The document analyzes housing affordability in Metropolitan Melbourne using two approaches: the ratio approach and the residual income approach. The ratio approach compares housing costs to household income using a ratio of 30% as the benchmark for affordability. The residual income approach accounts for households' non-discretionary living costs and calculates the income left over for housing. The document presents results showing the proportion of affordable housing for different household types across local government areas in Melbourne under each approach. Maps visualize differences between the two approaches.
This is the first description of our future eco-project in Bulgaria, which we intend to kickstart next year. It's a call for support and building a network of supporters. Thanks very much for reading, if you have any questions please contact me or Katja personally under: woistix@yahoo.de respectively beyer.k@gmx.de.
This is the first description of our future eco-project in Bulgaria, which we intend to kickstart next year. It's a call for support and building a network of supporters. Thanks very much for reading, if you have any questions please contact me or Katja personally under: woistix@yahoo.de respectively beyer.k@gmx.de.
Keep Your Home Naturally Cool and Warm Out Change in Seasons
Vinra Construction is a private limited company registered under the ROC. The management has an experience of over 15 years of understanding the needs and delivering apt solutions to the end users We are providing turnkey solutions in construction fields. like Construction, Interior Designing Facility Management, Plantation Management, etc..
Vinra Construction Tech Enabled Company for Eco-Friendly Home Construction
Contact With Vinra for a Greener Future >>> Call us @ 888 4898 765
Total Environment Tangled Up In The Green - Residential Plots Where Nature an...JagadishKR1
Embark on a journey where lush landscapes and contemporary living converge at Total Environment's Tangled Up In The Green Residential Plots in Devanahalli, Bangalore. Surrounded by verdant expanses, these plots offer an idyllic setting for your dream home. Immerse yourself in the serenity of nature while enjoying the finest amenities and design, where every moment is a harmonious blend of luxury and tranquility.
Revenue Keys- Begur Village Survey-Sketchrevenuekeys
Find Land Survey Number View A Begur village Begur Hobli Bangalore The Revenue Department of Karnataka By The Survey Sketch Made Citizen Simple Easy to Find Survey Number,s
The SVN® organization shares a portion of their new weekly listings via their SVN Live® Weekly Property Broadcast. Visit https://svn.com/svn-live/ if you would like to attend our weekly call, which we open up to the brokerage community.
The KA Housing - Catalogue - Listing TurkeyListing Turkey
Welcome to KA Housing, a distinguished real estate development nestled in the heart of Eyüpsultan, one of Istanbul’s most promising districts.
Just 10 minutes from the bustling city center, Eyüpsultan offers a serene escape with the convenience of urban living. The direct metro line ensures seamless connectivity to all parts of Istanbul, making it an ideal location for residents who seek both tranquility and vibrancy.
KA Housing boasts unparalleled accessibility, with proximity to Istanbul Airport only 30 minutes away, facilitating easy international travel. Effortless city access is guaranteed by direct metro and transportation links to Istanbul’s cultural and commercial hubs. Quick access to key metro lines connects you to every corner of the city within minutes, making commuting and exploring the city hassle-free.
The development offers luxurious living spaces with a range of unit layouts from 1+1 to 4+1, designed with meticulous attention to detail. Each unit features balconies or terraces, providing stunning vistas of Istanbul and enhancing the living experience. High-quality materials and superior craftsmanship ensure durability and elegance, while sound-proof insulation and high ceilings (2.95 m) offer comfort and sophistication.
Residents of KA Housing enjoy exclusive on-site amenities, including a state-of-the-art gym, outdoor swimming pool, yoga area, and walking paths. Entertainment options abound with a private cinema, children’s playground, and a variety of dining options including a café and restaurant. Security and convenience are paramount with 24/7 security, a dedicated carpark garage, and an IP intercom system.
KA Housing represents a prime investment opportunity with limited availability in a high-demand area, ensuring enduring value and potential for lucrative returns. Homes in this development provide exceptional value without compromising on quality, offering affordable luxury for discerning buyers. The construction is of the highest quality, built to the latest seismic and disaster resistance standards, ensuring safety and resilience.
The community and surroundings of KA Housing are enriched by close proximity to prestigious universities such as Haliç University, Bilgi University, and Istanbul Ticaret University, making it an ideal location for students and academics. The development is adjacent to the Alibeyköy stream leading into the Halic waters, offering serene natural escapes amidst lush greenery. Residents can enjoy the cultural richness of the area, surrounded by historical and cultural landmarks that blend leisure, nature, and culture seamlessly.
https://listingturkey.com/property/the-ka-housing/
Sense Levent Kagithane Catalog - Listing TurkeyListing Turkey
Sense Levent offers a luxurious living experience in the heart of Istanbul’s vibrant Levent district.
This cutting-edge development seamlessly integrates modern design with natural elements, featuring live evergreen plants maintained by an advanced irrigation system, ensuring lush greenery year-round.
The building’s elegant ceramic balconies are both stylish and durable, enhancing the overall aesthetic and functionality. Residents can enjoy the 700m Sky Lounge, which provides breathtaking views of Istanbul and a perfect space to relax and unwind.
Sense Levent promotes a healthy and active lifestyle with a full gym, swimming pool, sauna, and steam room, all available in the building. The interiors are crafted with high-quality materials, ensuring a luxurious and inviting living space.
Designed with young professionals in mind, Sense Levent features 1+1 and 2+1 units with smart floor plans and balconies. The project promises high investment returns, with an expected annual return of 6.5-7%, significantly above Istanbul’s average ROI.
Located in the rapidly growing and highly desirable Levent area, the development benefits from ongoing urban regeneration projects. Its prime location offers proximity to shopping malls, municipal buildings, universities, and public transportation, adding immense value to your investment.
Early investors can take advantage of discounted units during the construction phase, with an expected capital appreciation of +45% USD upon completion. Property Turkey provides comprehensive rental management services, ensuring a seamless and profitable investment experience.
Additionally, robust legal support and significant tax advantages are available through Property Turkey’s licensed Real Estate Investment Fund. Levent is a dynamic urban hub, ideal for young professionals with its numerous corporate headquarters and shopping malls.
Sense Levent is more than just a residence; it’s a place where dreams and opportunities come to life. Contact us today to secure your place in this exclusive development and experience the best of Istanbul living. Sense Levent: Sense the Opportunity. Live the Dream.
https://listingturkey.com/property/sense-levent/
Omaxe Sports City Dwarka stands out as a premier residential and recreational destination, offering a blend of luxury and sports-centric living. Located in the thriving area of Dwarka, this project by Omaxe Limited is designed to cater to modern lifestyle needs while promoting a healthy, active living environment.
Discover Yeni Eyup Evleri 2, nestled among the rising values of Eyupsultan, offering the epitome of modern living in Istanbul.
With its spacious living areas, contemporary architecture, and meticulous details, Yeni Eyup Evleri 2 is poised to be the star of your happiest moments. Situated in the new favorite district of Eyupsultan, claim your spot and unlock the doors to a peaceful life alongside your loved ones. Nestled next to the historical and natural beauties of Eyupsultan, embrace the comfort of modern living and rediscover life.
Social Amenities:
Yeni Eyup 2 offers a life filled with joy with its green landscaping areas, gym, sauna, children’s play areas, café, outdoor pool, and basketball court. Reserve your place for unforgettable moments!
Reliable Structure:
With 1+1, 2+1, and 3+1 apartment options, Yeni Eyup Evleri 2 is designed with first-class materials and craftsmanship. The doors to a safe and comfortable life are here! Choose the option that suits you best and step into your dream home.
Project:
Yeni Eyup 2 is conveniently located, with Istanbul Airport just 26 minutes away, the Mecidiyeköy Metro Line 4 minutes away, and the Tram Stop 5 minutes away, making your life easier with its central location.
Location:
Your home is positioned in a privileged location, providing easy access to the city center, shopping malls, restaurants, schools, and other important places.
Yeni Eyup 2 offers 1+1, 2+1, and 3+1 apartment options designed to meet different needs. Find an option suitable for every lifestyle and open the doors to a comfortable life in your dream home.
https://listingturkey.com/property/yeni-eyup-evleri-2/
Keep Your Home Naturally Cool and Warm Out Change in Seasons
Vinra Construction is a private limited company registered under the ROC. The management has an experience of over 15 years of understanding the needs and delivering apt solutions to the end users We are providing turnkey solutions in construction fields. like Construction, Interior Designing Facility Management, Plantation Management, etc..
Vinra Construction Tech Enabled Company for Eco-Friendly Home Construction
Contact With Vinra for a Greener Future >>> Call us @ 888 4898 765
Total Environment Tangled Up In The Green - Residential Plots Where Nature an...JagadishKR1
Embark on a journey where lush landscapes and contemporary living converge at Total Environment's Tangled Up In The Green Residential Plots in Devanahalli, Bangalore. Surrounded by verdant expanses, these plots offer an idyllic setting for your dream home. Immerse yourself in the serenity of nature while enjoying the finest amenities and design, where every moment is a harmonious blend of luxury and tranquility.
Revenue Keys- Begur Village Survey-Sketchrevenuekeys
Find Land Survey Number View A Begur village Begur Hobli Bangalore The Revenue Department of Karnataka By The Survey Sketch Made Citizen Simple Easy to Find Survey Number,s
The SVN® organization shares a portion of their new weekly listings via their SVN Live® Weekly Property Broadcast. Visit https://svn.com/svn-live/ if you would like to attend our weekly call, which we open up to the brokerage community.
The KA Housing - Catalogue - Listing TurkeyListing Turkey
Welcome to KA Housing, a distinguished real estate development nestled in the heart of Eyüpsultan, one of Istanbul’s most promising districts.
Just 10 minutes from the bustling city center, Eyüpsultan offers a serene escape with the convenience of urban living. The direct metro line ensures seamless connectivity to all parts of Istanbul, making it an ideal location for residents who seek both tranquility and vibrancy.
KA Housing boasts unparalleled accessibility, with proximity to Istanbul Airport only 30 minutes away, facilitating easy international travel. Effortless city access is guaranteed by direct metro and transportation links to Istanbul’s cultural and commercial hubs. Quick access to key metro lines connects you to every corner of the city within minutes, making commuting and exploring the city hassle-free.
The development offers luxurious living spaces with a range of unit layouts from 1+1 to 4+1, designed with meticulous attention to detail. Each unit features balconies or terraces, providing stunning vistas of Istanbul and enhancing the living experience. High-quality materials and superior craftsmanship ensure durability and elegance, while sound-proof insulation and high ceilings (2.95 m) offer comfort and sophistication.
Residents of KA Housing enjoy exclusive on-site amenities, including a state-of-the-art gym, outdoor swimming pool, yoga area, and walking paths. Entertainment options abound with a private cinema, children’s playground, and a variety of dining options including a café and restaurant. Security and convenience are paramount with 24/7 security, a dedicated carpark garage, and an IP intercom system.
KA Housing represents a prime investment opportunity with limited availability in a high-demand area, ensuring enduring value and potential for lucrative returns. Homes in this development provide exceptional value without compromising on quality, offering affordable luxury for discerning buyers. The construction is of the highest quality, built to the latest seismic and disaster resistance standards, ensuring safety and resilience.
The community and surroundings of KA Housing are enriched by close proximity to prestigious universities such as Haliç University, Bilgi University, and Istanbul Ticaret University, making it an ideal location for students and academics. The development is adjacent to the Alibeyköy stream leading into the Halic waters, offering serene natural escapes amidst lush greenery. Residents can enjoy the cultural richness of the area, surrounded by historical and cultural landmarks that blend leisure, nature, and culture seamlessly.
https://listingturkey.com/property/the-ka-housing/
Sense Levent Kagithane Catalog - Listing TurkeyListing Turkey
Sense Levent offers a luxurious living experience in the heart of Istanbul’s vibrant Levent district.
This cutting-edge development seamlessly integrates modern design with natural elements, featuring live evergreen plants maintained by an advanced irrigation system, ensuring lush greenery year-round.
The building’s elegant ceramic balconies are both stylish and durable, enhancing the overall aesthetic and functionality. Residents can enjoy the 700m Sky Lounge, which provides breathtaking views of Istanbul and a perfect space to relax and unwind.
Sense Levent promotes a healthy and active lifestyle with a full gym, swimming pool, sauna, and steam room, all available in the building. The interiors are crafted with high-quality materials, ensuring a luxurious and inviting living space.
Designed with young professionals in mind, Sense Levent features 1+1 and 2+1 units with smart floor plans and balconies. The project promises high investment returns, with an expected annual return of 6.5-7%, significantly above Istanbul’s average ROI.
Located in the rapidly growing and highly desirable Levent area, the development benefits from ongoing urban regeneration projects. Its prime location offers proximity to shopping malls, municipal buildings, universities, and public transportation, adding immense value to your investment.
Early investors can take advantage of discounted units during the construction phase, with an expected capital appreciation of +45% USD upon completion. Property Turkey provides comprehensive rental management services, ensuring a seamless and profitable investment experience.
Additionally, robust legal support and significant tax advantages are available through Property Turkey’s licensed Real Estate Investment Fund. Levent is a dynamic urban hub, ideal for young professionals with its numerous corporate headquarters and shopping malls.
Sense Levent is more than just a residence; it’s a place where dreams and opportunities come to life. Contact us today to secure your place in this exclusive development and experience the best of Istanbul living. Sense Levent: Sense the Opportunity. Live the Dream.
https://listingturkey.com/property/sense-levent/
Omaxe Sports City Dwarka stands out as a premier residential and recreational destination, offering a blend of luxury and sports-centric living. Located in the thriving area of Dwarka, this project by Omaxe Limited is designed to cater to modern lifestyle needs while promoting a healthy, active living environment.
Discover Yeni Eyup Evleri 2, nestled among the rising values of Eyupsultan, offering the epitome of modern living in Istanbul.
With its spacious living areas, contemporary architecture, and meticulous details, Yeni Eyup Evleri 2 is poised to be the star of your happiest moments. Situated in the new favorite district of Eyupsultan, claim your spot and unlock the doors to a peaceful life alongside your loved ones. Nestled next to the historical and natural beauties of Eyupsultan, embrace the comfort of modern living and rediscover life.
Social Amenities:
Yeni Eyup 2 offers a life filled with joy with its green landscaping areas, gym, sauna, children’s play areas, café, outdoor pool, and basketball court. Reserve your place for unforgettable moments!
Reliable Structure:
With 1+1, 2+1, and 3+1 apartment options, Yeni Eyup Evleri 2 is designed with first-class materials and craftsmanship. The doors to a safe and comfortable life are here! Choose the option that suits you best and step into your dream home.
Project:
Yeni Eyup 2 is conveniently located, with Istanbul Airport just 26 minutes away, the Mecidiyeköy Metro Line 4 minutes away, and the Tram Stop 5 minutes away, making your life easier with its central location.
Location:
Your home is positioned in a privileged location, providing easy access to the city center, shopping malls, restaurants, schools, and other important places.
Yeni Eyup 2 offers 1+1, 2+1, and 3+1 apartment options designed to meet different needs. Find an option suitable for every lifestyle and open the doors to a comfortable life in your dream home.
https://listingturkey.com/property/yeni-eyup-evleri-2/
Lixin Azarmehr, a Los Angeles-based real estate development trailblazer, co-founded JL Real Estate Development (JL RED) in 2015 and serves as its CEO. Her expertise has propelled the firm to specialize in luxury residential and mixed-use commercial projects, with a portfolio that features upscale retail spaces and sophisticated care facilities.
Dynamics 365 Bid Management for Construction ProjectsDynamic Netsoft
This PDF provides a straightforward guide to using Dynamics 365 for efficient bid management in construction projects. Learn how to streamline processes, improve accuracy, and enhance productivity with practical tips and step-by-step instructions.
https://dnetsoft.com/dynamics-365-bid-management-software
Simpolo Tiles & Bathware
Tile ho,
toh Simpolo.
Since the first steps were taken in 1977, Simpolo Ceramics has carved its niche as a consistently growing organisation with unparalleled innovation and passion rooted in simplicity.
We endure gratification for every experience we offer, created to share something meaningful. It may not resonate with the majority, but that makes us a class apart. If only a handful were to understand the purpose of our existence, we would be proud to have found our believers. Rather, people with whom we can share our beliefs.
VISUALIZER
Design your space in your style with our very own Visualizer. Now, you can choose the tiles of your liking from our wide selection and see how they would look in a space. Select the tile from the multiple options and the visualiser will replace the surfaces in the image with the selected tiles. This way, instead of just your imagination, you can choose the tiles for your place by getting an actual picture of how they would look in a space. So, design your space the way you desire digitally and implement it in real life to get the best results!
You can also share this visualiser with others to help them design their space.
Committed to delighting customers with world-class ceramic products and services. Make Simpolo synonymous with the best quality and set new benchmarks of excellence for all stakeholders. Pursue best business practices with utmost integrity to make Simpolo an exciting organisation to work with, for vendors, channel partners, investors and employees alike.
Gain worldwide recognition in the field of ceramic building products through Research and Innovation and bring an enhanced lifestyle within reach for every household.
500 acres of brilliance await you here at Riverview City which offers modern living, effortless convenience, and a beautiful natural setting. It is a mega township by Magarpatta City in Loni Kalbhor, Pune. Enjoy easy access to work, schools, and fun while experiencing a perfect work-life balance.
Visit - magarpattacity.developerprojects.in
Presentation to Windust Meadows HOA Board of Directors June 4, 2024: Focus o...Joseph Lewis Aguirre
Presentation to Windust Meadows HOA Board of Directors June 4, 2024: Focus on Public Safety as Job #1, Engagement, Wealth of HOA, Branding, Communication, Culture, Civic Responsibility
1. Better than average(s): Moving
beyond medians and income
ratios to explore housing
affordability in Metropolitan
Melbourne
Suzanne Slegers, Chris White, Michael Humphris, Richard Watling, Elizabeth Taylor, Kath Phelan
Kieran Perkins
Dept Planning and Community Development, Victoria
2. Contents
• Limits of the ratio income approach
• Methodology of the residual income
approach
• Results of the residual and ratio approach
• Conclusion
3. Ratio measure of affordability
• Definition: Broadly defined as cost of
housing in relation to income
• Most common – simple ratio of income to
housing cost >30% or 30/40
4. Limitations of ratio measure
• Ratio measures suggest that home
purchase is generally unaffordable
for all but the wealthiest households
• Does not appear to accord with reality
• Ignores different living costs of different
household types
5. Method of the residual approach
• Definition: Income left (residual) after
accounting for all other necessary
household expenditures (budget standard)
• Amount varies for different households
• Couples with 2 children
• Singles
• Single parents
• Couples with no children
6. Method of the residual approach
• In 2010 DPCD commissioned Swinburne
Institute for Social Research to develop a
model based on the NSW Social Policy
Research Centre budget standards and
indexed for inflation
2 budget standards
• Low cost
• Modest but adequate
7. Results
• Maximum affordable mortgage repayments: Single person
households
Source: Stone. M, Burke. T, Ralston. T (2011) p 50
10. Two indicators
• Measure One: Income ladder of supply affordability
divides the four different household types into specific
household income ranges and determines the maximum
dwelling price which each income range can afford to
pay, after deducting budget standards
• Measure Two: Threshold income estimates the income
required to purchase a property at the median price (or a
certain percentage of the median price) for any given
area.
11. Residual – 3rd Decile
Proportion of houses sold in 2010 that are affordable ($180,700) for
a couple with two children on an income of $66,500 (3rd decile)
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE 25km
25km
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
10km
10km MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
5km
5km WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
Affordable Properties
80 to 100%
60 to 79%
40 to 59%
20 to 39%
0 to 19%
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
12. Residual – 4th decile
Proportion of houses sold in 2010 that are affordable ($327, 300)
for a couple with two children on an income of $82,900 (4th decile)
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE 25km
25km
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
10km
10km MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
5km
5km WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
Affordable Properties
80 to 100%
60 to 79%
40 to 59%
20 to 39%
0 to 19%
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
13. Ratio – 4th decile
Proportion of houses sold in 2010 that are affordable ($311,000) for
a couple with two children on an income of $82,500 (4th decile)
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE 25km
25km
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
10km
10km MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
5km
5km WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
Affordable Properties
80 to 100%
60 to 79%
40 to 59%
20 to 39%
0 to 19%
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
PENINSULA
14. Residual – 5th decile
Proportion of houses sold in 2010 that are affordable ($503,400)
for a couple with two children on an income of $102,600 (5th decile)
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE 25km
25km
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
10km
10km MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
5km
5km WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
Affordable Properties
80 to 100%
60 to 79%
40 to 59%
20 to 39%
0 to 19%
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
15. Residual – 6th decile
Proportion of units sold in 2010 that are affordable ($193,200) for a
single person household on an income of $41,500 (6th decile)
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE 25km
25km
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
10km
10km MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
5km
5km WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
Measure_1_metro by s_met_6_per_U100
0 to 20 (31)
Affordable Properties
80 to 100%
60 to 79%
40 to 59%
20 to 39%
0 to 19%
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
16. Residual – 8th decile
Proportion of houses sold in 2010 that are affordable ($417,000) for
a single person household on an income of $65,800 (8th decile)
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE 25km
25km
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE 25km
25km
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
10km
10km
10km
10km MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
5km
5km
5km WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PHILLIP
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA MONASH KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
DANDENONG
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
Affordable Properties
Affordable Properties
80 to 100%
80 to 100%
60 to 79%
60 to 79%
40 to 59%
40 to 59%
20 to 39%
20 to 39%
0 to 19%
0 to 19%
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
PENINSULA
17. Residual – measure 2
Income required to purchase a median priced house for a
couple with 2 children household
W HITTLESEA
W HITTLESEA
W HITTLESEA
W HITTLESEA
W HITTLESEA
W HITTLESEA
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE 25km
25km
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
10km
10km MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
5km
5km W HITEHORSE
W HITEHORSE
W HITEHORSE
W HITEHORSE
W HITEHORSE
W HITEHORSE
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PHILLIP
W YNDHAM
W YNDHAM
W YNDHAM
W YNDHAM
W YNDHAM
W YNDHAM
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA MONASH
MONASH
MONASH KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA MONASH
MONASH
MONASH KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
DANDENONG
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
Annual gross household income
$120,000 to $170,000 (5)
$100,000 to $120,000 (3)
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
$80,000 to $100,000 (9)
$60,000 to $80,000 (11)
$40,000 to $60,000 (3)
18. Residual – measure 2
Income required to purchase a median priced house for a
single person household
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
WHITTLESEA
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
HUME
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
NILLUMBIK
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
MELTON
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
YARRA RANGES
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND
MORELAND BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE
BANYULE 25km
25km
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
BRIMBANK
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MANNINGHAM
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
MELBOURNE
10km
10km MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
MAROONDAH
5km
5km WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
WHITEHORSE
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY
HOBSONS BAY PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
PORT PHILLIP
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
WYNDHAM
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA
GLEN EIRA MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH
MONASH KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
KNOX
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
BAYSIDE
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
GREATER DANDENONG
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CARDINIA
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
CASEY
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
FRANKSTON
Annual gross household income
$120,000 to $170,000 (5)
$100,000 to $120,000 (3)
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA
MORNINGTON PENINSULA $80,000 to $100,000 (9)
$60,000 to $80,000 (11)
$40,000 to $60,000 (3)
19. Conclusion
• The strength of the residual method is that it takes into account household type and
household income in a way that the ratio method cannot.
• The ratio method may obscure the degree to which households with very low
incomes, particularly couples with children are experiencing housing affordability
issues
• Residual method shows unsurprisingly that single households have far more options
than couples with children on a similar income
• Residual method appears to show that a couple with two children need an income of
greater than $80,000 to affordably purchase a house at the median price in
Metropolitan Melbourne
Editor's Notes
The importance of measuring housing affordability – help policy makers understand which households have housing affordability issues, whether there is a spatial element and what is the extent of the problem. This presentation will only focus on first home buyers entry into the market and households paying mortgages rather than renters for simplicity sake but the methodology could be applied to the rental market.
Conventional wisdom broadly defines housing affordability as the cost of housing in relation to incomeIf a household is spending more than 30% of their income on housing they are in “housing stress”In the early 90s the National housing strategy confined this to bottom 40 percent of income distributionEvolved as a rule of thumb and appears not to be any rigorous rational behind the 30% rule.
Given the widespread acceptance and ease of use of the 30% rule why did we think it was a problem? We thought it was a problem because when we applied the ratio measure it suggested that entry into home ownership was increasingly unaffordable for all but the wealthiest households.However home purchase data shows (FHOG and ABS housing finance data)First home buyers still entering marketHome purchasers are only marginally older and wealthier than in previous periodsMortgage default levels remain at very low levels A further weakness of the simple percentage of income ratio approach is that it ignores the different needs of different households of different sizes. A family with several children will have much higher living expenses than a single person household.
While this method is not new in academic circles (Stone, 2006, AHURI 2011) it has not been applied widely in Australia by policy makers.
Low cost - requires frugal management of resources but would still allow social and economic participation consistent with community standardsModest but adequate – higher standard of living than low cost – spend more on eating out, going to cinema etcSwinburne social research also calculated the tax and income transfers for the different households – family tax benefit eg A and BVery different from Henderson poverty line DPCD focussed on Modest but adequate
Explain axis and linesX axis is gross annual income y axis is how much household can afford to pay in mortgage per weekDotted lines are ratioSolid lines are residualUnder 30% ratio rule a single person household with average full-time adult earnings of 60,000 could only afford $300 per week on mortgage by contrast residual suggests mortage of $600 per weekResults concur with AHURI study by Hulse and Burke into low come home ownership that concludes that single people are increasingly dominating the low income home purchase market at the expense of households with children
Whilst under residual measure single households can afford to pay more couples with 2 children on an income of less than 75,000 can afford to pay less under the modest budget standardSo whats the quantum of the difference? Singles with an income of 65,000 can afford to pay around $700 per week in mortgage repayments whereas couples with 2 children on $65,000 can afford only around $300
Taylor also used Household Income and labour dynamics longitudinal survey data to look at the quantum of households in Victoria experiencing housing stress using different measures. When we applied the residual and ratio measures we find that the ratio measure gives us a larger overall number of households in mortgage stress than the residual.But it appears that the ratio measure may underestimate the number of low income households who are suffering mortgage stress.87,106 households in housing stress by residual method (4% of total vic households)138,138 households in housing stress by ratio method (7% of total vic households)
To further explore these measures we have operationalised the residual and ratio measures using two different indicatorsM1 – Determines max dwelling price for specific household income rangesM2 – Estimates income required to purchase property at the median price
This map shows measure 1 applied to Melbourne house prices. It shows the proportion of houses sold in in 2010 that are affordable for a low income household of a couple with two children.Unsurprising given their income of 66,500 there are very few affordable home purchase options for this household.Both residual and ratio measures for couples with 2 children show that in 3rd decile similar distribution of few options available for those on an income of 66,500
As we move up the income scale there are more options but even at fourth decile they are limited to growth areas
Ratio and residual start to differ and show more options with residual because don’t take into account higher costs of these households
Once you get to median income not much difference between ratio and residual
Single person 6th decile few options because incomes are so low
Animation - Income at the 8thdecile for sinlges which is roughly 65,800 per annum is comparable with 3rddecile for families with 2 children ($66,500) far more options available for lone person households than couples with children on that income.This might appear to be surprising but it’s what our calculations seem to show and this is single person household on a modest budget. The sort of person who does not go on overseas holidays and takes his/her lunch to work.
Another way to operationalise the residual measure is using measure 2 . This map shows income a couple with two children would require to purchase a median house in each LGA. It shows they need an income of greater than >80,000 to purchase a median house anywhere in metro melbourne.Noting that this does not mean they couldn’t purchase a house at the the 25th percentile perhaps a suitable apartment or townhouse.
Measure 2 looks at what different households would need to be making to afford the average priced house or flat in an area. Shows single person households have more options than couple with children households . Although very low income households are limited to GA’s
Single household income data may well be skewed by proportion of people on centre link benefits, those in public housing, and retired (all of whom may not be purchasing)location of the dwelling itself may impact on both the non-housing costs and the potential income of the household. In large urban areas, cheaper housing located on the fringes of the city may be cheaper, but this price advantage may be eroded by higher transportation costs and limited access to higher order, better paid employment. As every household’s specific circumstances will vary, another approach to analysing affordability might include consideration of weighting the data by a distance factor on non-housing costs and household income.LimitationsFuture will