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HUMN GEO - CHAPTER IX ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.pptx
- 1. ECONOMIC DEVELOPM ENT GEOGRAPHY 1: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY BATANGASSTATE UNIVERSITY THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY LEMERY CAMPUS COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
- 4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPM ENT GEOGRAPHY 1: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY BATANGASSTATE UNIVERSITY THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY LEMERY CAMPUS COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
- 6. LEARNIN G OBJECTIV ES Explain the processof measuring economic development. Discuss how demographic characteristics relate to development. Propose measures on how Philippines can promote economic development.
- 7. Economics is thesocial science focused on the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. It includes a wide range of our daily activities, including what we do for a living and how LEARNING CONTENT
- 8. Nearly every economicexchange has spatial dimension to it, and exchanges occur on a number of spatial scales. Economic geography helps us understand how wealth is created, distributed and moves between individuals, communities and even countries.
- 9. A solid graspof how the economy works is essential to understanding how almost any aspect of our society works. People who have a robust understanding of the mechanisms of our economy can often understand many issues that involve culture, politics, religion, ethnicity, and dozens of other topics. Economics was no doubt a key factor in your
- 10. It probably explainsa significant part of why you are in this class or attending this college. If you see the power of money, and the influence of the economic system in the operation of daily life, you might find some value in the political - economic ideology of Marxism. You may find the Marxist social science methodology known as Historical
- 11. If you’re notcareful though, you might be accused of falling into the trap of economic determinism, which like some of the other deterministic views introduced elsewhere in this text, can lead to an over-reliance on a single causal variable.
- 12. TWO TYPES OF ECONOMICS focuseson the behavior and decisions of individuals, households, and firms in making choices about the use of limited resources. MICROECONOM ICS MACROECONO MICS deals with the economy as a whole, studying large-scale economic factors such as national income, inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.
- 13. MEASURING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT(GDP) - total value of goods and services produced in a country (US$) GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP) - Including income from investments abroad (US$) PURCHASING POWER PARITY (PPP) - Takes into account local cost of living and is usually expressed per capita (US$) GDP/GNP PER CAPITA - Total value divided by the total
- 14. Gross National Productis the market value of all final good and services produced by a nation’s residents, no matter where they are located. In general, economic policy makers look to the size and growth of the GNP as an indication of the health of the country's economy. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)
- 15. GNP is calculatedby adding personal consumption expenditures, government expenditures, private domestic investments, net exports, and all income earned by residents in foreign countries, minus the income earned by foreign residents within the domestic economy. The net exports are calculated by subtracting the value of imports from the value of the country’s exports. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)
- 16. DISADVANTAGES OF GROSS NATIONALPRODUCT (GNP) 1 2 Difficulty in accounting for quality changes in GNP Commodity taxes inflate the value of GNP without any increase in the volume of the physical output.
- 17. DISADVANTAGES OF GROSS NATIONALPRODUCT (GNP) 3 4 A number of services remain excluded from the GNP estimate despite their high contribution to development and welfare. Problems of unreported and illegal activities.
- 18. DISADVANTAGES OF GROSS NATIONALPRODUCT (GNP) 5 Not all activities have a monetary value.
- 19. Gross Domestic Productis the most widely used measure of a nation’s economic performance. It is the market value of all final goods and services produced in a nation during a period of time, usually a year. It relies on markets to establish the relative value of goods and services. GDP is a quantitative, rather than qualitative, measure of the output of goods and services. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
- 20. A method usedto compare the economic productivity and standards of living between countries. It adjusts GDP by taking into account the local cost of living and inflation rates, providing a more accurate picture of what people can actually buy with their income. PPP is usually expressed per capita (US$) and helps compare the real well-being of citizens across nations. PURCHASING POWER PARITY (PPP)
- 21. The total GDPor GNP divided by the population of the country. This measures the average income or economic output per person. A higher per capita figure indicates better living standards, though it does not account for income inequality within the population. GDP/GNP PER CAPITA
- 22. Population, health, andeconomic development are determinants as well as consequences of each other. Improved health directly affects population size, age-sex structure, labor force participation, and productivity level, all of which may either inhibit or facilitate economic progress. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
- 23. MAJOR DEMOGRAPHI C INDICATORS • Fertility •Mortality • Migration • Composition Of Population • Distribution Of Population • Natural Increase
- 24. FERTILITY Refers to thenumber of live births in a population. It is often measured through the fertility rate (average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime). It indicates population growth potential.
- 25. MORTALITY Refers to theincidence of death in a population. Mortality rates (like infant mortality or crude death rate) show health conditions, life expectancy, and overall quality of life in a country.
- 26. MIGRATION The movement ofpeople from one place to another, either within a country (internal migration) or across borders (international migration). It affects population size, labor force, and cultural diversity.
- 27. COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Refers tothe structure of the population in terms of age, gender, sex, marital status, education, occupation (skilled/unskilled), etc. It helps analyze workforce potential and social characteristics of a population.
- 28. DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION Refers tohow people are spread across a given area or region. Some areas may be densely populated while others are sparsely populated, affecting resource allocation and development planning.
- 29. NATURAL INCREASE The differencebetween the number of births and deaths in a population over a period of time. If births exceed deaths, the population grows; if deaths exceed births, the population decreases.
- 30. FACTORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT • PoliticalStability • Macroeconomic Stability • Levels of Infrastructure • Natural Resources • Educational Standards • Saving Rates / Foreign Aid
- 31. POLITICAL STABILITY A stablegovernment promotes peace, enforces laws, and creates a secure environment for businesses and investors. Political instability (e.g., corruption, conflict, frequent changes in leadership) discourages growth.
- 32. MACROECONOMIC STABILITY Refers to stableprices, low inflation, sustainable government debt, and steady economic growth. A stable economy builds confidence among investors and ensures long-term development.
- 33. LEVELS OF INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure includesroads, electricity, water supply, transport, and communication systems. Strong infrastructure lowers production costs, improves efficiency, and attracts investment.
- 34. NATURAL RESOURCES Availability ofland, minerals, water, forests, and energy resources contributes to development. However, effective management is essential, as over-reliance can cause economic vulnerability.
- 35. EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS A skilled andeducated workforce increases productivity, innovation, and the ability to adapt to new technologies, which drives sustainable growth.
- 36. SAVING RATES /FOREIGN AID High savings provide capital for investment in industries and development projects. Foreign aid also supports infrastructure, health, and education in developing nations.
- 37. BARRIERS TO TRADE Tariffs,quotas, and trade restrictions can limit economic growth by reducing market access. Open trade policies allow countries to specialize, export goods, and attract foreign investment.
- 38. The base ofall economic development is investment. When private investment fails to meet a community's particular needs, public investment or public/private partnerships may be necessary. Current realities and future challenges of economic development give rise to three foundational principles on which economic development investments should be based: exports, HOW COUNTRIES CAN PROMOTE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?
- 39. Exports have motivatedmuch of economic development activity in the past, but the shift from a manufacturing service-based economy and increasing global competition has emphasized the importance of productivity. A growing awareness of the need for human development and the scarcity of natural resources also highlights the need for a sustainable approach. HOW COUNTRIES CAN PROMOTE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?
- 40. Exports, productivity, andsustainability are the three principles of economic development - the pillars that form the core support of the economic development edifice. With too much or too little investment in any one of the three, the structure becomes unstable. HOW COUNTRIES CAN PROMOTE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?
- 42. THANK YOU HAVE A NICEDAY EVERYONE!
Editor's Notes
- #5 Tariff - A tariff is a tax or duty imposed by a government on goods imported from other countries. It is usually charged as a percentage of the value of the imported goods or as a fixed amount per unit. The Trump administration imposed a reciprocal tariff of up to 20% on Philippine exports to the U.S., which was later reduced to 19% after negotiations. This tariff makes Philippine goods more expensive in the U.S., which may reduce demand for exports like electronics, coconut products, and seafood. Exports are a major part of the economy, so lower demand could slow economic growth and affect GDP. Some estimates suggest the tariffs could cost the Philippines around US$1.89 billion (≈₱94.5 billion) in trade revenue. The tariffs could also create supply chain disruptions, especially in electronics and intermediate goods industries. There is a risk of peso volatility and higher import costs, which could push up inflation. The impact is partially mitigated because some goods are exempted from tariffs, and the Philippines’ economy is largely domestic-driven. The tariffs may encourage the Philippines to diversify trade markets and reduce dependence on the U.S. alone. It could also push local industries to increase production capacity and focus on higher-value goods for resilience. Overall, the tariffs present challenges, but careful government strategies and business adjustments can reduce negative effects.
- #8 Economic Geography is a branch of geography that studies how people use the Earth’s resources, where economic activities are located, and why certain industries and jobs develop in specific places. It connects economics (production, distribution, consumption) with geography (location, environment, space).
- #9 Economics influences your decision to go to college because it affects your future opportunities and income. College is considered an investment in yourself, where you spend money, time, and effort now to gain better opportunities later. You consider the costs of college, like tuition and allowance, versus the benefits, such as a higher-paying job and career stability. Going to college increases your chances of financial security and a stable career. Your decision is also influenced by the desire for economic mobility and improving your family’s standard of living. Choosing college involves opportunity cost, meaning you give up other opportunities like working full time, but you believe the benefits are worth it.
- #11 Economic determinism is the idea that economic factors are the primary influence on society, politics, and human behavior. In other words, the way a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and wealth shapes its social structures, laws, culture, and even ideas. It is closely associated with Marxist theory, which says that the economic base (means of production and relations of production) determines the superstructure (culture, politics, and institutions).
- #38 Investment is the foundation of all economic development because it provides the resources needed for growth and progress. When private investment is insufficient to meet the specific needs of a community, government investment or collaboration between the public and private sectors may be required. Economic development should focus on exports, meaning producing goods or services that can be sold to other regions or countries to generate income. Productivity is essential, as improving efficiency and output helps the economy grow and supports higher standards of living. Sustainability must be considered to ensure that economic growth does not harm the environment or deplete resources, allowing long-term development. Current realities, like limited resources and global competition, and future challenges, such as climate change and population growth, make these principles critical in planning economic development.
- #39 In the past, exports were a major driver of economic growth because selling goods to other countries brought income and jobs. Over time, many economies have shifted from manufacturing-based to service-based industries, like finance, education, and IT. Increasing global competition means countries must focus on productivity, working more efficiently to stay competitive. There is growing recognition that human development, such as education and skills, is crucial for sustaining economic growth. The scarcity of natural resources shows the need to use resources wisely and adopt a sustainable approach in economic activities.
- #40 Exports drive economic growth by bringing in foreign income, creating jobs, and increasing national revenue. Productivity measures how efficiently resources like labor and capital are used, which improves output and economic performance. Sustainability ensures that economic growth does not harm the environment or deplete resources, allowing development to continue in the long term. Economic development is strongest when all three principles are balanced and working together. If one principle is neglected, such as low productivity, over-reliance on exports, or ignoring sustainability, the economy becomes unstable and growth may falter. Together, exports, productivity, and sustainability act like the pillars of a building, supporting a stable and lasting economic development structure.