The document outlines the principles of writing complex sentences and process descriptions, emphasizing the use of various clauses and grammar points. It provides examples and vocabulary for sequencing, linking words, and passive voice in descriptions of procedures. Additionally, it reviews essential vocabulary related to process stages, cause and effect, and descriptive adjectives.

1. Writing Task One

2. Complex Sentences

3. Basic Principle
These children had started to make money when the rest of us was still at
school.
S V
Adv.
S V
Main Clause Sub.
Clause

4. Clauses
Adjective clause
Adverb clause
Noun clause

5. Adding Different
Components to a Sentence

6. 1️Simple Sentence:
The teacher explained the lesson.
2️With a Noun Clause (acting as an object):
The teacher explained how photosynthesis works.
3️With an Adjective Clause (describing "the teacher"):
The teacher, who is very knowledgeable, explained how photosynthesis
works.
4️With an Adverb Clause (giving a reason):
The teacher, who is very knowledgeable, explained how photosynthesis
works because the students were confused.

7. Summary Writing of Flow Charts

8. Grammar Points
Passive Voice
1 ️
1️⃣
🔹 Process descriptions often focus on actions rather than who performs
them.
✔ Example: The raw materials are heated before being molded.
✔ Example: Water is filtered through multiple layers.
🔹 Common structure: be + past participle (e.g., is heated, are transported).

9. Grammar Points
Sequencing and Linking Words
2️⃣
🔹 Essential for showing the order of steps in a process.
✔ Example: First, the mixture is poured into a mold. Next, it is cooled and
hardened.

10. Grammar Points
Present Simple for General Facts
3 ️
3️⃣
🔹 Used to describe processes that are always true.
✔ Example: Water evaporates when heated.
✔ Example: The liquid flows through a filter before being collected.

11. Grammar Points
Relative Clauses (for Additional Details)
4️⃣
🔹 Useful for adding extra information about a step in the process.
✔ Example: The mixture, which consists of sand and cement, is heated at a
high temperature.
✔ Example: The machine, which has multiple filters, removes impurities.

12. Vocabulary Review
Sequencing Words (To Show Order of Steps)
1 ️
1️⃣
🔹 First, Firstly
🔹 Next, Then, After that, Following this
🔹 Subsequently, At this stage
🔹 Finally, At the final stage
✅ Example:
First, the raw materials are collected. Next, they are transported to the processing
unit.

13. Vocabulary Review
Verbs for Process Descriptions (Mostly Passive)
2 ️
2️⃣
🔹 is heated, is cooled, is mixed, is processed
🔹 is collected, is transported, is assembled, is crushed
🔹 is filtered, is stored, is transferred, is extracted
✅ Example:
The water is filtered before being transported to storage tanks.

14. Vocabulary Review
Nouns for Process Stages
3 ️
3️⃣
🔹 Stage, Step, Phase
🔹 Cycle, Sequence, Procedure
🔹 Component, Element, Material, Ingredient
✅ Example:
In the first stage, the raw materials are combined in a large container.

15. Vocabulary Review
Linking Words for Cause & Effect
4 ️
4️⃣
🔹 As a result, Consequently
🔹 Due to, Because of
🔹 Which leads to, Which results in
✅ Example:
The mixture is cooled rapidly, which results in solidification.

16. Vocabulary Review
Prepositions for Process Descriptions
5️⃣
🔹 Into poured into, placed into
→
🔹 Through flows through, passes through
→
🔹 Onto spread onto, applied onto
→
🔹 From…to transported from the factory to the warehouse
→
✅ Example:
The solution passes through a series of filters before being stored in a tank.

17. Vocabulary Review
Useful Adjectives
6 ️
6️⃣
🔹 Automatic, Mechanical, Manual
🔹 Gradual, Continuous, Sequential
🔹 Chemical, Industrial, Natural
✅ Example:
The process is automatic, requiring no human intervention.