China's economy is slowing but remains strong compared to other economies. Growth is projected to be above 8% in 2012-2013, and inflation is decreasing. However, China is vulnerable to external shocks, particularly a severe recession in Europe which could sharply reduce China's growth. The government should use fiscal policy, through the budget rather than banks, to counter economic weakness from abroad. Rebalancing China's economy to rely less on investment and more on private consumption is also important.

1. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
CHINA ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
February 6, 2012 Prepared by the IMF Resident Representative Office, People’s Republic of China
China’s economy is slowing, but remains a bright spot in an unpredictable global economy
 Growth is expected to stay above 8 percent in 2012-13
 Inflation is coming down to more comfortable levels
 The real estate market is deflating
A storm emanating from Europe would hit China hard
 China’s growth rate would drop abruptly if the Euro area experiences a sharp recession
 But China has room for a countervailing fiscal response, and should use that space
 Unlike 2009–10, any stimulus should be executed through the budget rather than the banking
system
The weak global outlook reinforces the importance of rebalancing China’s economy
 This means more private consumption and a diminishing reliance on investment
 Financial and corporate sector reforms will be critical to achieving this economic transformation
The Baseline Outlook
1. The global recovery is threatened by China. The Chinese economy has, once again,
intensifying strains in the euro area and shown its resilience in the midst of a difficult
fragilities elsewhere. The latest World external environment, buoyed by robust
Economic Outlook (WEO) projections forecast a corporate profitability and rising household
deceleration in global activity to 3¼ percent in incomes (Figure 1). However, net exports will
2012. This represents a downward revision of prove to be a significant drag on growth in the
about ¾ percentage points relative to the coming two years, with the current account
September 2011 WEO, largely a result of the surplus remaining at 3–4 percent of GDP. As a
euro area entering a mild recession, contracting result, growth is expected to fall to 8¼ percent
by ½ percent in 2012. Growth in emerging and this year (from 9.2 percent in 2011), gathering
developing economies is expected to reach speed in the latter part of this year and rising to
5½ percent this year, ¾ percentage point less 8¾ percent in 2013 (Table 1 and Figure 2).
than forecasted in the September 2011 WEO.
3. Inflation has peaked but will continue
2. This weaker global environment has
to be vulnerable to supply-driven food price
led staff to lower their growth forecasts for
increases. Inflation fell to
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 1

2. CHINA ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
FIGURE 1. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Domestic demand remains strong as stimulus is withdrawn. …and private investment has taken over from public
Household spending has moderated to pre-crisis levels… stimulus…
Retail Sales
(In percent, year-on-year growth)
Fixed Asset Investment
(In percent, year-on-year growth)
20 100 60 Total investment 60
Private
Public
40 40
10 50
20 20
0 0
Total (LHS) Automobiles Durable goods 0 0
-10 -50
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
-20 -20
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
…supported by strong profitability. Rising labor costs appear so The government is successfully calming the property market,
far to be largely matched by productivity gains. but underlying construction activity remains healthy.
Residential Property Price and Activity, National
China Unit Labor Cost and Industrial Profit Margin ( In percent, yoy, sa)
8 120 120
Investment
20 Floor space sold
Price
80 80
6
10
40 40
4
0 Unit labor cost (4Qma, yoy growth )
0 0
Nominal wages (4Qma, yoy growth)
Total profit margin (percent 4Qma, RHS)
-10 2 -40 -40
2000 2004 2009 2011 2000 2004 2009 2011
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Dec - 11
Inflation has peaked and is now declining… …while the trade surplus has continued to fall through the
global crisis.
Inflation Current Account and Components
(In percent) (In percent of GDP)
10 40
Food contribution (y/y) Services balance
9 9
Non-Food contribution (y/y) Income balance
8
30
CPI (m/m, saar, RHS) Net transfers
6 6
6 Goods balance
20 Current account balance
3 3
4
10
2 0 0
0
0 -3 -3
-2 -10 -6 -6
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 ytd Q3
2 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

3. FEBRUARY 2012
Table 1: Main Economic Indicators prices should be regarded as a welcome
development, giving household income an
2011 2012 2013
opportunity to catch up with housing costs.
Nevertheless, the reliance on administrative
(percent change, unless otherwise specified)
Real GDP 9.2 8.2 8.8 measures—to contain leverage and curtail
Domestic Demand 10.3 9.5 9.3 purchases—carries its own risks and could
Consumption 10.0 9.6 9.6
become less effective over time. A more durable
Investment 10.6 9.4 8.9
remedy to China’s propensity for property
Net exports (contribution to growth) -0.5 -0.9 -0.2
bubbles has to be firmly rooted in policies that
Inflation (average) 5.4 3.3 3.0
raise the cost of capital, provide a broader range
Current account (percent of GDP)1 3.3 3.2 3.8
General government balance -2.0 -2.0 -1.4 of alternative investment vehicles for savers, and
(percent of GDP)1
institute a broad-based property tax.
1 Staff projections for 2011
5. Upward pressures on the currency
4.1 percent at end-2011 and will continue to have diminished recently. The renminbi
decline steadily in the first few months of this appreciated by around 6 percent in real effective
year. However, the tight supply-demand balance terms in 2011. At the same time, the pace of
for domestically produced food will mean that reserve accumulation has fallen due to multiple
even small shocks to supply—from adverse factors including a smaller trade surplus, higher
weather conditions or disease—will have a global risk aversion, and valuation effects
disproportionate effect on prices. A durable associated with a stronger U.S. dollar. However,
solution will require broad-based reforms to given the current account still has a sizable
increase agricultural productivity, improve surplus in U.S. dollars and FDI remains strong,
distribution networks, facilitate food imports, the pace of reserves accumulation should
and generally raise the responsiveness of food resume this year.
supply to rising prices. 6. Monetary conditions should be fine-
4. The government’s efforts to cool the tuned to allow for some modest additional
property sector have been effective. The credit to the economy. Following a tight third
market is beginning to deflate, with price growth quarter last year and a slowing of foreign
slowing and transaction volumes down. inflows, M2 growth ended the year at
Encouragingly, underlying investment remains 13.6 percent. In the last few months, the
healthy, in part due to the government’s efforts authorities have allowed for a modest increase
to expand the supply of social housing. At in liquidity, including through a 50 basis point
present, there seems little reason to backpedal reduction in reserve requirements in December.
on the measures put in place to deflate the This year, an M2 growth target of 14 percent
market. Indeed, a modest decline in property would be prudent and would strike the right
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4. CHINA ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
FIGURE 2. OUTLOOK AND RISKS
Growth is likely to moderate but will still be at healthy levels. Inflation will fall although volatile food prices remain a
significant vulnerability.
Contribution to GDP Growth Consumer Price Inflation
(In percent, annual average) (In percent)
20 20 8
Contibution to Underlying Inflation Forecast
6
4 6
10 10
2
4
0
0 0
Net exports
2
Private investment & change in stocks Others
-2
Private consumption Edible Oil
Public Food-related services
Confidence intervals
GDP growth Residence
-10 -10 -4 0
2007Q1 2008Q1 2009Q1 2010Q1 2011Q1 2012Q1 2012Q4 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2010 2011 2012
As in 2008–09, a severe recession in advanced economies would The real estate market presents the biggest domestic risk.1
hit China hard through lower exports.
Contribution to Export Growth China: Potential Effects on Property Downturn
(Percent of total) (In percent)
Output Real Share Prices
9 2002-04 2005-07 2008-09 2010-11 9
Bank
-3 -3
Distress
4 4 Corporate
Distress Corporate and
Bank Distress
-8 -8
-1 -1
Asia
Asia
Asia
Asia
Africa, LatAm, Oceania
Africa, LatAm, Oceania
Africa, LatAm, Oceania
Africa, LatAm, Oceania
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
North America
North America
North America
North America
-13 Corporate -13
Distress
Bank Distress
-18 -18
Historical and international experience would indicate the large …and could hit bank balance sheets hard in the face of a
credit stimulus of 2009–10 has increased the risks in the banking significant growth and real estate downturn.
system...
Credit/GDP China: Macro-Scenario Results
(In percentage points, change over five years) (In percent, end-2009)
35 12
98 Current (2005-10)
97 NPL CAR
Previous banking crises (label indicates year) 10
25
94 00
81 8
15 91
98
93 6
83 94 97
5
89
01 4
-5
2
-15
0
CN BR TR NG SG CO IN PE ZA VE ID AR JO HK CL MY
No shock Mild Medium Severe
AR: Argentina; BR: Brazil; CL: Chile; CN: China; CO: Colombia; HK: Hong Kong SAR; ID: Indonesia; IN: India; JO: Jordan; MY:
Growth = 7 percent ; 5 percent; 4 percent
Malaysia; NG: Nigeria; PE: Peru; SG: Singapore; TR: Turkey; VE: Venezuela; ZA: South Africa. Figure shows bank credit to the
private sector. For Argentina, calculations are based on official GDP and CPI data. Right scale.
Property price decline = 7 percent; 16 percent; 26 percent
Source: PBC/CBRC
1In this scenario, a downturn of the property market causes a sizable portion of credit to local government financial platforms, the real estate
sector, and small and medium enterprises to become impaired.
4 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

5. FEBRUARY 2012
balance between the need to provide modest play more of a role in clearing the capital market
support to a slowing economy while being would enable the central bank to rely less on
conscious of the credit overhang and risks to the administrative limits on credit to achieve its
banks created by the post-crisis credit stimulus. monetary goals.
In particular, a McCallum rule would suggest
7. Given the uncertain global outlook,
that an M2 growth target of around 14 percent
some modest fiscal support to the economy is
would be consistent with staff’s forecast for
warranted. In particular, for 2012, plans for
growth and inflation. Over the next couple of
fiscal consolidation should be deferred and a
months, liquidity conditions should be fine-
general government deficit of around 2 percent
tuned through open market operations.
of GDP should be targeted. Given very buoyant
However, if foreign inflows remain subdued,
tax receipts, this could be achieved even with a
reserve requirements could also be lowered.
lowering of social contributions and
Meanwhile, the ongoing decline in inflation
consumption taxes, an increase in social
should be viewed as an opportunity to raise real
transfers (particularly to the poor and
loan and deposit rates in order to move the cost
unemployed), and an acceleration of the ongoing
of capital closer to equilibrium and increase
public investments in social housing.
household financial income. Allowing prices to
A Clear and Present Danger Emanating from Europe
8. As identified in the latest WEO and the WEO Update—which would see global
Global Financial Stability Report Updates, growth falling by 1¾ percentage points relative
the global economy is at a precarious stage to the baseline—China’s growth would fall by
and downside risks have risen sharply. The around 4 percentage points (Box 1). The risks to
most salient risk is from an intensification of China from Europe are, therefore, both large and
feedback loops between sovereign and bank tangible.
funding pressures in the euro area, resulting in
10. In the unfortunate event such a
more protracted bank deleveraging and sizable
downside scenario becomes reality, China
contractions in credit and output in both Europe
should respond with a significant fiscal
and elsewhere.
package, executed through central and local
government budgets (Figure 3). At a time when
9. Should such a tail risk of financial
much of the rest of the globe would fall into
volatility emanating from Europe be realized,
recession, China should be prepared to tolerate
it would drag China’s growth lower. The
modestly lower growth in the near term while
channels of contagion would be felt mainly
cushioning the impact on the most vulnerable
through trade, with knock-on effects to domestic
through targeted transfers and unemployment
demand. In the downside scenario outlined in
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 5

6. CHINA ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
BOX 1. BRACING FOR THE STORM: HOW WOULD CHINA FARE IF THE EURO AREA FALTERS?
The WEO update envisages a global downside scenario under which intensification in adverse feedback loops
between sovereign and bank funding pressures in the euro area results in sizeable contractions in credit and
output. It assumes that sovereign spreads temporarily rise and increased concerns about fiscal sustainability force a
more front-loaded fiscal consolidation, depressing near-term demand and growth. Bank asset quality deteriorates by
more than in the WEO baseline, owing to higher losses on sovereign debt holdings and on loans to the private sector.
Private investment contracts by 1¾ percentage points of GDP and euro area activity is reduced by about 4 percent
relative to the WEO forecast. Assuming that financial contagion to the rest of the world is more intense than in the
baseline (but weaker than following the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008), global activity would be lower by about
2 percent.
China’s closed capital account would provide some protection from financial spillovers. Foreign banks’ claims on
Chinese banks are less than 1 percent of Chinese bank liabilities, while foreign assets of Chinese banks―including
sovereign debt―represent only 2 percent of their total assets. In addition, given the large deposit base, Chinese banks do
not depend on wholesale funding and Chinese non-financial corporations have minimal reliance on external funding.
That said, a sharp fall in European and other advanced economies equity markets could affect sentiment, feeding through
to China’s equity markets, and may also create disruptions in the availability of trade credit.
China would be highly exposed through trade linkages. Europe and the United States together account for nearly half
of China’s total exports. Lower global demand would, therefore, feed back negatively to corporate and financial sector
balance sheets, hampering the performance of firms in the tradable sector (where excess capacity is already prevalent),
increasing NPLs, and potentially prompting banks to deleverage. This would further reduce investment, employment and
growth and could trigger a decline in China’s property market. In the absence of a domestic policy response, China’s
growth could decline by as much as 4 percentage points relative to the baseline projections leading to broad-based
consumer and asset price deflation. China’s vulnerability to external shocks was highlighted in the global financial crisis,
when global growth fell by around 6½ percent. In China, even after a huge credit and fiscal stimulus response, which
boosted growth by at least 6 percentage points, growth still fell by 5 percentage points.
However, a track record of fiscal discipline has given China ample room to respond to such an external shock. A
sizable fiscal stimulus could mitigate, but not fully offset, the decline in its output. In particular, a front-loaded fiscal
stimulus of around 3 percent of GDP spread out over 2012–13 would limit the growth decline to around 1 percent,
cushioning the adverse effects on employment and people’s livelihoods.
Effect on China Output Effect on China Assets and Consumer Prices
4 4 10 20
Deviation from baseline Without stimulus,
deviation from baseline
2 2 0
With fiscal stimulus 5
CPI inflation
0 0 (LHS)
CPI inflation -20
(LHS)
0
-2 -2 Share prices -40
Share prices
(RHS) (RHS)
-5
-4 Without fiscal stimulus -4 -60
-6 -6 -10 -80
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
(Effects shown in charts represent the impact of the downside scenario in the WEO update on China’s output, consumer and asset prices,
relative to the WEO baseline)
6 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

7. FEBRUARY 2012
benefits. A fiscal package—of around 3 percent 11. The weak external outlook
of GDP—should be the principal line of defense. underscores the importance of accelerating
Stimulative measures could include further the transformation of China’s economy to
reductions in social contributions or reduce its vulnerability to the vagaries of
consumption taxes, direct subsidies to the global demand. China has taken a number of
purchase of consumer durables, corporate encouraging steps, including appreciating the
incentives to expand investments that reduce renminbi, making substantial investments in the
pollution and energy use, fiscal support for social safety net, expanding pension and health
smaller enterprises, advancing plans for social care coverage, raising the minimum wage, and
housing, and scaling up investments in the social beginning to raise the cost of inputs to
safety net. Unlike in 2008, the stimulus production (particularly energy). Greater efforts
package—including transfers to the subnational are now needed to raise household income and
level to support their spending—should pass shift the growth structure from exports and
through the budget and not be reliant upon a investment toward consumption. As outlined in
public infrastructure package that is routed the 2011 IMF Staff Report on China, this requires
through the banking system, state enterprises, measures in a number of areas, including
and local government financing vehicles. financial and corporate sector reforms that
Residual concerns about credit quality and bank would pave the way for China’s citizens to share
balance sheets from the 2009–10 stimulus more fully in the dividends from high and
would mean that any monetary response to an sustained growth.
unfolding European crisis should be limited.
Lingering Domestic Risks
12. China still has a long way to go to 13. A large external shock would bring
digest the side effects of the surge of credit many of these domestic risks more forcefully
unleashed in the wake of the global crisis. In to the forefront. The biggest concern would be
particular, there are balance sheet risks from the a coinciding, self-reinforcing slump in both the
slowing real estate and export sectors, as well as tradable and property sectors. This could
possible losses on lending to local government precipitate a steeper than anticipated decline in
financing vehicles. On their own, the potential prices, transaction volumes, and property-
costs from these problems appear manageable related investment. The appropriate response
and could be absorbed without significantly would be to boost property demand through the
derailing growth. However, this requires that government purchasing homes directly for social
bank regulation and supervision be attuned to housing purposes and selectively relaxing some
proactively identifying and managing these risks. of the administrative purchase restrictions for
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 7

8. CHINA ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
FIGURE 3. POLICY PRIORITIES
Fiscal consolidation should be deferred to provide support to Government debt is projected to remain sustainable even under
the slowing economy. Fiscal stimulus should also be the main extreme circumstances.
line of defense if downside risks materialize.
China: Central Government Debt
China: General Government (In percent of GDP)
(In percent of GDP) 100
40
Baseline Including contingent debt
Debt Overall balance (RHS) 4
80
30
2 60
20
0 40
10 20
-2
0
0 -4 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Unlike in 2008-10, stimulus should be focused less on investment … with monetary policy continuing to normalize, to contain
and more on raising consumption and household income…. the balance sheet risks associated with the 2009–10 credit
surge.
Domestic Demand M2 Growth
(In percent of GDP) (In percent; based on estimated McCallum-type Rule)
30 30
Actual
60 60
25 Desired 25
20 20
40 40
15 15
Consumption
Household consumption
Investment 10 10
20 20 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012Q4
1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2011
A property slump could be contained by selectively loosening …while stepping up rebalancing efforts in order to sustain
some purchase restrictions—for first time buyers, lower income China’s growth and make it more inclusive.
groups, and those seeking to purchase social housing—and
accelerating social housing construction...
Asia: Change in Gini Index, Last Two Decades1
Selected purchase restrictions (in Gini points)
China, urban ( 2005, 34.8 )
 Minimum downpayment for homes larger than 90 m2 Nepal ( 2004, 47.2 )
Sri Lanka ( 2006, 40.3 )
Lao PDR ( 2008, 36.7 )
increased to 30 percent Cambodia ( 2007, 44.4 )
Bangladesh ( 2005, 33.2 )
China, rural ( 2005, 35.9 )
Japan ( 2010, 28.7 )
 Minimum downpayment for second homes increased New Zealand ( 2009, 33.0 )
Hong Kong SAR ( 2002, 49.5 )
Philippines ( 2006, 44.0 )
to 60 percent India, urban ( 2004, 37.6 )
Korea ( 2010, 34.1 )
Indonesia, rural ( 2009, 29.5 )
 Mortgage loans for third or more homes banned Australia ( 2008, 33.1 )
Indonesia, urban ( 2009, 37.1 )
Singapore ( 2003, 43.7 )
nationwide India, rural ( 2004, 30.5 )
Vietnam ( 2008, 37.6 )
Taiwan POC ( 2009, 31.7 )
Malaysia ( 2009, 46.2 )
 Buyers without at least 1 year of local tax or social Mongolia ( 2005, 33.0 )
Thailand ( 2007, 41.9 )
security records treated as second home buyers -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Sources: CEIC Data Company Ltd.; World Bank, PovcalNet database; WIDER income inequality database; Milanovic
(2010); national authorities and IMF staff calculations.
1 In parentheses, the latest available year and corresponding Gini coefficients.
8 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

9. FEBRUARY 2012
first time buyers, lower income groups, and oversight of nonbank forms of intermediation,
those seeking to purchase social housing. Limits and accelerating progress toward financial
on lending to property (such as loan-to-value liberalization—along the lines proposed in the
ratios), however, should be maintained to 2011 IMF Staff Report.
protect the financial system from the impact of a
15. Finally, continuation of the current,
property downturn.
very high levels of investment may, over
14. The ongoing migration of resources
time, undermine bank and corporate balance
into nonbank means of financial
sheets. Much of the decline in the external
intermediation casts a widening shadow on
surplus, at least so far, has been achieved
monetary control and financial stability. Over
through very strong investment growth, rather
the past year, the government has restricted
than the more desirable boost to consumption as
bank lending through administrative means,
a share of output. Such a decline in the external
creating incentives to shift resources into a less
surplus due to higher investment would be
transparent and perhaps less well regulated
undesirable, shifting concerns to a growing
nonbank financial system. In turn, this growing
internal imbalance that could ultimately
pace of financial innovation is complicating
undermine the sustainability of China’s growth
macroeconomic policy and undermining the
by aggravating excess capacity, lowering
effectiveness of using monetary aggregates as a
productivity, and generating bad loans. A key
policy target. It is also increasing liquidity
measure to address these concerns, and shift to a
pressures for smaller banks. While unlikely to
more consumption-led economy, would be to
create a systemic risk in the short term, left
raise the artificially low cost of capital in China
unaddressed, vulnerabilities could steadily build
(Box 2).
up over time. This underlines the urgency of
undertaking a broad rethink of the monetary
policy framework, strengthening regulatory
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 9

10. CHINA ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
BOX 2. WHY MORE IS LESS: FINANCIAL REFORM AND HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS IN CHINA 1
In the mid-1990s, urban households in China saved 19 percent of their disposable income on average. By
2009, their saving rate had increased to 30 percent. This increase is puzzling since it occurred during a time
when the economy grew rapidly, urbanization proceeded at a relatively rapid pace, and household earnings
prospects improved. Such influences could have been expected to dampen savings impulses, rather than trigger
them. Although a similar decline in the consumption-GDP ratio has been seen during other economies’ development,
China’s consumption started at a relatively low level and has Urban Household Saving Rate and Real Deposit Rate
(In percent)
fallen further over the past two decades. Rebalancing China’s 30 2
economy back toward consumption will require, among other
28
policies, measures that raise household income and induce 1
people to save less and consume more. 26
0
The evidence indicates that financial reform—in particular 24
interest rate liberalization and an increase in real deposit -1
22
Urban household saving rate
rates—can contribute to boosting consumption. Since a large 3yma real deposit rate (RHS)
20 -2
portion of household savings is placed in banks, the return on 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
bank deposits has the potential to have a large impact on saving
behavior. With deposit rates that are well below the rate of inflation in recent years, the real return on bank deposits
has declined steadily. As real interest rates have declined, urban saving rates have moved in the other direction.
Examining the data across China’s 31 provinces, it is clear that households save to meet multiple needs—self-
insurance, retirement, meeting the downpayment to purchase a home—and appear to behave as though they
have a target level of savings in mind. The data suggests that when the return to saving falls, households have a
tougher time meeting their target savings and react by increasing the share of their disposable income that they save.
Higher interest rates work in the opposite direction, leading households to reduce their savings. Higher real interest
rates, therefore, hold significant promise in boosting private consumption.
Financial reform and interest rate liberalization should be a key part of accelerating China’s economic
transformation toward a consumption-based growth model. Building on the steps taken in recent years to
strengthen China’s financial system, the next stage of financial reform will need to be sequenced appropriately to
minimize the risks of a disorderly liberalization.2 A broad roadmap for reform would include adopting a new
monetary policy framework; raising real interest rates; strengthening and expanding regulatory coverage of the
financial system; putting in place a broad set of tools for crisis management; developing financial markets and
alternative means of intermediation and new instruments for saving; deregulating interest rates; and, eventually,
opening up the capital account. Progress is being made in many of these areas and should be accelerated through the
course of the 12th Five Year Plan.
With higher real interest rates and more market-determined pricing of capital, the returns to household
savings will increase. Empirical work would suggest that such a sustained increase in the interest rates on bank
deposits and wider access to alternative investment opportunities will induce households to spend more,
accelerating the transition to consumption-led growth in China.
1 See Nabar, M. (2011), “Targets, Interest Rates, and Household Saving in Urban China,” IMF Working Paper 11/223 .
2 For details on sequencing, see People’s Republic of China: Staff Report for the 2011 Article IV Consultation.
10 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND