This document outlines objectives and topics related to information systems and technology, including telecommunications, analog and digital signals, communication channels and networks, electronic commerce, standards, internet technologies, and searching for information. Key points covered include how telecommunications enables global trade, the differences between analog and digital signals, different types of communication network topologies, how electronic data interchange works, standards for digital integration like OSI and TCP/IP, internet protocols and services, and technologies for searching information online.

1. INFORMATION
SYSTEM
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 3
JORDI PORTELL

2. OBJECTIVES
1. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS
2. ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL
3. COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
4. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
5. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND ELECTRONIC BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES
6. STANDARDS AND CONNECTIVITY FOR DIGITAL INTEGRATION
7. INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES
8. SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION

3. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS
Telecommunications refers to when the transmitter and receiver of a message or information
are not in close proximity to each other, such as in a room, but exchange them across a more or
less long distance.
Today, we commonly refer to the transfer of information by cable or radio technologies, i.e.,
electronically, when we talk about telecommunications. E-mails, text messages, mobile phones,
and other comparable means have essentially supplanted letter post, telegraphy, and fax.
The speed with which contemporary telecommunications runs or can function is a necessary
condition for our economic system as well as technological advancements such as space
exploration. Without telecommunications through cable or satellite, worldwide trade and
globalization would be impossible under the current framework.

4. ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL
An analog signal is a physical quantity that may take on continuous values in terms of magnitude
(amplitude) as well as time.
A digital signal is a physical quantity that can only take on a limited number of discrete values.
A continuous signal or data stream makes up analog signals. With digital signals, this is not the
case. When digital data is created, it is frequently done in a frenzy. The volume of data often
grows to a point where it can no longer be processed. The data must then be temporarily saved
to prevent it from being lost.

5. COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
In communication technology, the transmission medium is a critical component. The
transmission medium is the channel via which signals and messages are sent from sender to
receiver.
The information signal is delivered as a low- or high-frequency electrical alternating current in
wire pathways. Metal is the basic material of the transmission medium wire, which is a cable or a
line. A plastic is frequently used to insulate the metal, and it is occasionally protected as well.
The complete transmission path in communications technology is frequently made up of
multiple sequential transmission portions. Different transmission mediums might be used in
these parts.
The information signal is carried as a high-frequency electromagnetic wave in radio channels.
The radio route, commonly known as the air interface, is made up of open space. Antennas at the
transmitting and receiving stations send the signals across open space.

6. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
The normal layout and physical connectivity of devices in a network is referred to as network topology.
Devices are hosts that actively use the network, such as clients and servers. This also comprises network
components with a distribution function, such as switches and routers, which ensure that all network
subscribers may establish a logical link with one another.
Types of network topologies:
● Point-to-Point (PtP) / Point-to-Point
● Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP)
● Line / Chain / Line
● Bus
● Ring
● Tree
● Star
●

7. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND ELECTRONIC BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES
EDI stands for Electronic Data Interchange. Which refers to the electronic transmission of
structured data between business partners in compliance with agreed standards, allowing data
processing without manual entry.
EDIFACT, Odette, VDA, ANSI X.12, and other XML formats are all common EDI standards.
The following is how the electronic data exchange works: The document, such as an invoice
(INVOIC), is created using data from the issuer's ERP/merchandise management systems.
The EDI converter translates the data and sends it to the receiver in the agreed-upon format.
The data is tailored to the recipient's ERP data format and processed as soon as the EDI
message arrives at the recipient.

8. STANDARDS AND CONNECTIVITY FOR DIGITAL INTEGRATION
Data or information on one electronic device can be read or altered by another device using a
common format, which is known as digital integration.
OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) - The ISO/OSI layer model has become a reference model in IT
to provide faultless communication between devices from different manufacturers and to
standardize them.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a set of protocols that serve as the
foundation for the Internet and other networks.
ISP - Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a broad word that refers to any company that provides
Internet-related services.

9. INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES
The Domain Name System (DNS) converts a user's search term into an IP address that a
computer may use to access a website.
Internet Telephony (VolP) - Internet telephony, also known as IP telephony or VoIP, is the
transmission of voice and data over the Internet Protocol (IP) rather than over the public
switched telephone network (PSTN), as with traditional analog telephony or ISDN.
Telnet is the name of a network protocol that is no longer widely used on the Internet. The
character-oriented data exchange via a TCP connection is the foundation of this well-known
client/server protocol.
File Transfer Protocol - It is therefore a protocol, or, to be more exact, a communication
protocol. FTP is a protocol for controlling data transfer between machines on a network.

10. SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION
A search engine is software that uses a mathematical algorithm to evaluate the relevancy of web
pages or content to search the World Wide Web.
Push Technology - The push model is a data transmission design pattern in which the data is
monitored by the data provider. If modifications are detected, the altered values are sent to the
data receiver. After registering according to the observer pattern, the receiver acts passively
and waits for fresh values. The pull model is the polar opposite.
Multicast - Multicast is a type of multipoint connection that involves sending a message from
one point to a group of people. According to the OSI model, the approach is utilized on the
network layer.
Shopping Bot - a virtual agent that searches online retailers on the World Wide Web for specific
items and low-cost deals, similar to a search engine. Shopping bots increase pricing
transparency and, as a result, price pressure.