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Chapter 06 - Telecommunications and Networks
6-1
6 Telecommunications and Networks
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Chapter 6: Telecommunications and Networks presents an overview of the Internet and other telecommunication
networks, business applications, and trends and reviews technical telecommunications alternatives.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading and studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Understand the concept of a network.
2. Apply Metcalfe’s law in understanding the value of a network.
3. Identify several major developments and trends in the industries, technologies, and business applications of
telecommunications and Internet technologies.
4. Provide examples of the business value of Internet, intranet, and extranet applications.
5. Identify the basic components, functions, and types of telecommunications networks used in business.
6. Explain the functions of major components of telecommunications network hardware, software, media, and
services.
7. Explain the concept of client/server networking.
8. Understand the two forms of peer-to-peer networking.
9. Explain the difference between digital and analog signals.
10. Identify the various transmission media and topologies used in telecommunications networks.
11. Understand the fundamentals of wireless network technologies.
12. Explain the concepts behind TCP/IP.
13. Understand the seven layers of the OSI network model.

6-2
SUMMARY
• Telecommunications Trends. Organizations are becoming networked enterprises that use the Internet, intranets,
and other telecommunications networks to support business operations and collaboration within the enterprise and
with their customers, suppliers, and other business partners. Telecommunications has entered a deregulated and
fiercely competitive environment with many vendors, carriers, and services. Telecommunications technology is
moving toward open, inter-networked digital networks for voice, data, video, and multimedia. A major trend is the
pervasive use of the Internet and its technologies to build interconnected enterprise and global networks, like
intranets and extranets, to support enterprise collaboration, e-commerce, and other e-business applications.
• The Internet Revolution. The explosive growth of the Internet and the use of its enabling technologies have
revolutionized computing and telecommunications. The Internet has become the key platform for a rapidly
expanding list of information and entertainment services and business applications, including enterprise
collaboration, electronic commerce, and other e-business systems. Open systems with unrestricted connectivity
using Internet technologies are the primary telecommunications technology drivers in e-business systems. Their
primary goal is to promote easy and secure access by business professionals and consumers to the resources of the
Internet, enterprise intranets, and interorganizational extranets.
• The Business Value of the Internet. Companies are deriving strategic business value from the Internet, which
enables them to disseminate information globally, communicate and trade interactively with customized information
and services for individual customers, and foster collaboration of people and integration of business processes
within the enterprise and with business partners. These capabilities allow them to generate cost savings from using
Internet technologies, revenue increases from electronic commerce, and better customer service and relationships
through better supply chain management and customer relationship management.
• The Role of Intranets. Businesses are installing and extending intranets throughout their organizations to (1)
improve communications and collaboration among individuals and teams within the enterprise; (2) publish and share
valuable business information easily, inexpensively, and effectively via enterprise information portals and intranet
Web sites and other intranet services; and (3) develop and deploy critical applications to support business operations
and decision making.
• The Role of Extranets. The primary role of extranets is to link the intranet resources of a company to the intranets
of its customers, suppliers, and other business partners. Extranets can also provide access to operational company
databases and legacy systems to business partners. Thus, extranets provide significant business value by facilitating
and strengthening the business relationships of a company with customers and suppliers, improving collaboration
with its business partners, and enabling the development of new kinds of Web-based services for its customers,
suppliers, and others.
• Telecommunications Networks. The major generic components of any telecommunications network are (1)
terminals, (2) telecommunications processors, (3) communications channels, (4) computers, and (5)
telecommunications software. There are several basic types of telecommunications networks, including wide area
networks (WANs) and local area networks (LANs). Most WANs and LANs are interconnected using client/server,
network computing, peer-to-peer, and Internet networking technologies.
• Network Alternatives. Key telecommunications network alternatives and components are summarized in Figure
6.11 for telecommunications media, processors, software, channels, and network architectures. A basic
understanding of these major alternatives will help business end users participate effectively in decisions involving
telecommunications issues. Telecommunications processors include modems, multiplexers, inter-network
processors, and various devices to help interconnect and enhance the capacity and efficiency of telecommunications
channels. Telecommunications networks use such media as twisted pair wire, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables,
terrestrial microwave, communications satellites, cellular and PCS systems, wireless LANs, and other wireless
technologies.

6-3
• Telecommunications software, such as network operating systems and telecommunications monitors, controls and
manages the communications activity in a telecommunications network.
KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS
1. Analog (244):
An analog signal is one in which a base carrier's alternating current frequency is modified in some way, such as
by amplifying the strength of the signal or varying the frequency, in order to add information to the signal.
Broadcast and telephone transmission have originally used analog technology.
An analog signal can be represented as a series of sine waves. The term originated because the modulation of
the carrier wave is analogous to the fluctuations of the human voice or other sound that is being transmitted.
2. Bandwidth (260):
Bandwidth describes the transmission speed and capacity of a telecommunications media or network.
3. Bluetooth (249):
A telecommunications industry specification for short range wireless communications.
4. Client/Server Networks (241):
A client/server network is a computing environment where workstations (clients) connect to servers.
5. Coaxial Cable (246):
A sturdy copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it. Groups of coaxial cables
may be bundled together in a bigger cable for ease of installation.
6. Communications satellites (247):
Earth satellites serving as relay stations for microwave communications signals.
7. Digital (244):
Digital describes electronic technology that generates, stores, and processes data in terms of two states. These
states are typically represented as "0" and "1".
8. Extranets (232):
A network that links selected resources on an organization's network to its customers, suppliers, or other
business partners, using internet technologies.
9. Fiber optics (246):
Fiber optics uses cables consisting of one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective
jacket. They can conduct pulses of visible light elements ( photons ) generated by lasers at transmission rates as
high as trillions of bits per second (terabits per second, or Tbps).
10. Internet Service Providers (225):
An ISP is a company that provides access to the Internet to individuals and organizations.
11. Internet Networking Technologies (222):
Internet networking technologies consist of hardware, software, and standardized protocols used to create
telecommunications networks.

6-4
12. Inter-network Processors (252):
Internetwork processors such as bridges, routers, hubs, or gateways to other networks.
13. Intranets (229):
An intranet is a network inside an organization that uses Internet technologies (such as Web browsers and
servers, TCP/IP network protocols, HTML hypermedia document publishing and databases, and so on) to
provide an Internet-like environment within the enterprise for information sharing, communications,
collaboration, and the support of business processes.
14. Legacy systems (242):
Legacy systems refer to an organization's outdated business information systems.
15. Local Area Networks - LANs (239):
A LAN is a communications network that connects computers, terminals, and other computerized devices
within a limited physical area such as an office, building, floor, manufacturing plant, or worksite.
16. Metcalfe’s Law (218):
Metcalfe's Law expresses the value of a network as the square of the number of its users.
17. Middleware (222):
Middleware is a general term for any program that serves to "glue together" or mediate between two separate
programs.
18. Modems (251):
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that converts the digital signals from input/output devices into
analog signals for transmission over an analogue carrier at the sending node and converts analog signals back
into digital signals at the receiving node.
19. Multiplexer (252):
An electronic device that allows a single communications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions
from many terminals.
20. Network (218):
The term network means an interconnected or interrelated chain, group, or system.
21. Network Architectures (255)
An organization's telecommunications environment including computers, software, communications standards,
and transmission media.
a. Open systems interconnection - OSI (255):
A seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) developed by the International Standards Organization
(ISO) to serve as a standard model for network architectures in order to promote an open, simple, flexible,
and efficient telecommunications environment.
b. TCP/IP (257):
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) consists of five levels of protocols that can be
related to the seven layers of the OSI architecture. The use of TCP/IP defines the Internet and all intranets
and extranets.
22. Network computing (242):
A system of computing in which “the network is the computer,” that is, the view that a few powerful computers
on the network provide the central computing resource for the network's users.

6-5
23. Network interoperability (261):
Network interoperability describes the ability for one network to communicate with other networks.
24. Network topologies (254):
A network topology describes the relationship between network nodes and telecommunications media.
25. Open Systems (222):
Open systems are information systems that use common standards for hardware, software, applications, and
networking.
26. Peer-to-Peer Networking (243):
P2P networks enable computers to connect and communicate directly with each other.
27. Protocol (255):
Protocols consist of a set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network.
28. Telecommunications (221):
Telecommunications consist of the exchange of analogue or digital signals between computer nodes over a
distance.
29. Telecommunications media (245):
Telecommunications media consist of the hardware or channel through which signals travel. They include,
twisted-pair wire, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, terrestrial microwave, communications satellite, cellular,
radio frequency, and infrared systems.
30. Telecommunications network (235):
A telecommunications communications network is any arrangement in which a sender transmits a message to a
receiver over a channel consisting of some type of medium .
31. Telecommunications processors (251):
Multiplexers, concentrators, communications controllers, and cluster controllers that allow a communications
channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals. They may also perform error
monitoring, diagnostics and correction, modulation-demodulation, data compression, data coding and decoding,
message switching, port contention, and buffer storage.
32. Telecommunications software (253):
Telecommunications software includes network operating systems, telecommunications monitors, web
browsers, and middleware, that controls and supports the communications activities in a telecommunications
network.
33. Virtual private network (VPN) (239):
A VPN consists of a network created by two private networks connected securely to each other via the Internet.
34. VoIP (258):
VoIP (voice over IP) is a system through which voice communications transmit over the internet in a manner
similar to a telephone call.
35. Wide Area Network - WAN (238):
A WAN is a data communications network covering a large geographic area.
36. Wireless LAN (249):
A wireless LAN is a local area network supported entirely without telecommunications cables.

6-6
37. Wireless technologies (223):
The hardware, software, and protocols used to connect devices without the use of cables by means of radio,
microwave (high frequency radio), or infrared transmissions.
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUIZ
Q. A. Key Term Q. A. Key Term
1 34 VoIP 21 2 Bandwidth
2 23 Network interoperability 22 33 Virtual Private Network
3 20 Network 23 5 Coaxial cable
4 17 Middleware 24 27 Protocol
5 16 Metcalfe’s Law 25 21a OSI
6 13 Intranets 26 21b TCP/IP
7 8 Extranets 27 25 Open systems
8 10 Internet service provider 28 12 Internetwork processors
9 35 WAN 29 11 Internet networking technologies
10 15 Local area networks 30 4 Client/server networks
11 7 Digital 31 22 Network computing
12 29 Telecommunications media 32 26 Peer-to-peer networks
13 9 Fiber optics 33 6 Communications satellites
14 3 Bluetooth 34 14 Legacy systems
15 31 Telecommunications processors 35 28 Telecommunications
16 32 Telecommunications software 36 36 Wireless LAN
17 18 Modems 37 21 Network architectures
18 19 Multiplexer 38 30 Telecommunications network
19 24 Network topologies 39 37 Wireless technologies
20 1 Analog

6-7
ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. The Internet is the driving force behind developments in telecommunications, networks, and other
information technologies. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
Agree
The Internet provides common protocols for information exchange (TCP/IP, HTML, and XML to name the
most common), and this inexpensive mode of communications appeals to many interests personal, public, and
commercial. Networks and related technologies serve as the enablers, and demand continues to drive
economies of scale and innovation.
Disagree
The driving force is the human desire to communicate.
2. How is the trend toward open systems, connectivity, and interoperability related to business use of the
Internet, intranets, and extranets?
Businesses are looking for the least expensive access to resources available. Open systems, connectivity, and
interoperability make these resources more readily available via internet technologies. They also help ensure
flexibility and long-term support – both important management issues.
3. Refer to the Real World Case on telemedicine and videoconferencing in the chapter. Not mentioned in
the case are implications for both privacy and data security arising from the use of these technologies. Which
specific ones could arise as a result, and to what extent do you believe those would inhibit the deployment of
these advances?
Privacy and security concerns exist for any networked health-care solution, and teleconferencing would be no
different. Undoubtedly, doctors would transmit and discuss patient information governed by various privacy
laws including HIPAA. Teleconferencing solutions providers should provide the same privacy protections
afforded other medical applications. These solutions would revolve around authentication, access control, and
encryption.
4. How will wireless information appliances and services affect the business use of the Internet and the
Web? Explain.
Affects
The overall effect will be massive growth of wireless information appliances and related applications.
Examples
• Marketing can now reach customers right at the point of purchase.
• Sales personnel can reduce sales cycle times by capturing sales real-time.
• Sales personnel can provide real-time competitive intelligence directly from the field.
• Distribution can optimize delivery schedules real-time.
• Supply chain can capture the movement of raw materials, WIP, and finished goods real-time.
• Employees will require fewer hours working in an office.
• Customer service can directly monitor product performance in the field.

6-8
5. What are some of the business benefits and management challenges of client/server networks? Network
computing? Peer-to-peer networks?
Client/server benefits:
• Clients (end users) take the computing burden off the server, thereby allowing the server to accommodate
more users.
• Servers centrally control information access and flow.
• Servers handle connectivity to and security between other servers.
• If the server fails, users can still continue using their machine for local tasks.
• Client-side processing is more tailored to the needs of the end users.
Client/server challenges:
• Client-side hardware is more expensive than network computers
• Client-side applications are more difficult to maintain than server side applications (one update on a server
v. hundreds of updates on the client-side).
Network computing benefits:
• Client-side hardware is cheaper.
• Applications are located on the server and easier to maintain.
• Clients can access a massive amount of computing power if necessary.
Network computing challenges:
• Network computers require enough computing power to handle peak loads.
• If the network computer fails, then all nodes cease to function.
Peer to peer benefits:
• Requires minimal (or no) servers.
• Processing and storage are distributed and use only surplus capacity.
Peer to peer challenges:
• Security
• Applications are more difficult to maintain than server based applications (one update on a server v.
hundreds of individual updates on the client-side).
6. What is the business value driving so many companies to install and extend intranets rapidly throughout
their organizations?
Intranets decrease communications costs. They increase the number of employees reached, the volume of
information they can access, and the speed at which this information flows.
7. What strategic competitive benefits do you see in a company’s use of extranets?
Strategic benefits derive from offering customers, suppliers, and partners with unique capabilities afforded by
effective and efficient communications. Examples include streamlined order processing, customer service,
account management, collaboration, and general communications. These abilities may help raise barriers to
entry, increase switching costs, decrease operating costs, and help improve product quality.
8. Refer to the Real World Case on telepresence in the chapter. What seems to be the difference between
videoconferencing and telepresence? Given the discussion on the latter in the case, does videoconferencing
have a future? Why or why not?
Differences: Telepresence is a high-end version of videoconferencing. Video conferencing involves sharing
audio and video feeds. Telepresence uses these feeds to give the participants the feeling that they are sharing
the same space. Cisco does this through high definition videos and multiple screens.
Bright future: Since Telepresence isn't mobile and videoconferencing is, videoconferencing has a significant
future.

6-9
No future: Given "Moore's Law" and the steady improvements in telecommunications, there's no reason
telepresence can't also become more mobile at some point in the future. As a result, videoconferencing has no
long-term future.
9. Do you think that business use of the Internet, intranets, and extranets has changed what businesspeople
expect from information technology in their jobs? Explain.
Yes. Over the last two decades, employees have seen significant improvements to information and information
access. The most recent improvements stem directly from internet related technologies. The direction these
improvements have taken allow employees to envision an even more robust future, and this significantly
increases their information technology expectations.
No. Personal use of the Internet has changed what people expect from IT. Personal applications have far
outstripped what is available in the business environment, and it is this market that has set employee's
expectations. The idea that, "if I can do this cool stuff at home, I should be able to do this at work," has driven
expectations for better IT at work.
Example
Peer-to-peer file sharing boomed with Napster and others years before software vendors figured out how to use
it to distribute licensed copies of their software. For example, Blizzard now uses peer-to-peer file sharing in
order to handle massive download demands on game-release day. 1
10. The insatiable demand for everything wireless, video, and Web-enabled everywhere will be the driving
force behind developments in telecommunications, networking, and computing technologies for the
foreseeable future. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
Agree: 3G and now 4G devices, applications, and networks have all taken the headlines. The massive number
of these internet-ready devices is also hastening the implementation of IPv6 as regions run out of IP addresses
under the old scheme. People expect information and video access wherever they are.
1
Starcraft II's installer defaults to peer-to-peer for its game download scheme.

6-10
ANSWERS TO ANALYSIS EXERCISES
1. How many addresses are enough?
a. Express as a power of 2 the number of nodes that can exist using IPv4.
2^32
b. Express as a power of 2 the number of nodes that can exist using IPv6.
2^128
2. MNO Incorporated Communications Network
a. Create a database table with an appropriate structure to store the data below. Enter the records shown
below and get a printed listing of your table.
See Data Solutions Disk for a sample database.
b. Survey results suggest that the peak traffic to and from a site will be approximately 2 kilobits per second
for each phone line plus 10 kilobits per second for each computer. Create a report showing the estimated
peak demand for the telecommunications system at each site in kilobits. Create a second report grouped by
region and showing regional subtotals and a total for the system as a whole.
See Data Solutions Disk for a sample database.
3. Wireless Radiation
a. Use an Internet search engine and report on what the World Health Organization (WHO) has had to say
about microwave radiation or nonionizing radiation.
The WHO conducted a ten years study from 2000 to 2010. The study consisted of 13,000 people in 13
countries and found no link to cancer. Some data "suggested" a link with glioma, but it acknowledged study
bias could account for these results. As a result, the WHO could pronounce no "definitive" results and
suggested more study.
b. Use an Internet search engine to identify the various complaints posed by stakeholders regarding cell
phone towers. Write a one-page paper describing an alternative to cell phone towers that would enable cell
phone use and yet mitigate all or most of these complaints.
Complaints:
• Fear of cancer or other illness
• Unsightly cell phone towers
Alternatives:
Rather than using cell towers with effective transmission ranges of up to a mile, some advocates have
encouraged cell phone companies to install numerous, low-cost, cell stations. These smaller stations only need
sufficient transmitting power to extend a few hundred yards and would not require tall towers. Instead of
towers, phone companies could place these small stations on the tops of telephone poles or on the roofs of two
or three storied buildings. This approach has several advantages. Small transmitters would require very little
power to cover a range of only a couple hundred yards thereby reducing the strength of transmitted microwaves,
they would blend into their surroundings thereby eliminating eyesores, and they would allow cell phones to
transmit on very low power thereby enabling even smaller phones or significantly increased battery life.

6-11
4. Maximizing Communications
a. In Excel’s menu, select “Data” and then “Sort” and then press the “F1” key for help. Read through each
of the topics. How would an ascending sort arrange the list “Smith; Jones; Zimmerman”?
Ascending order sorts from the lowest value to the highest value or in alphabetical order for text data. In this
case: "Jones; Smith; Zimmerman"
b. What feature allows users to sort month lists so January appears before April?
The "Options" button within data sorting dialog box opens a new dialog box that allows users to select an
alternative sort order. Excel lists several default sort orders including one by the name of the month.
c. Sort the partner data first on Gender, then by Industry, and then by Region, and save the file.
See Analysis Exercise Data Solutions files: [Chapter 06 - Solutions.xls].
The results from this sort will depend on the starting point. The original file has been sorted in ascending order
by last name and then by first name. This ordering will take forth and fifth precedence following industry,
region, and gender. Since this exercise doesn't specify maintaining this order, you may expect varying results.
Simply check to ensure that industry, region, and gender are in the proper order and ensure students have
included all columns in their data sort. Failing to do so will result in partners who have been inadvertently
reassigned gender, industry, or region. For example, Ziara Abud started off as a female audit partner in the
Americas, and your student's data should maintain this.
d. Examine the sorted results from the previous step. Notice that assigning the first eight partners to the
same table would minimize diversity. This result should also provide a clue about how to maximize diversity.
Using this insight, assign a table number in the range from 1 to 50 to each partner in your sorted list so to
maximize diversity. Save the file as “partners_sorted.xls” and explain your logic.
See Analysis Exercise Data Solutions files: [Chapter 06 - Solutions.xls].
Since assigning table #1 to the first eight partners in the list minimizes diversity, assigning tables {1, 2,… 50}
to the first fifty partners will maximize diversity. Start the table numbering over again with the 51st
partner.
This process ensures that the partners who are grouped together by the sorting activities are split up across
different tables. While not every table will have four men and four women, this reflects the fact that the firm is
not equally balanced by gender at the partnership level. Indeed, this in itself may make for an interesting
classroom discussion. See "partners_sorted.xls" on your faculty CD for a sample solution. Note: encourage
students to use Excel's Auto Fill feature rather than type all four-hundred table numbers individually.

6-12
ANSWERS TO REAL WORLD CASES
RWC 1: DLA Piper, MetLife, PepsiCo, and Others
Case Study Questions
1. Implementing telepresence seems to have other, less tangible, advantages beyond travel cost savings.
What are some of those? How do you quantify them to make the case for investing in the technology? Provide
at least two fully developed examples.
Intangible benefits
• Helps "green" initiatives
• Improves employee's quality of life
• Increase junior team member's exposure to executive management
• Improves working relationships
Indirect methods to quantify impact
• Count instances of coverage by industry press
• Note changes in employee turn-over rates
• Note changes in recoverable hours
• Note changes in billable hours
• Evaluate client retention
2. DLA Piper, MetLife, and the other companies featured in the case are very optimistic about the
technology. However, other than its cost, what are some potential disadvantages of implementing telepresence
in organizations?
Disadvantages
The case does not specifically discuss disadvantages other than cost.
• Important meetings are at the mercy of technology failures
• Overreliance on video conferencing might hinder the development of personal relationships
3. Do you think meetings conducted through telepresence technology will be similar to face-to-face ones as
the technology becomes more pervasive? How would the rules of etiquette change for telepresence meetings?
Which type of meeting would you like best?
Similarities
• Real-time communication
• Body language aids communication
Differences
• Less personal
• Meeting ends at the end – minimal socializing after work
• More impromptu – meetings can be arranged more quickly than travel
Etiquette
• When meeting across time zones, which party gets up early or stays up late?
• Agreement and trust on the subject of recording the meeting
• Beware the "open microphone"
• Participants should minimize side conversations as microphones pick up all voices equally

6-13
Real World Activities
1. Telepresence is described in the case as a green technology because it replaces air travel with a more
environmentally friendly alternative. Recently, many organizations are looking to IT to help them cut their
carbon footprint. What other technologies can be helpful in this regard?
Sample "Green" IT Technologies
• Google's containerized server rooms
• Google's server motherboards with built in UPS
• Cloud computing pooling resources
• "Smart" appliances that run off-peak
• Solid State Drives (SSD) that are faster and use less power than hard drives
• Virtual Machines (VM) reduce the number of physical servers required
• Virtual Private Networks (VPN) allow users to work from home and avoid commuting
• Mobile computing that allows users to capture data and/or work on the road
• GPS/traffic analysis help drivers avoid current traffic congestion
• Route planning software to minimize distance driven and left-hand turns
• "Remote support" allows fewer IT support people to serve geographically disperse users
• Grid computing using existing machines during off-peak computing times
2. Go online and research different ways in which the “green IT” movement is catching on. Prepare a
report to share your findings.
Search terms
• "green IT"
• "green computing"
3. The organizations featured in the case are not too keen on the future of business travel. Despite the high
quality of current and future telepresence systems, do you believe these companies are missing something by
not having people meet face to face? Why or why not? Break into small groups with your classmates to
discuss this issue.
The case does not state that organizations have banned travel – just that they have reduced travel. These
organizations still have face to face meetings when appropriate. In fact, they may increase the total number of
meetings (when counting video meetings), and this may serve to improve working relationships rather than
hinder them.
RWC 2: Brain Saving Technologies, Inc. and the T-Health Institute
1. From the perspective of a patient, how would you feel about being diagnosed by a doctor who could be
hundreds or thousands of miles away from you? What kind of expectations or concerns would you have
about that kind of experience?
Feelings:
I wouldn't care about the source of a diagnosis so long as I had confidence in the source's competence.
Expectations:
I would expect a local specialist involved in the diagnosis. The local specialist would act as my advocate and as
a safety check. A specialist rather than a general practitioner or intern would be more able to detect and
communicate my symptoms to the remote expert.

6-14
Concerns:
I would be concerned that the remote expert wasn't getting all the information necessary to make an accurate
diagnosis including information that may be unique to my case. Hospitals already face criticism for providing
impersonal care. Adding a remote expert into the loop will do nothing to address these concerns. I would also
be concerned that a local specialist and the remote expert were in collusion to charge my insurance company for
an unnecessary consultation.
2. What other professions, aside from health care and education could benefit from application of some of
the technologies discussed in the case? How would they derive business value from these projects? Develop
two proposals.
Other professions:
• Engineering projects
• Auditors working on global corporations
• Teams working on mergers or acquisitions
• Political campaigns
Proposals:
1) Implementing high quality video conferencing can be an expensive project and a distraction from core
business. Therefore, a service provider might undertake to create an international network of video conference
centers. End users would only need to commute to the nearest conference center to participate in a conference.
Cisco Systems is currently undertaking just such an initiative.
2) A global corporation might implement a high quality video conferencing system in order to reduce travel
costs and the inconvenience frequent travel places on its employees. In Star Trek terms, one might think of
these facilities as virtual "transporter rooms."
3. The deployment of IT in the health professions is still very much in its infancy. What other uses of
technology could potentially improve the quality of health care? Brainstorm several alternatives.
A few suggestions:
• Integrated billing
• Universal access to patient records
• Family/patient education
• Doctor/staff continuing education
• Supply chain management (many examples already exist)
• Prescription drug dispensing machines (to reduce errors)
• Doctor/hospital performance reporting
1. Technology enhances the ability of educational institutes to reach students across geographic boundaries.
One recent development in this area is YouTube EDU. Go online to check out the site and prepare a report
summarizing its objectives, the kind of content available there, and how it could be used to support
traditional modes of education delivery, such as lectures.
URL: http://www.youtube.com/education?b=400
Objectives:
YouTube – EDU gives two and four year degree granted public and private colleges and universities their own,
individual YouTube channel through which they can organize and publish videos. (YouTube.com)
Content:
Content ranges from messages from the institution's administration and student orientation to classroom lectures
and related content.

6-15
Classroom support:
• Professors could tape their classes and make them available online if they are willing to give away the
content for free.
• Professors might find videos that supplement their lectures and assign them for viewing.
2. If widely adopted, these technologies could conceivably lead to a concentration of specialists in a small
number of “hub” institutions, essentially creating a two-tier health care system. Do you believe this would
lead to an increase or decrease in the availability of these professionals for patients? What could be the
positive and negative consequences of this development? Break into small groups with your classmates to
discuss these issues.
Availability:
The main point is to make experts more available to the people who need them. Its secondary objective,
provide educational access, should help maintain or increase local specialist's expertise. Video conferencing
should also help reduce the need for hubs of specialty (which have long been in existence). The reduction will
come because experts will no longer need to work in physical proximity in order to collaborate.
Positive impact:
• Increase collaboration
• Increase the dissemination of information.
• Increase access to experts.
Negative impact:
• Create an over-reliance on technology that could fail in an emergency
• Potentially depersonalize medicine even further
RWC 3: Metric & Multistandard Components Corp.: The Business Value of a Security Self-Managed
Network for a Small-to-Medium Business
1. What were the most important factors contributing to MMCC’s success with its new, secure, self-
managed network? Explain the reasons for your choices.
• increased bandwidth (eliminated congestion)
• improved reliability (less down time, greater productivity)
• improved security (obvious but not explained in the case)
• easier to manage (lower personnel costs)
• lower costs (fast payback period, lower risk)
2. What are some of the business benefits and challenges of self-managed and externally managed
networks?
Self-managed benefits:
• Greater accountability
• Greater flexibility
Self-managed challenges:
• Lack of expertise
• Distracts from core operations
Externally managed benefits:
• Access to expertise
• Potential for economies of scale (not mentioned in case)
• Doesn't distract from core business

6-16
Externally managed challenges:
• Lack of accountability (extra communications layer)
• Inflexible contract (locked in)
3. Which type of network management would you advise small-to-medium business firms to use? Explain
the reasons for your recommendation.
Self-managed. Network technology is fairly mature and requires minimal customization. Expertise is not
difficult to find when required.
1. Use the Internet to discover more about the telecommunications products and services and current
business performance and prospects of Cisco Systems and Hi- Link and some of their many competitors in
the telecom industry. Which telecom hardware and software company and IT consulting firm would you
recommend to a small-to-medium business with which you are familiar? Explain your reasons to the class.
Cisco Systems:
Cisco is a publicly held company that makes IP based networking hardware and software and provides related
products and services. Cisco is the industry leader.
Hi-Link
Hi-Link is a privately held corporation providing a range of network related consulting services. It is one of
many similar IT consulting firms in the industry. It is a certified partner of a variety of hardware and software
manufactures.
Cisco's competitors include
• 3Com
• Nortel
• Juniper
Recommendations
Note: This recommendation applies to small and medium firms that lack the time and resources to conduct a
detailed analysis of its unique needs and vendors' product offerings.
Cisco is the leading industry leading hardware vendor. Choosing a different product would require a very
careful rationale. When in doubt, go with the leader. For implantation, it's best to stick with a firm certified by
the vendor. This helps ensure they have the required expertise and access to higher level support. They should
also have offices in all the installation locations. This helps reduce travel costs.
2. In telecommunications network installation and management, as in many other business situations, the
choice between “do it yourself” and “let the experts handle it” is a crucial business decision for many
companies. Break into small groups with your classmates to debate this choice for small-to-medium
businesses. See if you can agree on several key criteria that should be considered in making this decision, and
report your conclusions to the class.
Key criteria:
• product maturity, stability, and reputation
• vendor experience, stability, and reputation
• degree and availability of expertise
• degree of customization required
• potential for economies of scale (cost savings)

6-17
RWC 4: Starbucks and Others
1. Do you agree with the plans by Starbucks to offer time-limited free Wi-Fi to customers? Part of the idea
is to push the Starbucks card and reap other business benefits from doing so. Do you think free Wi-Fi would
be enough to instill that kind of loyalty? Based on the experiences of the other coffee houses reported above,
do you think free access was a critical factor in developing a loyal customer base?
Agree:
If I were a Starbucks stockholder, the only question I would have is "is this making us money?" Starbucks has
enough stores to run controlled tests to determine optimal pricing and deals. Regardless, Starbucks has not
locked itself into a long-term solution. With a Wi-Fi infrastructure in place, they can deploy it as they see fit.
Finally, all Wi-Fi providers need to be aware that "free Wi-Fi" maps exist for just about any location. These
maps highlight locations with open and free Wi-Fi access. Starbucks (and others) need to know that if they
offer this service for free, they will quickly appear on these maps.
Loyalty:
Loyalty cards work because the customer sees a benefit to using them. Typically these benefits revolve around
free stuff. In this case, it's free Wi-Fi. It could just as well be a free beverage.
Customer base:
Wi-Fi might get people in the door, but delivering value will keep them spending money. Because free Wi-Fi is
increasingly available, Wi-Fi users have more choices, and they need not put up with an inferior product.
Therefore, free Wi-Fi is a good promotional tool, but nothing more. Stores must also contend with the effect
free Wi-Fi will have on the customer experience. Traditional coffee house customers enjoy coffee and
conversation. Free Wi-Fi has made some stores resemble the workplace environment with a dozen or more
heads buried in their laptop computers. This customer base tends to use the store for "free parking" rather than
refreshment and relaxation, and traditional customers may not appreciate the change.
2. Part of the reason for Starbucks’s move had to do with increased competition from chains like
McDonald’s for the morning breakfast crowd. However, Starbucks and McDonald's hardly seem to be
targeting the same public. Do you think that free wireless access by such a competitor would have moved a
significant portion of Starbucks' customers away? Why or why not?
Note 1: this question appears to pre-suppose that Starbucks and McDonalds do not compete for the same
customers but then asks for the student's opinion. The question essentially reduces to whether or not the student
believes enough food & beverage customers seeking a place to use Wi-Fi would choose McDonalds over
Starbucks if McDonalds offered free Wi-Fi access to make a difference to Starbucks.
Note 2: this question is very significant to Starbucks' bottom line. Why? During peak rush times, both
Starbucks and McDonalds operates at peak capacity. Therefore attracting more customers during these times
offers little benefit. On the other hand, attracting customers between rush periods translates to additional store
revenue, and Wi-Fi appeals to this segment.
Effectiveness: Starbucks obviously believes that McDonalds poses a threat or they wouldn't have lowered their
Wi-Fi access price. McDonalds clearly believes that it can compete against Starbucks as evidenced by their TV
advertisement campaign highlighting their coffee's taste test victories over Starbucks. Some McDonalds have
also redesign portions of their dining areas to make them more comfortable and encourage patrons to linger.
3. The case notes some companies that offer free Wi-Fi in exchange for viewing advertisements or
answering questions for market research studies. Would you be willing to do so in order to get free wireless
access, say, at an airport? Would your answer change if you were using a corporate laptop versus your own,
because of security concerns?
Personal use answers will vary.
The corporate use answer should take into consideration corporate policy. Also note that G3 and G4 networks
now offer a competitive alternative to free Wi-Fi and are less likely to violate policy.

6-18
1. Johan Bergendahl of Ericsson believes the demise of Wi-Fi is rather imminent and that mobile
broadband will replace hot spots for wireless access. Search the Internet for current commercial offerings of
mobile broadband and compare their features with Wi-Fi hotspots. Which one would you choose? Which
factors would affect your decision? Prepare a report to share your findings and opinions.
Broadband Features:
Greater coverage area than Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Features:
• Faster transmission speeds
• Low cost
• Hardware availability
Decision factors:
• speed
• coverage
• cost
• reliability
• security
Trend:
The trends are interesting. Wi-Fi coverage areas are increasing – but piecemeal. Projects to offer Wi-Fi city-
wide have failed. On the other hand, broadband costs are going down, security is built into the product, and the
necessary hardware has begun to proliferate. If broadband can overcome the transmission speed issue, and
there's no reason to think it eventually won't, it will likely prevail.
2. Go online and look at different companies in one of the industries mentioned in the case, noting which
companies offer free wireless access and which ones do not. Break into small groups and brainstorm
potential explanations for these differences. Do you see any patterns in the type of companies that charge for
access versus those that offer it for free?
Industries mentioned:
• Hospitality
• Transportation
Hospitality (hotels) resources:
List of chains 2 3
"Best WiFi Hotels" 2009 list4
Benefits analysis:
General benefits to Wi-Fi5
Hotel WiFi services vendors 6 7
2
http://www.ajc.com/travel/content/travel/articles/stories/2007/03/13/0311gohotels.html
3
http://freehotelsearch.com/allChains.html
4
http://www.hotelchatter.com/special/Best_WiFi_Hotels_2009
5
http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=680821
6
http://www.wirelessnetworkproducts.com/wi-fidesignservice.aspx
7
http://www.wanderingwifi.com/hospitality/index.html

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sermons:
Selected from the Papers of the Late Rev.
Clement Bailhache

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
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laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: Sermons: Selected from the Papers of the Late Rev.
Clement Bailhache
Author: Clement Bailhache
Editor: J. P. Barnett
Release date: October 27, 2013 [eBook #44053]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Sam W. and the Online Distributed
Proofreading
Team at http://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SERMONS:
SELECTED FROM THE PAPERS OF THE LATE REV. CLEMENT
BAILHACHE ***

“WORK TOO FAIR TO DIE.”
SERMONS
SELECTED FROM THE PAPERS
OF THE LATE REV.
CLEMENT BAILHACHE.
EDITED BY THE
REV. J. P. BARNETT.
THE HOLY CAUTIONS THAT HE GAVE,
THE PRAYERS HE BREATHED, THE TEARS HE WEPT,
YET LINGER HERE, THOUGH IN THE GRAVE,
THROUGH MANY A YEAR THE SAINT HAS SLEPT.
London:
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW.
MDCCCLXXX.

Photographed by S. S. Priestley, Huddersfield.

CONTENTS.
Introduction by the Editor vii
SERMON PAGE
I.Salvation.—Titus i. 11-14 1
II.Propitiation.—1 John ii. 2 13
III.Faith in the Saviour.—Acts xvi. 31 29
IV.Sincerity of Heart Necessary to the Understanding of the
Gospel.—John vii. 17 41
V.The Humble Taught the Lord’s Way.—Psalm xxv. 9 50
VI.The Gratitude of the Pardoned.—Luke vii. 47 66
VII.Consecration.—Romans xii. 1, 2 81
VIII.Christianity in our Daily Life.—Colossians iii. 17 104
IX.Unconscious Influence.—Matthew xii. 36, 37 117
X.Secular Anxiety.—Matthew vi. 25, 31 133
XI.Contentment.—Philippians iv. 11-14 151
XII.Joy.—Philippians iv. 4 164
XIII.Sickness.—John xi. 4 173
XIV.Jesus Only.—Matthew xvii. 8 181
XV.Prayer.—Matthew vii. 7, 8 189
XVI.Assurance.—2 Timothy i. 12 206
XVII.Immortality.—Psalm viii. 4 222
XVIII.Heaven.—Revelation vii. 15 235

INTRODUCTION BY THE EDITOR.
The preparation of this volume for the press, whilst it has necessarily
entailed considerable labour, has happily been attended with little
difficulty. None of these sermons were prepared for the pulpit with
any idea of publication, and only a few of them, which need not be
specified, should be taken as finished compositions. Their author,
however, never allowed himself to think superficially or to write
carelessly. His MSS. are easily read, and are in such a state as to
leave almost nothing to be done in the way of revision.
Many other sermons equal to these in power and interest might
have been included, if space had served. I ought, perhaps, to say
that the selection has been determined by a wish to place before the
reader, in the order of a series, Mr. Bailhache’s thoughts on Christian
Doctrine, Faith, Duty, Privilege, Experience, and Hope. I trust that
the collection, as it stands, will give as comprehensive an idea, as
any posthumous publication could give, of the character and style of
a ministry to which, under God, many souls—some in heaven, and
some still on earth—owe their truest spiritual light and their best
spiritual strength.
It must have been a privilege of no ordinary value to listen Sabbath
after Sabbath to preaching such as this. No one could read, as I
have had to read, the whole mass of sermons entrusted to me,
without perceiving that he who wrote and spoke them was “a
workman that needed not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word
of truth.” He was penetrated to the very centre of his being with a
sense of the grandeur of the Bible as a Divine Revelation, and of the
glory of the Gospel as a Divine remedy for the sin and sorrow of the
world. He had his own way of developing religious truth, and of

applying it to the mind, the conscience, and the heart. He preserved
his individuality of thought and of method in every part of every
discourse. But he was no theological speculatist. With all needful
fearlessness in his thinking and reading, his constant endeavour was
to ascertain “the mind of the Spirit,” and to present that, in its
enlightening and sanctifying power, to his hearers in all their
manifold spiritual conditions. He was familiar with the forms of
scepticism prevalent in our time, and with the reasonings which give
to them more or less of plausibility. “The riddle of the world” had its
saddening aspects for him, as it has for all earnest souls. But the
anxieties which spring from such sources found in his mind an all-
sufficient solace in the beautiful adaptations and the splendid
triumphs of the truth as it is in Jesus. He could see clearly enough
that, by the Gospel, God was filling the world’s darkness with light,
and turning its curse into a blessing. Science might advance, and in
its advance might seem to set itself against Biblical facts, and
against the principles founded upon them; but he was all along
calmly and intelligently assured that Science rightly so called, and
Revelation rightly interpreted, so far from meeting in antagonism,
must meet in cordial and comely agreement, and take their place
side by side for the higher instruction of mankind. He did not preach
on these matters controversially, but contented himself with the
quiet announcement, on all appropriate occasions, of the results of
his own studies; and those results were always on the side of an
implicit faith in Evangelical Christianity. One of the most marked
characteristics of his ministry was the uninterrupted and profound
reverence he paid to what he believed, on honest and mature
investigation, to be the Divine authority of Scripture teaching. He
knew, of course, that a conscientious and enlightened criticism has
its work to do upon the Book; but his comprehensive and careful
reading only strengthened his conviction that such criticism, so far
from invalidating its authority, must render the nature of that
authority increasingly transparent, and its basis increasingly firm.
Thus he could draw forth from the Book the teaching contained in it,
and could present it to the reverent faith of his congregation,
without misgiving. His ministry was eminently evangelical, in the

broadest and best sense of the word. It was this all-pervading
quality which gave to it its special beauty and impressiveness. He
wanted to be wise, and to make his people wise, up to what is
written; above that he did not attempt to soar.
Mr. Bailhache was an able Biblical Expositor. I find amongst the
papers before me, expositions of the Decalogue, the First Psalm, the
Lord’s Prayer, the thirteenth chapter of First Corinthians, the
Messages to the Seven Churches, and the Epistles to the Galatians
and the Philippians. These comprise eighty discourses, and many of
them are so good that they ought not to remain in seclusion.
Possibly some channel of publicity may yet be found for them.
The estimate in which Mr. Bailhache was held as a Christian teacher
by those best fitted to judge, is fitly expressed in the following
extract from the Address which was presented to him by the
Congregation at Islington, on his retirement from the pastorate there
in the autumn of 1870:—“During a period of six years and a half, you
have ministered to us in holy things, and, as the servant of the Lord
Jesus, you have sought our highest spiritual good. In all your
ministerial work in our midst, you have so impressed us with the
conviction of your entire devotedness to our interests, and to the
exaltation and glory of Christ, that our minds have been the more
easily constrained to give heed to your instructions, and we have the
more deeply felt the force of your influence and your example. The
thought has often occurred to us (and it has been often expressed),
that if we were not becoming better Christians—more conformed to
the image of Christ—our shame was the greater, considering how
constantly you have been the faithful and able exponent of the mind
of the Spirit, and with what freshness, variety, and power, you have
been enabled to set before us things new and old out of the treasury
of the Lord’s word. Nor have you ever permitted us to feel that you
occupied a region remote from ourselves, or that the isolation of the
study and of your official character, made you self-absorbed or
unsympathetic. The very contrary of this has been our happy
experience. With an almost surprising power of appropriation, you

have made our doubts and difficulties, our hopes and fears, our joys
and sorrows, all your own, and, with a whole-hearted sympathy that
has entered into all the experiences of the Christian life, you have, in
the pulpit and in the class, and in the more private opportunities of
the family and of friendship, been made eminently useful in the
communication of help and strength. To not a few your ministrations
have been made the savour of life unto life, who will be your crown
and rejoicing one day, since through your word they have been
reconciled to God by Jesus Christ. We magnify the grace of God in
you, and none the less when we declare that your life and labours in
our midst have placed us under lasting obligations of gratitude and
love.”
I regret that I have not space for a few pages of pithy, condensed
jottings extracted from the Author’s “Diary,” and written by him
during hours of private devotion. They would testify, in common with
every other part of the volume, to the atmosphere of piety in which
our beloved friend habitually lived. In social life, he was playful and
jocose; and many who have thought that they knew him well, knew
him almost exclusively as he was in such moods as these. He was
however emphatically a man who “walked with God.” Many others
knew him only in connection with his official work, and gave to him
their unstinted admiration for his plodding, almost pertinacious
industry. He had “a mind to work,” but he sanctified and ennobled all
his work by prayer. I have often had, as, no doubt, many more have
had, the privilege of his society in the lone hours of the night, when
he could talk with the unreserved frankness of a confiding friend;
and I never left him after such hallowed times as these without
feeling that I had been drawn nearer to him, and through him,
nearer to the Saviour, by the modest, holy, Christian beauty of his
spirit.
Alas, that so comely and benignant a life should have closed so
early! He died at forty-eight years of age. We have no right, nor
have we any disposition, to repine; but we cannot refrain from
mourning.

He began life well, sacrificing fair interests as a member of the legal
profession in Jersey, with the Island Bar in view, and was soon
preparing for the Christian ministry at Stepney College. His
preaching was attractive, and at the termination of his academic
course, he became the pastor of the influential church at South
Parade Chapel, Leeds. Four years later, he removed to Watford, and
from thence, in 1864, to Cross Street, Islington, where his ministry
may be said to have approached, if it did not actually reach, its
maturity. In 1870 he relinquished the pastorate for Secretarial work
at the Baptist Mission House, into which he threw all the steady,
quenchless enthusiasm of his nature, and upon which the blessing of
God conspicuously rested. Discharging his duties with a fidelity and a
skill which were as effective as they were modest, he was equally
beloved by the Missionaries abroad, and by his colleagues and the
constituencies at home; and he had the satisfaction of knowing that,
notwithstanding many difficulties, he was contributing in various
ways to the advancement of the great enterprize. The toil and
anxiety entailed upon him were onerous in the extreme, and after a
time it became obvious to his friends that his multifarious exertions
were undermining his strength. He went to the Baptist Union
meetings in Leeds in the October of 1878, when he ought to have
been taking repose; and, though seriously ill, he there preached
what proved to be his last Sermon, in the chapel of his first
pastorate—the Sermon on “Immortality” in this volume—and read
his last paper, on “Our Missionary Principles and Motives.” It is
remarkable that he should thus have finished his public course in the
town of his first ministerial settlement, and that he should have
there spoken his last public words on behalf of that great
department of Christian work which had engaged his best thoughts
and his warmest sympathies for many years, and to his holy zeal for
which it may be truly said that he sacrificed his life. At those Leeds
meetings, he was “already within the shadow of death,” and
returned home to sink gradually but surely beneath the distressing
malady which took him to heaven on the 13th of the following
December.

To his widowed companion and helpmeet, whose faithful affection
he prized as his most precious earthly treasure—to his children and
kindred, who so fondly loved him, and so deeply revere his memory
—to the churches which he so wisely and so zealously served in the
work of the Gospel—to the Missionary Society in the sacred interests
of which he lived and died—and to the numberless personal friends
to whom he was so dear, and who will ever thank God that they
were permitted to enjoy his genial confidence and sympathy—these
productions of his brain and heart are dedicated, with the grateful
assurance that, through them, he, being dead, will yet continue to
speak, and, speaking thus, will still be the helper of many in “the
way everlasting.”
J. P. BARNETT.
Oxford, August, 1880.

I.
SALVATION.
“The grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men, teaching us
that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously,
and godly, in this present world; looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious
appearing of the great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; who gave Himself for us,
that He might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto Himself a peculiar
people, zealous of good works.”—Titus ii. 11-14.
Briefly stated, the consequences of the Fall were these—that man
became unholy in point of character, and guilty in point of law. The
first covenant God made with man was a covenant of law, and the
two “trees” shadowed forth, the one the condition, the other the
benefit, of such a covenant. “The tree of the knowledge of good and
evil” points to obedience as the condition; and “the tree of life”
points to life, in its fullest and most spiritual sense, as the benefit.
Man disobeyed. He failed to fulfil the condition, and thus he lost the
blessing. Henceforth, if there is to be any blessing for him, it must
come on some other ground, and from some higher source. Having
forfeited all hope from law, his only possible hope must come, if it
come at all, from mercy.
We thus perceive that when the great salvation wrought by Christ is
announced to us, we have to do at the outset with what on God’s
part is
1. An act of pure sovereignty. Condemnation was the righteous
award of a just law to a creature who had broken it, and who could
not plead any admissible excuse for his sin. The law might,

therefore, have been allowed to take its course, thus receiving
honour before the whole intelligent universe. Only one Will in the
universe was free to interfere; the will of the Lawgiver and Creator
Himself. Interference on His part, however, could not be under the
pressure of legal obligation, but must be in the exercise of a
sovereign right. Hence, the key-note of the gospel is “the Grace of
God.”
2. An act of boundless love. It is obvious that salvation cannot have
proceeded from any other motive in the Divine Mind. “God so loved
the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever
believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life.” The
Bible has no other solution of the origin of salvation to offer than
this.
Now, that which proceeds from sovereignty and love on the part of
God must absolutely preclude all claim or thought of merit on the
part of man. Merit leaves no room, no occasion for grace. Grace
begins where merit ends, if grace be given at all.—What, then, is the
“great salvation”?
Man, being unholy and guilty, needed a salvation which would
include his justification or his forgiveness, and one which would
culminate in his sanctification by the restoration to him of his lost
spiritual power. In other words, he needed a deliverance from the
curse of sin, and also from sin itself.
This deliverance, man cannot find within his own nature. He cannot
save himself from the curse of sin; for inasmuch as the law
righteously demanded a perfect and constant obedience, he could
never blot out the guilt of former sins by acts of obedience at a later
period of life. Moreover, such later acts of a perfect obedience are
impossible to him, for holiness does not proceed from a sinful
nature. “Who can bring a clean thing out of an unclean?” Men do not
“gather grapes from thorns, or figs from thistles.” Man is as
depraved and as weak as he is guilty. Self-salvation is impossible;
salvation is of the Lord alone. The gospel is the announcement of

the fact that God saves, and of the method in which the great work
of salvation is done by Him.
I. The Word of God, both in the Old and in the New Testament,
proclaims a dispensation of Divine mercy. So unexpected and so
cheering is this proclamation that it has given the gospel the name it
bears. It is emphatically “good news”—good news from God to man.
This good news announces that the first deliverance which man
requires is provided for. God remits the penalty of sin. But how?
He does this in such a way that, so far from weakening law, or
invalidating the condemnation of sin, He shows more clearly than
ever, how holy is the law, and how just the condemnation. Hence,
though this forgiveness is an act of pure mercy, it is mercy exercised
in a righteous way through the wonderful sacrifice of Christ. This
was the meaning of the promise that accompanied the curse; and so
clear was it that it was apprehended in the first sacrifices men ever
offered. The Jewish sacrifices shadowed it forth. The Scriptures
teach this method of Divine forgiveness in the plainest terms. I
quote two or three passages in proof: Rom. iii. 23-26; John i. 29; 1
John ii. 1, 2; 1 Peter ii. 24; Isaiah liii. 4-6.
This is Scripture, and we must not dare to trifle with it. These
declarations can have but one meaning. Christ has suffered in our
stead the penalty we had all deserved, that we might receive, for His
sake, that eternal life and blessedness which He only had deserved.
On this point all the types and teachings of both Testaments speak
with one voice.
There are, no doubt, in this substitution of the innocent for the
guilty, some difficulties for human reason. But we have to do with
the Bible. It meets conscience; and reason must bend in submission
before a grace the deeper meaning of which it does not see.
Observe, however, that according to the Scripture representation,
the substitution was divinely appointed, and the Substitute Himself
was a willing victim. We accept the doctrine, (1) Partly in virtue of
human need. Conscience points to the necessity of a satisfaction. (2)

Partly in virtue of the peace and the joy to which faith in the doctrine
gives rise.—“Scripture always lays stress upon the Saviour’s
humiliation and bitter sufferings. We are not said to be redeemed by
His incarnation, by His birth, by His miracles, by His doctrine, not
even by His agony in the garden, though all these were necessary to
the ransom; but by His blood.” On this ground of the Atonement, the
first part of salvation—forgiveness—is secured.
II. Man needs also to be redeemed from sin. This need, like the
former, he is unable to meet of himself, but God meets it on his
behalf. How? By putting into the heart a fertile germ of holiness.
Freedom from condemnation and regeneration are indissolubly
connected together in God’s idea of salvation, and He achieves both
by the work of Christ His Son. This redemption from the love, and
consequently from the power of sin, is accomplished by Him on a
principle which is divinely simple and efficacious; a principle which
lies at the root of the theory of evangelical sanctification. This
principle is the love which He excites in us by the manifestation of
His own love to us. Thus the Apostle John writes: “Whosoever
abideth in Him sinneth not; whosoever sinneth hath not seen Him,
neither known Him” (1 John iii. 6). “He that loveth not, knoweth not
God, for God is love” (1 John iv. 8). To love God, and, under the
constraining influence of love, to serve Him, we have need to know
and to realise how great is the love of God to us.
Now this Divine love has been revealed to the world through the
medium of that same Saviour, who by His sacrificial death has
opened up the way for our pardon and our restoration to the Divine
favour. The Son of God came into the world to reveal the heart of
the Father. What greater gift could God have bestowed than that of
His Divine Son? What greater proof of love could He have exhibited
than that which this greatest of all possible gifts presents? “God so
loved.” And Christ has perfectly performed His mission. His whole
ministry was a declaration of the Divine love. Of that love His death
on the cross was the sublimest expression. We learn therefrom not
only that God manifests to us His mercy, but also at what cost. Our

debt must be paid; and as we are bankrupt, He pays it on our
behalf. And who is our Substitute? Not a man, not an angel, not any
creature; but the Divine Son, “by whom God made the worlds and
upholds them by the word of His power,” “who is the brightness of
the Father’s glory and the express image of His person”—it was He
who “by Himself purged our sins.” Such is the love of God. We
cannot fathom it, for it is Divine; but in proportion as we are enabled
to “know” it, we say “We love Him because He first loved us;” “We
are bought with a price: we are not our own.” And we say our
devout “Amen!” when the chiefest Apostle of mercy says to us: “I
beseech you, therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye
present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God,
which is your reasonable service.”
This Divine love, however, wonderful as it is, is offered to
unsusceptible hearts. Hence the necessity—hence also the gift—of
the Holy Spirit, through whom God strives with man. The Holy Spirit
is the gift of Christ; and He convinces the world of sin, of
righteousness, and of judgment. He takes of the things of Christ,
and shows them unto us.
See, then, the completeness of the Divine plan of salvation. To
undeserving hearts God offers His love in Christ; to unsusceptible
hearts He explains and commends it by His Spirit.
III. The only remaining question is as to our own part in the great
plan of mercy. Because we are intelligent and moral creatures, God
does not save us without our own concurrence. To every one who
desires to receive this twofold gift—the gift of pardon and of
sanctification—a certain disposition is necessary. That disposition is
in the Scriptures called “faith.” Faith is the divinely-appointed
condition of salvation. The terms are simple, but they are
indispensable. Scripture, in every part, recognises and imposes
them. From the earliest times they have been complied with, as in
the sacrifices of Abel, Noah, and Abraham. It was this same principle
of faith that gave validity to the worship under the Mosaic
dispensation. So the Lord Jesus Christ, who healed men’s physical

diseases as types of the diseases of the soul, always demanded faith
as the condition of His working. As it was with Christ, so it was with
His apostles. Thus Paul said to the Philippian jailer, “Believe on the
Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved.” All this shows to us that
whilst, on the one hand, we are saved by grace; on the other, we
have no participation in the grace which saves, except by the
exercise of our own faith in the Saviour.
What is this faith? It may be considered in its principle, and in its
application.
In its principle, it is a general conviction that the Bible is the Word of
God, and that what He says therein should receive our assent; or, in
other words, should be accepted by us as true. In its application, it
is the belief of God’s Word as it respects ourselves. It is this which
Paul commends to the Philippian jailer. When a man, under the
burden of his sin, says, “I am lost; I cannot save myself; save me,
Lord!” we have an illustration of this applied faith—a sense of
personal misery, a sense of personal helplessness, a sense of a
Saviour willing to save him personally, and a direct appeal to that
Saviour for salvation. From the moment of such a prayer, there is not
a single promise of Scripture that such a man may not make his
own. A promised pardon, a promised Spirit, a promised heaven—all
are his! The essence of the faith is in the conviction which expresses
itself thus: “Jesus Christ is not only able and willing to be the Saviour
of all men, but He is my Saviour.” Such a faith brings Christ and the
soul together in precisely those relations in which He is the Saviour,
and in which the soul is saved.
But how is this faith obtained? Must not God give it? Yes. So Paul,
writing to the Philippians, tells them it was “given” to them “to
believe in Christ.” Must we, then, listlessly wait until it comes to us?
No. Paul again says to these same Philippians, “Work out your own
salvation with fear and trembling.” The reconciliation of these two
truths into one theory may be difficult, but in practice it is easy
enough. We recognise them both when we ask for faith. For to ask is
to recognise our need of that for which we ask; it is also to

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Management Information Systems 10th Edition OBrien Solutions Manual

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