2. 国际会计准则(IAS) 目 录Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements........................................................3Preface .....................................................................................................................................................................24Procedure and Objective of IASB .........................................................................................................................27IAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements........................................................................................................33IAS 2: Inventories...................................................................................................................................................55IAS 7: Cash Flow Statements ................................................................................................................................62IAS 8: Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies.............73IAS 10: Events After the Balance Sheet Date.......................................................................................................82IAS 11: Construction Contracts ............................................................................................................................93IAS 12: Income Taxes ...........................................................................................................................................101IAS 14: Segment Reporting .................................................................................................................................134IAS 15: Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices.......................................................................150IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment.............................................................................................................155IAS 17: Leases.......................................................................................................................................................169IAS 18: Revenue ...................................................................................................................................................180IAS 19: Employee Benefits...................................................................................................................................188IAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance ..............................227IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates ............................................................................233IAS 22: Business Combinations...........................................................................................................................244IAS 23: Borrowing Costs .....................................................................................................................................270IAS 24: Related Party Disclosures ......................................................................................................................275IAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans ....................................................................280IAS 27: Consolidated Financial Statements .......................................................................................................288IAS 28: Investments in Associates .......................................................................................................................294IAS 29: Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies ........................................................................301IAS 30: Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions......................308IAS 31: Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures ..............................................................................319IAS 32: Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation...........................................................................328IAS 33: Earnings per Share .................................................................................................................................351IAS 34: Interim Financial Reporting..................................................................................................................365IAS 35: Discontinuing Operations ......................................................................................................................376IAS 36: Impairment of Assets..............................................................................................................................385IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets...................................................................410IAS 38: Intangible Assets .....................................................................................................................................426IAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement ......................................................................452IAS 40: Investment Property ...............................................................................................................................504IAS 41: Agriculture ..............................................................................................................................................520
3. Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements编制和呈报财务报表的基本框架 The IASB Framework is a conceptual accounting framework that sets out the concepts that underlie thepreparation and presentation of financial statements for external users. It was approved in 1989. The IASBFramework assists the IASB: l in the development of future International Accounting Standards and in its review of existing International Accounting Standards; and l in promoting the harmonisation of regulations, accounting standards and procedures relating to the presentation of financial statements by providing a basis for reducing the number of alternative accounting treatments permitted by International Accounting Standards. In addition, the Framework may assist: l preparers of financial statements in applying International Accounting Standards and in dealing with topics that have yet to form the subject of an International Accounting Standard; l auditors in forming an opinion as to whether financial statements conform with International Accounting Standards; l users of financial statements in interpreting the information contained in financial statements prepared in conformity with International Accounting Standards; and l those who are interested in the work of IASB, providing them with information about its approach to the formulation of accounting standards. The Framework is not an International Accounting Standard and does not define standards for any particularmeasurement or disclosure issue. In a limited number of cases there may be a conflict between the Framework and a requirement within anInternational Accounting Standard. In those cases where there is a conflict, the requirements of the InternationalAccounting Standard prevail over those of the Framework. 世界上许多企业都编制并且向外部使用者呈报财务报表。虽然这些财务报表在国与国之间看上去可能相同,但实际上却存在着差别。这种差别可能是由于各种社会、经济和法律环境的不同所引起的,同时也可能是由于不同的国家在制定国家级标准时考虑到财务报表不同使用者的需要所引起的。 这些不同的环境,导致了财务报表要素亦即资产、负债、权益、收益和费用等不同定义的使用,同时还导致了使用不同的标准确认财务报表中的项目以及对不同计量基础的取舍。财务报表的范围和财务报表中的揭示内容,亦受到影响。 国际会计准则委员会受命通过寻求协调与编制和呈报财务报表有关的规定、会计准则和程序,来缩小这些差别。它认为,寻求进一步协调的最好办法,是将注意力集中在为了提供对经济决策有用的信息而编制的财务报表之上。 国际会计准则委员会理事会认为,为了这种目的而编制的财务报表,可以满足大多数使用者的共同需要。这是因为几乎所有的使用者都要作经济决策,例如:
33. (b)在许多重要的经济中心长期支持国际会计标准委员会工作的国家级股票交易所。越来越多的股票交易所接受外国登记者按照国际会计标准编制的财务报表。 (c)地区性会计师组织。例如,会计学者联合会(The Groupe d’Etudes),亚洲和太平洋地区会计师联合会,欧洲会计师联合会,美洲会计协会。 国际会计标准委员会还承认与国家级和国际级管理界团体以及主要的工商学院保持接触的重要性。前 途 33 会计标准的国际协调和改进要经过艰难道路。国际会计标准委员会将不懈地追求这一目标,为公众利益始终站在协调工作的中心并与所有其他愿意实现这一目标者合作。 34 对于这种协调工作,合作的愿望是必不可缺的。在职业会计团体的支持和友谊以及在财务报表的编制者和使用者的协作中,这种合作愿望都已经很明显。 35 会计实务的改进和协调的最重要的因素,将是国际会计标准和与其协调的国家级会计标准被当作会计和报告的最恰当基础的程度。越来越多的国家已经这样做了。他们认识到了国际会计标准在世界范围内的公认性的益处,认识到了国际会计标准的可比性和协调性所带来的优越性。 36 国际会计标准委员会相信,对委员会的宗旨和提议的越来越大的支持将会不断地产生成果,并将朝着会计标准的国际性协调的方向,促成切实的进步。IAS 1: Presentation of Financial StatementsIAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements supersedes: IAS 1, Disclosure of Accounting Policies; IAS 5, Information to be Disclosed in Financial Statements; and IAS 13, Presentation of Current Assets and Current Liabilities. IAS 1 (revised 1997) was approved by the IASC Board in July 1997 and became effective for financialstatements covering periods beginning on or after 1 July 1998. In May 1999, IAS 10: Events After the Balance Sheet Date, amended paragraphs 63(c), 64, 65(a) and74(c). The amended text become effective for annual financial statements covering periods beginning on or after 1January 2000. The following SIC Interpretations relate to IAS 1: SIC 8: First-Time Application of IASs as the Primary Basis of Accounting; and
34. SIC 18: Consistency - Alternative Methods.Summary of IAS 1IAS 1 defines overall considerations for financial statements: • Fair presentation • Accounting policies • Going concern • Accrual basis of accounting • Consistency of presentation • Materiality and aggregation • Offsetting • Comparative informationFour basic financial statements: IAS 1 prescribes the minimum structure and content, including certaininformation required on the face of the financial statements: • Balance sheet (current/noncurrent distinction is not required) • Income statement (operating/nonoperating separation is required) • Cash flow statement (IAS 7: Cash Flow Statements sets out the details) • Statement showing changes in equity. Various formats are allowed: o The statement shows: § (a) each item of income and expense, gain or loss, which, as required by other IASC Standards, is recognised directly in equity, and the total of these items (examples include property revaluations (IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment), certain foreign currency translation gains and losses (IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates), and changes in fair values of financial instruments (IAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement)); and § (b) net profit or loss for the period, but no total of (a) and (b). Owners investments and withdrawals of capital and other movements in retained earnings and equity capital are shown in the notes. o Same as above, but with a total of (a) and (b) (sometimes called "comprehensive income"). Again, owners investments and withdrawals of capital and other movements in retained earnings and equity capital are shown in the notes. §The statement shows both the recognised gains and losses that are not reported in the income statement and owners investments and withdrawals of capital and other movements in retained earnings and equity capital. An example of this would be the traditional multicolumn statement of changes in shareholders equity.Other matters addressed: • Notes to financial statements • Requires certain information on the face of financial statements • Income statement must show: --revenue --results of operating activities --finance costs --income from associates and joint ventures --taxes --profit or loss from ordinary activities
35. --extraordinary items --minority interest --net profit or loss • Offsetting (netting) • Summary of accounting policies • Illustrative Financial Statements • Disclosure of compliance with IAS • Limited "true and fair override" if compliance is misleading • Requires compliance with Interpretations • Definitions of current and noncurrent国际会计准则第 01 号-财务报表列报( 1997 年修订)目的本准则的目的在于规定通用财务报表编制的基础,以确保企业自身的财务报表与其前期的财务报表以及其他企业的财务报表相互可比。为达到该目的,本准则提出了财务报表列报的总体要求,提供了有关财务报表结构的指南,还提出了财务报表列报内容的最低要求。具体交易和事项的确认、计量和披露在其他国际会计准则中规定。范围1.本准则适用于根据国际会计准则编报的所有通用财务报表的列报。2.通用财务报表,指意在满足那些不能要求报告符合其特定信息需求的使用者需要的那类财务报表。通用财务报表包括单独提供或含在公开文件(如年度报告或招股说明书)中的财务报表。本准则对简明的中期财务信息不适用。本准则一视同仁地适用于单个企业的财务报表和企业集团的合并报表。不过,只要在会计政策说明中清楚地披露合并财务报表和母公司财务报表各自的编制基础,本准则并不阻止在同一份文件中,依据国际会计准则列报合并报表,而依据国家会计准则要求列报母公司财务报表。3.本准则适用于包括银行和保险企业在内的所有类型的企业。与本准则的要求一致且针对银行和类似金融机构的附加披露要求,在《国际会计准则第 30 号 银行和类似金融机构财务报表中的披露》中规定。4.本准则使用适合以盈利为目的的企业的术语,因而公共部门经营企业可运用本准则的要求。