The document is a student project on Roman houses in Hispania for a 1st year social sciences class. It includes summaries of different types of Roman housing structures like the castrum (military camp), domus (family home), urban villa, and insulae (apartment buildings). It also provides images and diagrams to illustrate each housing type. The project was completed by three students, Clara Puerto Sánchez, Clara González Guerrero, and Jenny Collar Lago, as part of a methodology involving group work, research, and creating a PowerPoint presentation to share their findings with the class.

1. Research on monographical issues related to the Roman
world in general or specifically on the Roman Hispania.
• Level: 1º de ESO
• Subject: social sciences
• Teacher: Deseirée Ordiz
• Methodology:
• Groups of three or four people.
• Search and selection of information through various websites
suggested by the teacher, preparation of summaries on the content
relevant to the investigation; selection of images to illustrate the work, a
PowerPoint presentation, an oral presentation of the results before the
group and proposed activities to work on.

2. Suggested topics for students:
• The roman army. The legions in Hispania.
• Roman emperors. Hispanic emperors (Trajan and Hadrian)
• Roman urbanism. Rome, capital of the Empire. Baelo Claudia, Tarraco,
Italic
• Women in Rome. Hispanic women.
• Roman houses. Villa of Veranes…
• Leisure in Rome. Theaters, ciscuses, amphitheaters. The theater of
Mérida.
• Roman baths. Baths of Caracalla. Baths of Campo Valdés.
Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania

3. ROMAN HOUSES
Clara Puerto Sánchez
Clara González Guerrero
Jenny Collar Lago
Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania

4. Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania
Castrum
Military camp, walled
and rectangular
shaped with a central
avenue cross shaped.
Three hundred people
could live inside. It is
the oldest Roman
housing model.

5. Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania
Domus
Family houses for
families of a certain
economic level. It was
constructed from two
parts and consisted of
a single plant. Most
domus were 120
meters long and 30
meters wide.

6. Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania
Urban villa
This housing had all
the luxuries of the
city, and it usually
used to be
surrounded by a
garden. They had a
room for every
season. Only the
richest could afford it.

7. Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania
Insulae
It is a block of flats from 300 to 400 square meters divided into floors that open to the
outside with windows and balconies. They appear in the fourth century. C. and
reached a height of 6/7 floors. They had no running water or latrines : the feces were
deposited in a common container at the foot of the stairs or thrown out the window.
There were no heating (they got warmed with braziers) nor chimneys; the windows
had no glass, just curtains or wooden blinds. They were built by private businessmen
who speculated on the land and construction. In the mid-fourth century, Rome had
1797 domus and 46.602 insulae with an average of 5 dwellings occupied by 5 or 6
people each...

8. THE ROMAN ARMY
Legions In Hispania.
Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania

9. Índex.
► History of the army.
► Organization of the army.
► Life in the army.
► Legionnaire´s uniform.
► Army weapons and tactics.
► Symbology.
► The Roman camp.
► The legions in Hispania
► Questions
► Resources
Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania

10. ARMY HISTORY.
► In early Rome men served in the army according to their property and wealth
and did not receive any compensation for the services rendered, that made
that the poorest were excluded from service
► The early formation of the army from its beginnings was a copy of the
compact and closed Greek phalanx made of armed spearmen, which was
organized later, after the struggles against the hill tribes, into legions, more
flexible formations where spears were replaced by swords and javelins.
► In 396 B.C. the paid military service was first introduced, although citizens were
still being recruited when necessary without any permanent professional arm,
which would not come until the arrival of Augusto to the power who would
continue the practice of recruiting. By the year 107BC, the poorest citizens
were allowed into the army and with Augusto it was open free to the entire
population of the Empire, which was divided into elite legions and troops
reserved to the Roman citizens and the auxilia, where the rest of the
population of the Empire was integrated.
Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania

11. ARMY ORGANIZATION.
► After changing the model of the Greek phalanx held since its beginnings, the
legion became the base unit of the Roman army, though originally the word
legion was applied to the entire army
► A legion was usually made ​up of 10,000 legionnaires in the infantry and 1,000
legionaries, in cavalry. The man who led the legion was the legacy who was
helped by six tribunes.
► A centurion commanded 100 legionaries
► The badge holder was the man who kept the eagle, the most important symbol
in Rome because it represented the greatness of it
► The trumpet transmitted the orders of the officers.

12. LIFE IN THE ARMY
► Not only had The soldier to learn the art of war but he should dominate other
trades like sowing, harvesting crops and raising horses, he also had to know
something of the craft of artisan to repair and make weapons, so as to handle
pick and shovel to dig trenches , build camps, build walls and undermine the
enemy walls.
► When graduating after 20 years of service for the Legionaires, 16 for the
garrison of Rome, 25 for auxiliaries and 26 for soldiers sailors. Soldiers were
given the title of Veteranus and received a plot of land or a lot of money
equivalent to 12 years of pay. They also received extra payments at the
beginning of each term of a new emperor, custom established by Emperor
Claudius. For the auxiliaries the main reward was to receive the Roman
citizenship.

13. THE LEGIONNAIRES UNIFORM
► The uniform of the soldiers was varied over time, until the reign of Claudius the
legionaries wore protective chain mail that was replaced with overlapping iron sheets.
Medals and metal plates were fixed in the breastplate, below they wore a fabric shirt that
ended on a shirtail and a leather garment.
► The metallic breastplate like the greaves or shinpads were reserved for officers, a
metallic belt was used to fit the armor and hang the sword.A major tactics of the Romans
in their arms was to copy from the enemies everything that could benefit them, so for
example their short sword or Hispanicus Gladius was an adaptation of the Iberian
Falcata which wreaked havoc among the legionaries during clashes with Hispanic
auxiliaries of Hannibal during the Second Punic war. This sword was ideal for body
combat due to its double edge and measures 50 cm. long by 7 cm. wide
► The head and neck were protected by a bronze helmet. The hemispherical helmet with
cheek pieces was adorned most of the time with a plume of feathers or horsehair. The
Romans copied their shields from the French model, which consisted of a large oval or
rectangular plate most of the times, the center had a hemisphere to make slip the enemy
projectiles.

16. ARMY WEAPONS AND TACTICS
► In the Roman Empire the discipline of war was considered a science and an art, the constant training of the
Roman army was one of the most feared and it was largely responsible for its success.
► The Roman army was preparing to attack using basic training, using a vanguard of Velites (Light Infantry), and
then the infantry was arranged in three lines, The Hastati, the princes and the Triarii (Veterans) entered only if
their intervention was necessary . To the right of the infantry cavalry stood and to the left the cavalry of the allies.
In order to attack, the first line of soldiers advanced shield to shield, while the second line protected the first line
with their own shields by placing them on their heads.
►
If the first line was not enough, the second one attacked by the spaces left by the previous one, while the first
retreated to refuel with spears and shields .
► For the siege, towers were also used for archers, battering rams to breach the walls or terraces
and mobile towers which had a drawbridge to scale the walls.
► Another of the tactics used for the siege was to surround with two walls the besieged city, one
inside to avoid out to the besieged and an outdoor to prevent access to any auxiliary forces (first
used in Numancia (Soria )
► They had siege engines as the onager, the ballista, etc.

17. SYMBOLOGY
► During the early Republic, Army division consisted of five banners, the eagle,
the wolf, the minotaur, the horse and the boar, but in 104 BC Mario abolished
the other banners and left only the eagle (Aquila) as a symbol of the whole
army
► We could also find the Signum, which was the banner of the centuries,
consisting of the eagle and the badge of the Roman crown on top and under
this , the inscription SPQR. With the Empire the inscription was replaced by the
name of the Emperor.
► The loss of a banner in a clash was considered a real disgrace in Roman
society, his recovery was celebrated as a great victory by the army and the
whole society

18. THE ROMAN CAMP
► The Roman camps were an engineering work at high speed, an army on the
move built up a completely fortified camp at the end of the day and they
destroyed the next morning, before moving on.
► Temporary camps that were built at the end of the daily running and
destroyed to leave the place were built following a strict order and discipline.
► The permanent camps made ​of stone were used as winter camps. In
peacetime they became small towns with an area of ​about twenty acres to
house a legion.

19. THE LEGIONS IN NHISPANIA
► In Hispania there were several legions led by some commanders as Augustus,
Lucio, Marco, etc..
► One of the most famous wars of Hispania was the Cantabrian wars in which
The legions of Caesar Augustus, Junius Brutus, etc, served.

20. QUESTIONS
► When was paid military service first implemented?
► What name was given to the six men who helped the Legacy?
► What other tasks needed to perform the Legionnaires?
► What was the name of the spear that the Roman legionaries wore?
► What was the most important symbol for the army?
► What was the name of the permanent camp built by the Romans?
► What was the name of the wars held by the Romans against the Hispanics in
the northern peninsula?
Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania

21. SOURCES
► We mostly used the link to the Roman army
placed in Educastur campus, the Wikipedia
and Google pictures
Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania