Brands chose the title "Blowback" for Chapter 14 to refer to the unintended consequences of American foreign policy actions. Some believe the US had foreknowledge of the 9/11 attacks but allowed them to happen to unite Americans against a common enemy. While the 9/11 attacks initially increased fear of Muslims, understanding has grown that it was extremist terrorist groups, not all Middle Easterners, that were responsible for the attacks. Perceptions of safety and America's role in international politics changed significantly after 9/11.