This article addresses systemic racism and othering through an analysis of the killings of George Floyd, Eric Garner, and Emmett Till. It discusses how othering dehumanizes victims and sustains racist ideologies. The author argues that empathy, recognizing our shared humanity, and focusing on inner character rather than outward differences are needed to overcome racism. The teachings of Islam and figures like the Prophet Muhammad promoted equality and condemned othering others on attributes like race or ethnicity.
Memoir Essay Examples. How to write a memoir essay - Louisa Deasey AuthorLiz Milligan
Here is a summary of the key points in the Deer Consumer Products case:
- Ying He served as both CEO and Chairman of the Board, giving him significant control over the company.
- The company focused on short-term goals like inflated sales and profits, rather than long-term sustainability.
- Financial reports did not disclose direct competition from entities related to the CEO.
- When criticized, the CEO and company issued a defensive press release accusing short sellers and a class action lawsuit of manipulating the stock price.
- Regulators found issues with the company's accounting practices, financial reporting, and disclosures around related party transactions.
- This led to investigations, lawsuits, financial restatements, and
THE DIGNITY OF MAN, An Islamic Perspective.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides background information on the author Dr. Mohammad Hashim Kamali and his book "The Dignity of Man: An Islamic Perspective". It discusses the origins and development of the concept of human rights after World War II, including the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It notes that while the Declaration was an important milestone, there was debate around its philosophical underpinnings and cultural influences being predominantly Western. Some Asian and Muslim-majority countries raised objections or concerns that cultural and religious contexts were not fully considered. The document provides this context and history to frame Kamali's examination of human dignity and rights from an Islamic perspective.
MAQASID AL SHARIAH, IJTIHAD AND CIVILISATIONAL RENEWAL.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document discusses the concept of maqasid (objectives/purposes) of Shariah law and how they relate to ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) and civilizational renewal. Some key points:
1) Maqasid reflect the goals and purposes of Shariah, either generally or for specific topics, and were historically marginalized in Islamic legal theory which focused more on specific legal texts and rules.
2) Recent scholarship is exploring how maqasid can provide a framework for ijtihad and help address modern issues through a focus on universal human values like life, intellect, religion, property and family.
3) The author argues for developing a maqas
ISLAMIC LAW IN MALAYSIA, ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS.pdfccccccccdddddd
This chapter provides context about Islamic law in Malaysia. It notes that Malaysia has a multi-racial and multi-religious population, with Malays making up over half and being predominantly Muslim. Islam plays a central role in Malay identity and politics, though Malaysia remains officially secular. Communalism and ethnicity have continued to influence Malaysian politics due to colonial policies that promoted divisions. Reforms to family law have faced debates around increasing Islamization.
FREEDOM, EQUALITY AND JUSTICE IN ISLAM.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an introduction and overview of the first chapter on freedom from Mohammad Hashim Kamali's book "Freedom, Equality and Justice in Islam". It discusses that while freedom is a significant concept, there is little agreement on its precise meaning as it can have different interpretations depending on context. The chapter will analyze conceptualizations of freedom in Islamic theological, social and political contexts based on evidence from the Quran and hadith. It notes that while Muslim jurists have not analyzed the concept of freedom as extensively as Western scholars, contemporary Islamic scholars have contributed more to developing understandings of concepts like freedom and equality in relation to changing modern societies.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "Freedom of Expression in Islam" by Mohammad Hashim Kamali. It summarizes the book's main themes and structure. The book examines both affirmative evidence in Islamic sources supporting freedom of expression, as well as moral and legal restrictions on this freedom. It explores concepts related to expression such as sedition, heresy and disbelief. The introduction notes this is one of the first comprehensive studies on this topic in English or Arabic. It aims to locate evidence, develop new perspectives, and interpret sources in light of contemporary issues. The book is divided into preliminary matters, affirmative evidence, moral restraints, and legal restraints. It examines concepts like criticism, opinion, and association
AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF ISLAM IN INDIA.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an overview of Sunni orthodoxy and theological studies in medieval India. It discusses the dominance of the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence among Muslims in the Indian subcontinent since the 11th century. It notes some of the major Hanafi legal texts produced in India. It also briefly outlines the relatively minor role of theological studies in India compared to other parts of the Islamic world, noting a few early theologians from regions like Sind and Lahore. Overall the document surveys the establishment and continued influence of Sunni Hanafi orthodoxy in medieval India.
The document provides an overview of Islamic architecture and art history. It begins by introducing the major architectural elements of mosques, including minarets, domes, arches, facades, ceramic tiles, screens, and prayer spaces. It then highlights architectural styles that developed in different Islamic regions such as North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia. The document concludes by showcasing artistic masterpieces from Islamic dynasties including calligraphy, ceramics, glasswork, and other art forms.
Memoir Essay Examples. How to write a memoir essay - Louisa Deasey AuthorLiz Milligan
Here is a summary of the key points in the Deer Consumer Products case:
- Ying He served as both CEO and Chairman of the Board, giving him significant control over the company.
- The company focused on short-term goals like inflated sales and profits, rather than long-term sustainability.
- Financial reports did not disclose direct competition from entities related to the CEO.
- When criticized, the CEO and company issued a defensive press release accusing short sellers and a class action lawsuit of manipulating the stock price.
- Regulators found issues with the company's accounting practices, financial reporting, and disclosures around related party transactions.
- This led to investigations, lawsuits, financial restatements, and
THE DIGNITY OF MAN, An Islamic Perspective.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides background information on the author Dr. Mohammad Hashim Kamali and his book "The Dignity of Man: An Islamic Perspective". It discusses the origins and development of the concept of human rights after World War II, including the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It notes that while the Declaration was an important milestone, there was debate around its philosophical underpinnings and cultural influences being predominantly Western. Some Asian and Muslim-majority countries raised objections or concerns that cultural and religious contexts were not fully considered. The document provides this context and history to frame Kamali's examination of human dignity and rights from an Islamic perspective.
MAQASID AL SHARIAH, IJTIHAD AND CIVILISATIONAL RENEWAL.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document discusses the concept of maqasid (objectives/purposes) of Shariah law and how they relate to ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) and civilizational renewal. Some key points:
1) Maqasid reflect the goals and purposes of Shariah, either generally or for specific topics, and were historically marginalized in Islamic legal theory which focused more on specific legal texts and rules.
2) Recent scholarship is exploring how maqasid can provide a framework for ijtihad and help address modern issues through a focus on universal human values like life, intellect, religion, property and family.
3) The author argues for developing a maqas
ISLAMIC LAW IN MALAYSIA, ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS.pdfccccccccdddddd
This chapter provides context about Islamic law in Malaysia. It notes that Malaysia has a multi-racial and multi-religious population, with Malays making up over half and being predominantly Muslim. Islam plays a central role in Malay identity and politics, though Malaysia remains officially secular. Communalism and ethnicity have continued to influence Malaysian politics due to colonial policies that promoted divisions. Reforms to family law have faced debates around increasing Islamization.
FREEDOM, EQUALITY AND JUSTICE IN ISLAM.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an introduction and overview of the first chapter on freedom from Mohammad Hashim Kamali's book "Freedom, Equality and Justice in Islam". It discusses that while freedom is a significant concept, there is little agreement on its precise meaning as it can have different interpretations depending on context. The chapter will analyze conceptualizations of freedom in Islamic theological, social and political contexts based on evidence from the Quran and hadith. It notes that while Muslim jurists have not analyzed the concept of freedom as extensively as Western scholars, contemporary Islamic scholars have contributed more to developing understandings of concepts like freedom and equality in relation to changing modern societies.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "Freedom of Expression in Islam" by Mohammad Hashim Kamali. It summarizes the book's main themes and structure. The book examines both affirmative evidence in Islamic sources supporting freedom of expression, as well as moral and legal restrictions on this freedom. It explores concepts related to expression such as sedition, heresy and disbelief. The introduction notes this is one of the first comprehensive studies on this topic in English or Arabic. It aims to locate evidence, develop new perspectives, and interpret sources in light of contemporary issues. The book is divided into preliminary matters, affirmative evidence, moral restraints, and legal restraints. It examines concepts like criticism, opinion, and association
AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF ISLAM IN INDIA.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an overview of Sunni orthodoxy and theological studies in medieval India. It discusses the dominance of the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence among Muslims in the Indian subcontinent since the 11th century. It notes some of the major Hanafi legal texts produced in India. It also briefly outlines the relatively minor role of theological studies in India compared to other parts of the Islamic world, noting a few early theologians from regions like Sind and Lahore. Overall the document surveys the establishment and continued influence of Sunni Hanafi orthodoxy in medieval India.
The document provides an overview of Islamic architecture and art history. It begins by introducing the major architectural elements of mosques, including minarets, domes, arches, facades, ceramic tiles, screens, and prayer spaces. It then highlights architectural styles that developed in different Islamic regions such as North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia. The document concludes by showcasing artistic masterpieces from Islamic dynasties including calligraphy, ceramics, glasswork, and other art forms.
A Muslim's Reflections on Democratic Capitalism.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an overview of Islamic economic concepts as derived from the Quran and Hadith. It discusses how in Islam, humans have a responsibility for their own welfare and the environment, as well as before God. While humans have material needs, Islam teaches they are more than economic beings - they are spiritual beings called to worship God. The Quran reveals the earthly life is temporary and meant to prepare humans for the afterlife, when they will be judged. Islam thus calls for a balance between material and spiritual needs to fulfill their divine purpose.
This summary provides a high-level overview of the key events and developments in early Islamic history outlined in the document's chronology:
- The birth of the Prophet Muhammad in 570 CE and major events in his life including the Hijra in 622 which marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
- The rapid expansion of the Muslim empire through military conquests under the first three caliphs - Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman - reaching as far as Egypt and Persia by the mid-7th century.
- The rise of sectarian divisions and power struggles following the death of the Prophet, culminating in the assassination of Uthman in 656 and the Battle
1001 Inventions The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Civilization.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an introduction and summary of the book 1001 Inventions: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Civilization. It discusses how the author, Salim Al-Hassani, became interested in the topic after realizing there was a 1000 year gap in scientific history that was not adequately explained. It led him to research the contributions of Muslim civilization during this period. This grew into the Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization and the website MuslimHeritage.com. The initiative 1001 Inventions was then launched to help spread knowledge of the scientific achievements during this era to wider audiences. The introduction provides background on the motivation and story behind the creation of this book.
1001 Inventions Muslim Heritage in Our World.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World". It discusses how the book came to be written to help fill a 1000 year gap in history textbooks regarding scientific and technological developments during the Islamic Golden Age. The introduction describes the book's goal of highlighting important Muslim contributions in fields like mathematics, astronomy, agriculture, medicine, architecture, and more that helped lay the foundations for modern science and technology. It expresses hope that the book will help inspire people of all faiths and provide a better understanding between cultures.
Islam's penal law is based on the concept of accountability before God. It aims to deter crime through fair punishments prescribed by Islamic scripture. The objectives of punishment in Islam are:
1. To punish the guilty proportionately for their crimes.
2. To prevent criminals from reoffending.
3. To serve as a lesson for others to discourage criminal inclinations.
4. To administer punishments publicly for maximum deterrent effect.
This document provides an overview and summary of the contents of the Quran. It discusses the origins and compilation of the Quran. The key topics covered in the Quran are identified as the story of creation, stories of prophets, stories of good and wicked people, parables and maxims, articles of faith, basic duties, the Islamic code of conduct, laws relating to various aspects of life, and laws of war and peace. The document then provides a high-level summary of the creation of Adam and Eve as recounted in the Quran.
A Biography of The Prophet of Islam In the Light of the Original Sources An A...ccccccccdddddd
This document provides a summary of the contents of Volume 1 of a biography of the Prophet Muhammad. It discusses sources used, including the Quran, hadith, biography works, and war chronicles. It notes that the volume will cover history of Makkah before Islam, the world situation, and the Prophet's life from birth to his hijrah to Madinah. It aims to present reliable narratives and derive lessons for applying the Sunnah today.
African Muslim Names Images and Identities.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an overview of the book "African Muslim Names: Images and Identities" by Sharifa M. Zawawi. The book examines Muslim names used in Africa, how they are adapted to African languages, and the synthesis between indigenous and Islamic influences. It discusses the meanings and social significance of African Muslim names. The document provides context on the importance of names in African culture and outlines the structure and sources used in the book. Key topics covered include the derivation of Muslim names, their roots in Arabic and Quranic sources, and examples from Hausa-Fulani and Swahili languages.
This document provides an overview of the Saudi financial system and its evolution. It discusses Saudi Arabia's geography, population, resources, and administrative structure. It then outlines Saudi Arabia's three Five-Year Development Plans which aimed to diversify its economy beyond oil and channel government revenues through public and private institutions. The plans helped develop the financial system but maintaining growth remains challenging due to constraints like lack of trained Saudi nationals and tensions between Western and Islamic financial models.
This document discusses the identity crisis facing modern Muslim societies as they have struggled with balancing national and religious identities. It uses the examples of Turkey, Egypt, and Pakistan to examine how Western concepts of secular nationalism have influenced Muslim intellectuals and political elites. While Muslim countries developed as nation-states, individuals have not completely given their loyalty to these states and still maintain aspects of their Islamic ummah identity. The tension between religious and secular ideas of identity is a key issue explored in this work through analyzing the development of Muslim thought on these concepts over the 20th century.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the analytical study of the Islamic economic system by Dr. Monzer Kahf. It discusses the methodology of Islamic economics, distinguishing it from Islamic business law. The study aims to build a general theory of the functioning Islamic economy by analyzing the interrelationships between its components and examining its internal consistency. It also notes the lack of studies on the history of Islamic economic thought and the need for research in this area. The introduction outlines the contents and scope of the six chapters to follow, which will cover topics like consumption theory, production theory, the market structure, and the macroeconomic model and policy implications of the Islamic economy.
This document provides an introduction and summary of the book "Studies in Islamic Civilization" by Ahmed Essa. It discusses the book's focus on the contributions of Islamic civilization that are often overlooked or minimized in world histories. The book surveys the accomplishments of the Muslim world from the first Muslim community through later expansion. It examines areas like trade, agriculture, and travel. A major focus is on the pursuit of learning in Islamic civilization and the advances this led to in fields like philosophy, science, and medicine. The book also discusses the flowering of creativity in Islamic literature and arts, as well as the civilization's impact on the Renaissance in Europe. The introduction emphasizes the need to understand Islamic history and achievements in order to address misunderstand
Muslim Baby Names Urdu Roman and English.pdfccccccccdddddd
Muslim Baby Names is a book that provides over 2,000 Muslim names for boys and girls in both Romanized English and Urdu scripts, along with the meanings of each name in English. The names are compiled alphabetically for ease of reference. The book includes an introduction explaining the Romanization of Urdu letters and the importance of choosing good names in the Muslim tradition.
This document summarizes Marguerite van Geldermalsen's experience marrying a Bedouin man named Mohammad Abdallah in Petra, Jordan in 1978. It describes how she and her friend Elizabeth met Mohammad after visiting sites in Petra and he invited them to stay with his family. They accepted and followed a young boy who guided them to Mohammad's cave home. Marguerite later married Mohammad and had three children with him before he passed away in 2002. She now divides her time between Sydney, Australia and Petra.
The child is confused about Islam and Muslims after seeing news about the 9/11 attacks. The father explains to the child that:
1) The men who carried out the 9/11 attacks were fanatics, not real Muslims, as Islam forbids suicide and killing innocent people.
2) Not all Arabs are Muslims, and not all Muslims are Arabs. The attacks should not lead the child to lump all Arabs together.
3) The attackers were misguided and believed false teachings that killing for God would send them to heaven, but this is untrue according to Islam. They were committing mass murder and harming their own religion.
4) Terrorism means creating great fear and panic in people
This document provides an overview of an exhibition at the British Museum titled "Hajj: Journey to the heart of Islam". The exhibition tells the story of the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca from its beginnings to the present day through objects, manuscripts, photographs and contributions from scholars. It explores the history, rituals and modern manifestations of the Hajj through pieces from various collections. The goal is to give visitors an understanding of this important Islamic ritual that is a duty for all Muslims but cannot be participated in by non-Muslims.
This document summarizes a revocable living trust created by a husband and wife to hold their property and distribute it according to Islamic inheritance laws after their deaths. It establishes the trustees as the husband and wife and lists their children. It specifies that all future property will be held in the trust. The document outlines general provisions regarding additions to the trust corpus, governing laws, the trust name, definitions, and a disclaimer allowing beneficiaries to refuse portions of the inheritance. It also contains clauses about common disasters, arbitration by an Islamic organization if disputes arise, and a waiver of any rights to elective shares under state laws that may conflict with the Islamic distribution schedule.
This document provides a disclaimer for an Islamic marriage contract form. It states that the form is intended to educate Muslim brides and grooms about Islamic legal issues related to marriage but is not a legal document. It clarifies that neither the writer nor any organizations involved assume any legal responsibility or liability. It advises seeking independent legal counsel according to one's own state/province laws when using the form.
This document discusses the principles of Islamic financing based on a review of early Islamic literature and contemporary writings. It covers financing practices during the Prophet's time, which included mudarabah (profit-sharing), muzara'ah and musaqah (crop-sharing), salam sales (forward sales), and benevolent lending. The need for financing is justified by differences in peoples' resource endowments and the need to match financial resources with business skills. Financing also serves as an income-generating activity and allows wealth to grow through exchange. Early sources show financing was needed to facilitate trade, agriculture, and relieve financial distress. Principles that emerged emphasized continued ownership of assets, sharing risks and rewards, and prohibiting
This document provides an introduction and overview of Islamic teachings and rulings regarding marriage. It discusses the importance and encouragement of marriage in Islam, forbidden relationships, and the marriage contract and ceremony process. The key points are that marriage is strongly encouraged and considered the foundation of family and society in Islam. It outlines who one is forbidden to marry, the steps of the marriage contract and ceremony, and the rights and obligations of husbands and wives. Sample marriage contracts and a certificate are included in the appendices.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A Muslim's Reflections on Democratic Capitalism.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an overview of Islamic economic concepts as derived from the Quran and Hadith. It discusses how in Islam, humans have a responsibility for their own welfare and the environment, as well as before God. While humans have material needs, Islam teaches they are more than economic beings - they are spiritual beings called to worship God. The Quran reveals the earthly life is temporary and meant to prepare humans for the afterlife, when they will be judged. Islam thus calls for a balance between material and spiritual needs to fulfill their divine purpose.
This summary provides a high-level overview of the key events and developments in early Islamic history outlined in the document's chronology:
- The birth of the Prophet Muhammad in 570 CE and major events in his life including the Hijra in 622 which marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
- The rapid expansion of the Muslim empire through military conquests under the first three caliphs - Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman - reaching as far as Egypt and Persia by the mid-7th century.
- The rise of sectarian divisions and power struggles following the death of the Prophet, culminating in the assassination of Uthman in 656 and the Battle
1001 Inventions The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Civilization.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an introduction and summary of the book 1001 Inventions: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Civilization. It discusses how the author, Salim Al-Hassani, became interested in the topic after realizing there was a 1000 year gap in scientific history that was not adequately explained. It led him to research the contributions of Muslim civilization during this period. This grew into the Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization and the website MuslimHeritage.com. The initiative 1001 Inventions was then launched to help spread knowledge of the scientific achievements during this era to wider audiences. The introduction provides background on the motivation and story behind the creation of this book.
1001 Inventions Muslim Heritage in Our World.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an introduction and overview of the book "1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World". It discusses how the book came to be written to help fill a 1000 year gap in history textbooks regarding scientific and technological developments during the Islamic Golden Age. The introduction describes the book's goal of highlighting important Muslim contributions in fields like mathematics, astronomy, agriculture, medicine, architecture, and more that helped lay the foundations for modern science and technology. It expresses hope that the book will help inspire people of all faiths and provide a better understanding between cultures.
Islam's penal law is based on the concept of accountability before God. It aims to deter crime through fair punishments prescribed by Islamic scripture. The objectives of punishment in Islam are:
1. To punish the guilty proportionately for their crimes.
2. To prevent criminals from reoffending.
3. To serve as a lesson for others to discourage criminal inclinations.
4. To administer punishments publicly for maximum deterrent effect.
This document provides an overview and summary of the contents of the Quran. It discusses the origins and compilation of the Quran. The key topics covered in the Quran are identified as the story of creation, stories of prophets, stories of good and wicked people, parables and maxims, articles of faith, basic duties, the Islamic code of conduct, laws relating to various aspects of life, and laws of war and peace. The document then provides a high-level summary of the creation of Adam and Eve as recounted in the Quran.
A Biography of The Prophet of Islam In the Light of the Original Sources An A...ccccccccdddddd
This document provides a summary of the contents of Volume 1 of a biography of the Prophet Muhammad. It discusses sources used, including the Quran, hadith, biography works, and war chronicles. It notes that the volume will cover history of Makkah before Islam, the world situation, and the Prophet's life from birth to his hijrah to Madinah. It aims to present reliable narratives and derive lessons for applying the Sunnah today.
African Muslim Names Images and Identities.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides an overview of the book "African Muslim Names: Images and Identities" by Sharifa M. Zawawi. The book examines Muslim names used in Africa, how they are adapted to African languages, and the synthesis between indigenous and Islamic influences. It discusses the meanings and social significance of African Muslim names. The document provides context on the importance of names in African culture and outlines the structure and sources used in the book. Key topics covered include the derivation of Muslim names, their roots in Arabic and Quranic sources, and examples from Hausa-Fulani and Swahili languages.
This document provides an overview of the Saudi financial system and its evolution. It discusses Saudi Arabia's geography, population, resources, and administrative structure. It then outlines Saudi Arabia's three Five-Year Development Plans which aimed to diversify its economy beyond oil and channel government revenues through public and private institutions. The plans helped develop the financial system but maintaining growth remains challenging due to constraints like lack of trained Saudi nationals and tensions between Western and Islamic financial models.
This document discusses the identity crisis facing modern Muslim societies as they have struggled with balancing national and religious identities. It uses the examples of Turkey, Egypt, and Pakistan to examine how Western concepts of secular nationalism have influenced Muslim intellectuals and political elites. While Muslim countries developed as nation-states, individuals have not completely given their loyalty to these states and still maintain aspects of their Islamic ummah identity. The tension between religious and secular ideas of identity is a key issue explored in this work through analyzing the development of Muslim thought on these concepts over the 20th century.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the analytical study of the Islamic economic system by Dr. Monzer Kahf. It discusses the methodology of Islamic economics, distinguishing it from Islamic business law. The study aims to build a general theory of the functioning Islamic economy by analyzing the interrelationships between its components and examining its internal consistency. It also notes the lack of studies on the history of Islamic economic thought and the need for research in this area. The introduction outlines the contents and scope of the six chapters to follow, which will cover topics like consumption theory, production theory, the market structure, and the macroeconomic model and policy implications of the Islamic economy.
This document provides an introduction and summary of the book "Studies in Islamic Civilization" by Ahmed Essa. It discusses the book's focus on the contributions of Islamic civilization that are often overlooked or minimized in world histories. The book surveys the accomplishments of the Muslim world from the first Muslim community through later expansion. It examines areas like trade, agriculture, and travel. A major focus is on the pursuit of learning in Islamic civilization and the advances this led to in fields like philosophy, science, and medicine. The book also discusses the flowering of creativity in Islamic literature and arts, as well as the civilization's impact on the Renaissance in Europe. The introduction emphasizes the need to understand Islamic history and achievements in order to address misunderstand
Muslim Baby Names Urdu Roman and English.pdfccccccccdddddd
Muslim Baby Names is a book that provides over 2,000 Muslim names for boys and girls in both Romanized English and Urdu scripts, along with the meanings of each name in English. The names are compiled alphabetically for ease of reference. The book includes an introduction explaining the Romanization of Urdu letters and the importance of choosing good names in the Muslim tradition.
This document summarizes Marguerite van Geldermalsen's experience marrying a Bedouin man named Mohammad Abdallah in Petra, Jordan in 1978. It describes how she and her friend Elizabeth met Mohammad after visiting sites in Petra and he invited them to stay with his family. They accepted and followed a young boy who guided them to Mohammad's cave home. Marguerite later married Mohammad and had three children with him before he passed away in 2002. She now divides her time between Sydney, Australia and Petra.
The child is confused about Islam and Muslims after seeing news about the 9/11 attacks. The father explains to the child that:
1) The men who carried out the 9/11 attacks were fanatics, not real Muslims, as Islam forbids suicide and killing innocent people.
2) Not all Arabs are Muslims, and not all Muslims are Arabs. The attacks should not lead the child to lump all Arabs together.
3) The attackers were misguided and believed false teachings that killing for God would send them to heaven, but this is untrue according to Islam. They were committing mass murder and harming their own religion.
4) Terrorism means creating great fear and panic in people
This document provides an overview of an exhibition at the British Museum titled "Hajj: Journey to the heart of Islam". The exhibition tells the story of the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca from its beginnings to the present day through objects, manuscripts, photographs and contributions from scholars. It explores the history, rituals and modern manifestations of the Hajj through pieces from various collections. The goal is to give visitors an understanding of this important Islamic ritual that is a duty for all Muslims but cannot be participated in by non-Muslims.
This document summarizes a revocable living trust created by a husband and wife to hold their property and distribute it according to Islamic inheritance laws after their deaths. It establishes the trustees as the husband and wife and lists their children. It specifies that all future property will be held in the trust. The document outlines general provisions regarding additions to the trust corpus, governing laws, the trust name, definitions, and a disclaimer allowing beneficiaries to refuse portions of the inheritance. It also contains clauses about common disasters, arbitration by an Islamic organization if disputes arise, and a waiver of any rights to elective shares under state laws that may conflict with the Islamic distribution schedule.
This document provides a disclaimer for an Islamic marriage contract form. It states that the form is intended to educate Muslim brides and grooms about Islamic legal issues related to marriage but is not a legal document. It clarifies that neither the writer nor any organizations involved assume any legal responsibility or liability. It advises seeking independent legal counsel according to one's own state/province laws when using the form.
This document discusses the principles of Islamic financing based on a review of early Islamic literature and contemporary writings. It covers financing practices during the Prophet's time, which included mudarabah (profit-sharing), muzara'ah and musaqah (crop-sharing), salam sales (forward sales), and benevolent lending. The need for financing is justified by differences in peoples' resource endowments and the need to match financial resources with business skills. Financing also serves as an income-generating activity and allows wealth to grow through exchange. Early sources show financing was needed to facilitate trade, agriculture, and relieve financial distress. Principles that emerged emphasized continued ownership of assets, sharing risks and rewards, and prohibiting
This document provides an introduction and overview of Islamic teachings and rulings regarding marriage. It discusses the importance and encouragement of marriage in Islam, forbidden relationships, and the marriage contract and ceremony process. The key points are that marriage is strongly encouraged and considered the foundation of family and society in Islam. It outlines who one is forbidden to marry, the steps of the marriage contract and ceremony, and the rights and obligations of husbands and wives. Sample marriage contracts and a certificate are included in the appendices.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
1. “I Can’t Breathe”
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• “I Can’t Breathe”
Dr. Osman Latiff
20 minutes read
Last updated 9 June 2020
This article addresses the killing of George Floyd that occurred on May 25th 2020 and explains the concept of
othering, how it dehumanises its victim and what is the solution to racism.
The killing of George Floyd on May 25th 2020 tugged at our collective conscience. With every
waning breath and dying plea ‘I can’t breathe’ screamed in its silence and we gasped together. The
coalescing of brutal indifference of state power with a forlorn plea for mercy, for understanding, for
pity, for empathy, placed us all in an unavoidable frame of witnessing. History was on repeat. On
July 17th 2014, 43-year-old Eric Garner was killed in a chokehold by a New York City Police
Department officer, whilst repeating “I can’t breathe” at least eleven times. Unlike Floyd, Garner
was not physically still when he held up his hands, protesting his innocence to the NY police
officers who encountered him. His positioning was one of trying to create space between him and
the officers. He was threatened within his space and violated.
The three words spoken by Garner and later by Floyd, “I can’t breathe” topped the list of the most
notable quotations of 2014 according to the Yale Book of Quotations. But it is the first of his words,
it is the simple but highly evocative pronoun “I” which draws us, through a consideration of a range
of imagined tones to a perspective-taking with George Floyd and Eric Garner. As Ben Zimmer
describes, “To intone the words “I can’t breathe,” surrounded by thousands of others doing the
same, is an act of intense empathy and solidarity. The empathy comes from momentarily stepping
into the persona of Eric Garner at that instant the life was being choked out of him. It is a kind of
rhetorical tribute to inhabit his subject position, taking on the pronoun “I” and repeating the words
he helplessly repeated eleven times.”1 Words reminisced, like the singing of popular songs of
deceased artists or the chanting of words during pilgrimage rituals, or during memorials, all contain
a sense of empathic solidarity through mimicry.
One way in which the body becomes the main medium that facilitates empathy for another as it
symbolically did in the kneeling protests is found in the figurative expression of Paul Laurence
Dunbar’s poem ‘The Haunted Oak’. In this, the bodies of lynch victims and the tree share a
vulnerability through the apprehending of a shared pain. Dunbar’s poem, written and published in
1900, could have been based on one of the dozens of lynchings that occurred that year. However, it
was more closely inspired by a story that Dunbar heard through an elderly black man concerning his
nephew in Alabama who had been lynched on an oak tree by a gang of whites.
According to the story, the leaves on the tree used for the lynching began to wither, yellowed and
fell off, and the bough shrivelled and died. The tree emerges in Dunbar’s poem as a participant, a
witness. The personified tree – an active, intimate spectator – is unable to withstand the memory of
the horrors it witnessed and writhes in pain:
2. I feel the rope against my bark And the weight of him in my grain I feel in the throe of his final woe
The touch of my own last pain.2
We, like the Oak tree, feel the merging of self and other identities through modes of empathy and
critical self-reflection, examined through tragedy. The ‘weight’, ‘feel’ and ‘touch’ the Oak tree
experiences symbolise the burdens we confront from the Othered victims of our world. The self-
imaging and identifying with the other is akin to Anna Letitia Barbauld’s poem on pregnancy, ‘To a
Little Invisible Being Who is Expected Soon to Become Visible’:
“She longs to fold to her maternal breast
Part of herself, yet to herself unknown;
To see and salute the stranger guest.”3
Both poets speak from an insider’s perspective – the baby is part of the mother and so too is the
lynched victim part of the tree. Both mother and tree have an empathic identification with their
‘others’ and their emotional states become identical for that moment. The idea is provocative in its
challenging us to imagine what is ‘unimagined’ in public consciousness, to construct an imagined
scene of death, destruction, fear and outrage. Where there is an imagined ‘here’ and there’, there
needs to be an imagined place-making and storying. What we do not see is what we must ‘see’.
No human being is seen to be part of an entirely homogenous entity. The Qur’ān makes clear that
human beings ascribe to different nations and tribes and have differing behaviours. The Prophet
(peace be upon him), in his interactions and dealings underwent a range of experiences with those
who had not initially embraced Islam. Many of them were not hostile to him and his companions
and he reciprocated with an exemplary compassion and empathy. He saw in each a potential for the
acceptance of Islam – a potential for change.
One of the most infamous cases in America of racist brutality was found in the killing of Emmett
Till, a young African American boy on holiday from Chicago to Mississippi, came to change the
scope and outlook of the Civil Rights Movement. Though countless blacks had been killed in the
early decades of the twentieth century, lynched or beaten to death, the killing of Emmett became an
icon of white racism and brutality, galvanising the support of both blacks and whites. When his
mutilated body was discovered in the Tallahatchie River, the police were eager that it remained
sealed. Such a prospect was quickly rejected by his mother Maya Till who wanted to ‘see’ her son.
Further, against police and state advice, she chose to have his funeral service in an open casket so
others could also ‘see’ and bear witness to the racism that had killed her son. ‘This is what you did
to my son. I want the world to see what you did’, she said. It was the sight of the disfigured Emmett
lying in his coffin that brought home the truths of racism.
“We buried Emmett. The state of Mississippi said that that was not Emmett. They said: that it was
impossible for a body to deteriorate that much in that length of time. But what they didn’t say, they
didn’t bring out that the body was badly beaten, that the river water had burst the skin and it had
peeled off the body. The water was hot, the beating was brutal. Then to beat him, they didn’t hear
his cries. They didn’t touch them whatsoever. This one little colored boy that did hear them said that
he heard screams coming from that barn about an hour and a half. He cried for God, he cried for his
mother, he pleaded with them. But they were having such a good time, so they didn’t consider that
he was a human being.”4
It is insightful for us at this stage for us to re-consider the well-known account of John Howard
Griffin, a white American author who temporarily altered the pigment of his skin in order to
experience and understand first-hand the life of a black man in the Southern states of America. He
described his experience in the international bestseller ‘Black like Me’. The book recounts
numerous incidents of the Othering of Black people, of the arousing of hatred and suspicion toward
Griffin who, for the whites, was an African American. His experience is very telling of the
psychology of dehumanisation prevalent in the Southern states during that time. He writes:
“I learned within a very few hours that no one was judging me by my qualities as a human
3. individual and everyone was judging me by my pigment. As soon as white men or women saw me,
they automatically assumed I possessed a whole set of false characteristics (false not only to me but
to all black men). They could not see me or any other black man as a human individual because
they buried us under the garbage of their stereotyped view of us. They saw us as “different” from
themselves in fundamental ways: we were irresponsible; we were different in our sexual morals; we
were intellectually limited; we had a God-given sense of rhythm; we were lazy and happy-go-lucky;
we loved watermelon and fried chicken. How could white men ever really know black men if on
every contact the white man’s stereotyped view of the black man got in the way? I never knew a
black man who felt this stereotyped view fit him. Always, in every encounter even with “good
whites,” we had the feeling that the white person was not talking with us but with his image of us.”5
The concluding line here is very telling – “was not talking with us but with his image of us.”
Othering is a caricaturising of another, a false-creation. As these examples outline, it obscures,
demoralises and generates an irrational fear of another, leading to hatred, abuse and savagery.
The Qur’ān is clear in calling mankind to honour the deep appreciation of diversity in creation, to
promote righteousness, and to challenge what inflames our destructive passions. It encourages us to
reflect on the wonder of Allāh’s distinct creation:
“Another of His signs is the creation of the heavens and earth, and the diversity of your languages
and colours. There truly are signs in this for those who know.”6
“People, We created you all from a single man and a single woman, and made you into races and
tribes so that you should recognize one another. In God’s eyes, the most honoured of you are the
ones most mindful of Him: God is all-Knowing, all-Aware.”7
The verse above is essential in undercutting and offsetting binary distinctions fuelled by hate. It
uproots the desire to sow division and dissension, and to castigate one group as inferior and
unworthy. It instead draws attention to the marvel within human differences. The verse teaches that
seeking to be honoured, or being honoured, or ennobled is beautiful and yet though man might seek
to inflate himself he might degrade another of a greater dignity, respect and worth. The verse
emphasises that it is ultimately Allāh Who confers dignity upon man; our human framing of worth
and greatness can often be skewed and lacking.
In the Prophet Muḥammad’s ﷺlast sermon during his Hajj in in the tenth year of Hijra, he made
clear that all people are equal irrespective of ethnicity or colour and that the only thing that
differentiates them is their acknowledgement, belief, fear, trust and love of Him (taqwa). It is this
that would motivate them to good actions and make them cognisant of their personal and social
responsibilities. The Prophet ﷺdeclared:
“There is no superiority for an Arab over a non-Arab and for a non-Arab over an Arab; or for white
over the black or for the black over the white except in piety. Verily the noblest among you is he/she
who is the most pious.”8
“Othering” is a process of constructing another people as radically different to one’s own group
usually on the basis of racist discourses. Once the Prophet’s companion Abu Dharr insulted Bilal
with reference to his mother, saying, “O son of a black woman!” Bilal went to the Prophet ﷺ, and
he told him what he said. The Prophet ﷺbecame angry by what he heard. Later, Abu Dharr came to
visit the Prophet, but he was unaware of what Bilal told him. The Prophet ﷺturned away from him
and Abu Dharr asked, “O Messenger of Allāh, have you turned away because of something you
have been told?” The Prophet ﷺsaid, “Have you insulted Bilal by his mother? By the One who
revealed the Book to Muḥammad, no one is better than another except by righteous deeds.”9
Contrary to the accentuating of such ‘Otherising’ differences, the Prophet’s sermon and his words to
Abu Dharr emphasises that there can be no idea of a superior race or the castigating of others as
inferior. Self and other is pronounced in equal terms as “Arab” and “non-Arab”, as “black” and
“white”; the binaries of subordinates and dominants collapses in the Prophetic frame. People are
4. called on to accept diversity in what we think divides us. The idea is to concentrate not on the outer
and superficial, but on the inner and transcendental. It is to be remembered that the Prophetic
sermon begins with a call to the greater human body, “O People”, and that the divisions noted by
the Prophet ﷺare offset by a pursuit of personal and behavioural excellence in service of the One
God, which can be acquired by any person irrespective of colour and ethnicity.
We, us, humanity, are a collective effort. Attempts at disfiguring and erasing of others from the
human frame requires us all to reach across and bridge. We are to give a voice unto others – victims
of war, genocide, social outcasts, the structurally dispossessed, victims of racism. In November
2015 Aboriginal David Dungay pleaded ‘I can’t breathe’ 12 times before he died while being
restrained by five guards in a Sydney jail. “I can’t breathe” were also the final words of 24 year old
Adama Traoré, a Malian French man who died in custody after being restrained and apprehended
by policein 2016. His sister Assa Traoré spoke of her brother and George Floyd: “They died in the
exact same way. They carried the weight of…three cops on them. They had the same words. And
that was the end for George Floyd. That was also the end for Adama Traoré.”10 And there are so
many others. We are to remember that the cost of suffering is measured not only in terms of
physical destruction but of lives that have been lost, of psychological and spiritual damage, of the
creating of countless ‘others’. We must challenge global media narratives and representations that
otherise or exclude fellow humans from a collective state of worthiness, that unleash on others the
stigma of devalued, dehumanised, identities. It is upon us to play important roles in building
societies that connect people, that bridge. Bridging allows us to open spaces, to foster
understanding, communication and an enhancing of the collective human spirit.
Let us remind ourselves that it is against our humanness to exhibit racism towards others, it is
against what Allāh created naturally within us, which is to see, admire and respect each other. There
needs to be a newfound attempt to see each other without the stereotypes, the walls, the distance
both physical and cultural, that mar our perceptions of each other. The South African North Natal
tribes have a beautiful greeting phrase, “Sawu bona” which literally means “I see you.” Another
member of the tribe would reply “Sikhona” which literally means “I am here.” The implication of
such a greeting is encapsulated in the idea that you see me in the now, as I am, without any hate or
prejudice. You see my humanity.
References
1 Ben Zimmer, ‘The Linguistic Power of the Protest Phrase ‘I Can’t Breathe’ –
https://www.wired.com/2014/12/ben-zimmer-on-i-cant-breathe/.
2 ‘The Haunted Oak’ – https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44195/the-haunted-oak.
3 https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43617/to-a-littleinvisible-being-who-is-expected-soon-
to-become-visible.
4 Clenora Hudson-Weems, Emmett Till: The Sacrificial Lamb of the Civil Rights Movement
(AuthorHouse, Bloomington, Indiana: 2006), p. 241.
5 John Howard Griffin, Black Like Me (Signet, New York: 1996), p. 166.
6 The Qur’an, Chapter 30, Verse 22.
7 The Qur’an, Chapter 49, Verse 13.
8 Narrated by Ahmad, 22978.
9 Narrated in Shu’ab al-Imān, 4760.
10 https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/04/world/adama-traore-david-dungay-george-floyd-protests-
gbr-intl/index.html.