, shall himself be broken. 23
Athough the prophecy identifies a prince, one should not limit the fulfillment of this
character to a single individual. The prince is only a personification of the system of evil
controlled by Satan in his warfare against the people of God (the saints), and the Messiah
- the Prince of princes. Consequently, this prince or antichrist is a dynasty of rulers who
rose to power in Rome to execute the evil machinations of Satan. This was the Julio-
Claudian dynasty which began with Julius Caesar in 48 BC and ended with Nero in 68
AD.
22
23

40
It has already been shown how Julius Caesar and Augustus turned the tide of world
events for Rome and the world There are a few obvious things that they had in common.
In addition to their blood-line family background, and their control of the first and second
triumvirates, they were the first living mortals in Rome to be deified and to promote and
accept emperor warship,
It will be shown later how there developed a pseudo-divine father and son relationship
between Julius Caesar and Augustus respectively, that counterfeited and usurped the
honor and reverence that is reserved for God and/or His son -the Messiah and Savior,
Jesus Christ.
Although Augustus was just a youth, in his late teens, his entrance on the stage of the
world and his rise to power despite the odds against him, were all executed with the
craftiness of an experiencad political veteran. History confirms that he and his successors
perfectly executed the person and character of the little horn prince. Here are some
statements that identify the little horn in the book of Daniel:
Names Given To The Little Horn
1 Another little horn 7.8
2 The horn 7.11
3. A little horn 8.9
4. A king of fierce countenance 8.23
5 The prince that shall come 9.26
6. A vile person 11.21
The Time of His Appearing and Reign
1. Appears on the fourth beast with ten horns 7.8
2. Comes to power after subduing three kings 7.24
3. Before the judgment sits 7.26
4.Toward the end of the 4 divions of Greece 8.8,9
5. In the last end of these kingdoms 8.23
6. During the time of the Prince of princes 8.25
7. Before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD 9.26
8. After the raiser of taxes in the kingdom 11.20
9. When the indignation is accomplished 11.36
10.The time of the end for the Jews 8.19
11.Before Michael the Great Prince stands up 11&12
Things To Be Accomplished By The Little Horn
1. A mouth speaking great things 7.8
2. Speak great words against the Most High 7.25
3. Wear out the saints 7.25
4. Think to change times and laws 7.25
5. Cast down host and stars to the ground 8.10
6. Magnified himsetf to the prince of the host 8.11
7. Take away the daily 8.11
8. Cast down the sanctuary 8.11

41
9. Destroy the mighty and holy people. 8.24
10. Stand up against the Pnnce of princes 8.25
11. Destroy the city and sanctuary. 9.26
12. Come in peacaablyand obtain the kingdom) 11.21
13. Magnify himself above every God 11.36
14. He shall conquer the land of Egypt 11.40-43
15. Ha shall plant the tabernacles of his palace
between the seas in the God's holy mountain 11.45
From Triumvir To Prince
It was previously shown that when Augustus went to Rome from the former Greek state
of Macedonia (one of the four horns or divisions) after the assassination of Julius Caesar,
at first, he was not welcomed by the ruling class. The assassination of his grand-uncle
Julius was enough to suggest that this young Caesar's life was also in jeopardy or double
jeopardy. But as God had predicted and as Daniel had prophesied, even though they did
not give him the honor of the kingdom, he came in peaceably and obtained it by flatteries.
Then after making a league, ( the triumvirate ) he began to work deceitfully and began to
rise up and become strong with a small people (Daniel11:21-24).
The opening statement of the Annals by the historian Tacitus, gives an overview of some
of the points already discussed.
“Rome at the beginning was ruled by kings. Freedom and the consulship were established
by Lucius Brutus. Dictatorships were held for a temporary crisis. The power of the
decemvirs (the ten men or ten horns) did not last beyond two years, nor was the consular
Jurisdiction of the military tribunes of long duration The despotisms of Cinna and Sulla
were brief; the rule of Pompeius and of Crassus soon yielded before Caesar, the arms of
Lepidus and Antonius before Augustus, who, when the world was wearied by civil strife,
subjected it to empire under the title of " Prince.”
“When after the destruction of Brutus and Crassus there was no longer an army of the
commonwealth, when Pompeius was crushed in Sicily and when with Lepidus pushed
aside and Antonius slain, even the Julian faction had only Caesar (Augustus) left to lead
it, then dropping the title of triumvir (the three-horns rulership), and giving out that he
was a Consul, and was satisfied with a tribune's authority for the protection of the people,
Augustus won over the soldiers with gifts, the populace with cheap corn, and all men
with the sweets of repose, and so grew greater by degrees, while he concentrated in
himself the functions of the Senate, the magistrates, and the laws. 24
Another author adds that: "when, therefore, Augustus seized control of the empire in 31
BC with an authority backed by a victorious army, the majority of the people, Roman and
provincial alike, were prepared to accept him as the savior of the state. And Augustus
made it as easy as possible for the Romans to accept his authority. He avoided all
24

42
unnecessary offense to their republican sentiments. Claiming for himself only the military
title of Imperator and the civil title of Princeps, (prince, from which was derived
principate) or first citizen, he exercised his authority through the old offices and
institutions of the republic." 25
His victory at the battle of Actium had not only given him control of the rich treasures of
Egypt, but all the smaller nations and kingdoms that were allies of Antony and Cleopatra,
in addition to the vast armies. His military might included two hundred thousand foot
soldiers, twenty-four thousand horse, and a navy of five hundred ships. These were
strategically stationed in various provinces away from Italy to maintain Roman law and
order in every part of the then known world under his authority
This is how one author describes his ascent to power and control which lasted for a
life-time
“In reality Caesar was to have sole control of everything always because he
commanded the soldiers and ruled the treasury; nominally public monies were
kept separate from his own, but in fact he had discretion over the expenditure of
the former also. When his ten-year term expired he was voted another five,
another five, after that ten, and again ten, and another ten for the fifth time, so
that by the succession of ten-year terms he was sole ruler for life. That is why
subsequent emperors, though they are not appointed for a designated period but
for life tenure at once, nevertheless hold a celebration at ten-year intervals as if
renewing their sovereignty; this is done even now.
Even at the beginnrng, when his rejection of monarchy and distribution of
provinces were under discusston, Caesar had received many distinctions. He
was voted the right to place the laurels before the royal residence and to hang
the oak crown [ the royal equivalent of the Victoria Cross ] above them as a
symbol that he was always victor over his enemies and savior of his fellow
citizens. The royal residence is called Palatium not because there was ever a
decision that it should be so named but because Caesar lived in the Palatine
and had his headquarters there, the whole hill possessed a kind of distinction
because Romulus had lived there. Hence even if the emperor resides elsewhere his house
is called the Palatium.
When Caesar had actually carried his arrangements out, the name Augustus was
conferred upon him by the senate and people. They wished to give him some distinctive
title, and various suggestions were posed and urged. Caesar himself was eager to be
called Romulus, but he sensed that this would raise a suspicion that he coveted kingship,
and so he desisted and accepted instead Augustus, which signifies something
superhuman; the most precious and sacred objects are called Augusta. In Greek he was
addressed as Sebastos, from the verb meaning " to revere ".
So the whole power of the people and senate was transferred to Augustus, and
thenceforward Rome was literally a monarchy; even if later two or three persons
25

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