Hydropower plants convert the kinetic energy of flowing water into electrical energy. Water is directed through turbines that spin generators to produce electricity. There are various types of hydropower plants classified by the height of the dam and head of water, including low-head, medium-head, and high-head facilities. Hydropower is a renewable energy source that provides power through the continuous water cycle, but construction can be costly and disruptive to local ecosystems.

1. To My
Presentation
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2. Topics Name:
HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS
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3. IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture &
Technology
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4. Hydroelectric power (hydropower) systems convert the kinetic
energy in flowing water into electric energy.
Hydroelectric power is considered a renewable energy source. A
renewable energy source is one that is not depleted (used up) in
the production of energy. Through hydropower, the energy in
falling water is converted into electricity without “using up” the
water.
Hydropower energy is ultimately derived from the sun, which
drives the water cycle. In the water cycle, rivers are recharged in a
continuous cycle. Because of the force of gravity, water flows from
high points to low points. There is kinetic energy embodied in the
flow of water
WHAT IS HYDRO POWER?
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5. HYDRO-POWER PLANT
It plays very important role in the
development of country.
It provides power at cheapest rate.
About 20% of the total world power is
generated using hydro power plants.
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6. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT
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7. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER
SYSYTEM WORKS
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8. HOW A HYDROELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEM WORKS
Flowing water is directed at
a turbine (remember
turbines are just advanced
waterwheels).
The flowing water causes the
turbine to rotate, converting
the water’s kinetic energy
into mechanical energy.
A control mechanism to
provide stable electrical
power. It is called governor.
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9. The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into
electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside the generator, the
shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is
a fact of nature that moving a magnet near a conductor causes an
electric current.
HOW A HYDROELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
WORKS
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10. SIZES O HYDROPOWER PLANTS
• Pico hydroelectric plant.
– Up to 10kW, remote areas, away from the grid.
• Micro hydroelectric plant
– Capacity 10kW to 300kW, usually provided power for small
community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid.
• Small hydroelectric plant.
– Capacity 300kW to 1MW
• Mini hydroelectric plant.
– Capacity above 1MW
• Medium hydroelectric plant.
– 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid.
• Large hydroelectric plant.
– More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid.
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11. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO ELECTRIC
POWER STATION
• CLASSIFICATION BASED ON HEAD
A. High head plant ( < 300 m.)
B. Medium head plant. (60m to 300 m.)
C. Low head plant. ( > 60m.)
• CLASSIFICATION BASED ON WATER CONDITION
A. Flow of water plant.
B. Storage of water plant.
C. Pump storage water plant.
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12. HYDRO POWER PLANT
• Head
– Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release
its stored energy.
– The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the
forebay and the tailbay) is called head.
• Dams: Are of three categories.
– high-head (800 or more feet)
– medium-head (100 to 800 feet)
– low-head (less than 100 feet)
• Power is proportional to the product of
head x flow
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13. ELEMENT OF HYDRO POWER STATION
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14. DIFFERENT TYPE OF TURBINE USE IN
HYDRO POWER STATION
• 1.High head schemes. (Impulse turbine, peloton wheel)
• 2.Medium head schemes. (reaction turbine )
• 3.Low head schemes. (propeller turbine )
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15. Classification of hydro-Electric power plant
The classification of hydro electric power plant depend on the following
factors:
1) Quantity of water:
It is following types.
i. Run of river plant.
ii. Storage plant.
iii. Pumped storage.
2) Availability of Head of Water:
a) Low head plant. Operating head < 15m.
b) Medium head plant. Operating head 15 to 50m.
c) High head plants Operating head > 50m. 15
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16. a) Low head plant
 Operating head is less than 15m.
 Vertical shaft Francis turbine or Kaplan turbine.
 Small dam is required.
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17. B) Medium head plant
 Operating head is less than 15 to 50m.
 Francis turbines.
 Forebay is provided at the beginning of the penstock.
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18. C) High head plant
 Operating head exceed 50m.
 Pelton turbines.
 surge tank is attached to the penstock to reduce water hammer effect on the penstock.
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19. Flow rate and head
 The amount of electricity produced depends upon
 the amount of water flowing (flow rate) and the
 height from which water falls (head).
 There are high-head and low-head hydropower systems.
 Low-head hydropower systems are generally less than 20 feet high.
 The two primary types of hydropower facilities are the impoundment
system (or dam) and the run-of-the-river system.
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20. DAM
A Dam is barrier, which confines or raise water for
storage diversion to create a hydraulic head.
Generally made of concrete , rock fill or timber
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21. IMPOUNDMENT SYSTEM
An impoundment is
simply a dam that
holds water in a
reservoir. The water
is released when
needed through a
penstock, to drive
the turbine.
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22. A standard equation for calculating energy production:
Power = (Head) x (Flow) x (Efficiency) /11.8
Power = the electric power in kilowatts or kW
Head = the distance the water falls (measured in feet)
Flow = the amount of water flowing (measured in cubic feet per second
or cfs)
Efficiency = How well the turbine and generator convert the power of
falling water into electric power. This can range from 60%
(0.60) for older, poorly maintained hydroplants to 90%
(0.90) for newer, well maintained plants.
11.8 = Index that converts units of feet and seconds into kilowatts
Calculation
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23. HISTORY OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
After the discovery of electricity, it was
realized that a turbine’s mechanical energy
could be used to activate a generator and
produce electricity.
The first hydroelectric power plant was
constructed in 1882 in Appleton,
Wisconsin. It produced 12.5 kilowatts of
electricity which was used to light two
paper mills and one home
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24. WORLD’S FIRST HYDROPOWER PLANT
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25. ADVANTAGES
 Renewable Energy
 Clean Energy Source
 Domestic Energy Source
 Generally Available As Needed
 Provides Recreational Opportunities
 Water Supply and Flood Control
 No fuel required
 Cost of electricity is constant
 No air-pollution is created
 Long life
 Cost of generation of electricity
 Irrigation of farms
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26. •Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems
•Disruption in the surrounding areas
•Requires large areas
•Large scale human displacement
•Very high capital cost or investment
•High quality construction
•Site specific
•Effects on environment
•Safety of the dams
•The capital cost of generators, civil engineering work etc is high.
DISADVANTAGES
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