The document discusses three topics related to Einstein and his theory of general relativity:
1. Proposes a framework to explore the history of general relativity through its development phases and important research centers.
2. Notes how Einstein's theory of general relativity is essential for understanding precision applications like Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).
3. Compares Einstein's 1947 open letter to the United Nations calling for international cooperation to an 2015 open letter signed by over 20,000 people calling for a ban on autonomous weapons, noting both letters aimed to use science to promote peace.
NOBEL PRIZE - ECONOMIC SCIENCES (Part 2)eslstudents
Leonid Hurwicz was born in 1917 in Moscow and died in 2008 in Minnesota. He was affiliated with the University of Minnesota and laid the foundations for mechanism design theory, formulating a framework for analyzing institutions that implement collective decision making. The document also provides biographical and contribution information for Ragnar Frisch and Vernon L. Smith, recognizing their pioneering work in econometric modeling, economic processes, and using laboratory experiments as a tool for economic analysis.
The history of statistics began in 1749, though the meaning of statistics has changed over time. Originally referring only to state information, it now encompasses the collection and analysis of all types of data. Key developments include the establishment of probability theory in the 17th century and its increasing use in astronomy and other sciences in the 18th-19th centuries. Figures like Laplace systematized early probability and statistics. By the 19th century, statistics involved collecting demographic and economic data and analyzing summaries. Today it is used widely across fields using data and making predictions.
This document provides an introduction to key statistical concepts and terms. It defines statistics as a branch of mathematics dealing with collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data. Some key points:
- Data can be quantitative (numerical) or qualitative (descriptive attributes). Population refers to all elements being studied, while a sample is a subset of the population.
- Parameters describe populations and statistics describe samples. Variables differentiate groups within a population or sample.
- Descriptive statistics summarize and present data, while inferential statistics draw conclusions about populations from samples.
- The history of statistics dates back thousands of years to early censuses, though modern statistical theory developed more recently over the 18th-19
Este documento describe el uso de JTable para visualizar datos de una base de datos. JTable permite organizar información en una tabla que puede editarse y modificarse. Se crea un TableModel que controla los datos y luego un JTable vinculado al TableModel para mostrar la información de forma visual. El documento también explica cómo hacer celdas editables o no y obtener datos seleccionados de la tabla.
O documento é uma canção religiosa que expressa dependência e gratidão a Jesus. O cantor confessa que não pode viver sem sentir a presença de Jesus e que, embora servir a Jesus possa trazer sofrimento, é melhor do que errar. Ele pede perdão por suas falhas e vê as lágrimas como um sinal da presença de Jesus.
Reasons Why it is Beneficial to Invest in Republic of Kosovonakije.kida
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in
economic development through the development of the country that has the potential sectors. The
effect of technology in these sectors had risen sector and area that until then had remained neglected.
The paper investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) in economic growth using
detailed sectoral FDI in Kosovo during the period 2000-2013. Sectors considered are: Agribusiness,
Tourism, forestry, services, manufacturing, mining, energy, construction, wholesale and retail trade,
hotels and restaurants, transport, telecommunications and other sectors. The negative effect of
extractive industries in creating income and environmental pollution in Kosovo is not surprising. FDI
in manufacturing industries by stimulating exports generate more income. FDI are likely to repatriate
their profits but are likely to increase employment. To ensure legal protection for foreign investors,
have signed an agreement with the Agency Multilateral Investment Guarantee (MIGA), the avoidance
of double taxation, taxes are the lowest in Europe. Investment Promotion Agency of Kosovo (IPAK),
the level of government makes the promotion of Kosovo. As a developing country taking the time
information is more difficult but efforts in this direction are great.
Keywords: Foreign direct investment; economic growth; potential sectors; Kosovo
en este trabajo dejo en claro que redes sociales son las mas utilizadas, basandome en domcumentos de otras personas las cuales aportaron a este tema para abtener mas conocimiento.
Nicolear, una joven del pueblo Crepus, se pierde en un cementerio abandonado donde conoce a Kary y Alberth, dos cadáveres vivientes. Alberth se siente atraído por Nicolear y la guía de regreso a salvo. Nicolear acuerda reunirse con Alberth al anochecer para conocer más sobre su mundo. Kary le revela que para estar con Alberth, Nicolear debe renunciar a su vida humana y convertirse en un cadáver bebiendo una pócima.
NOBEL PRIZE - ECONOMIC SCIENCES (Part 2)eslstudents
Leonid Hurwicz was born in 1917 in Moscow and died in 2008 in Minnesota. He was affiliated with the University of Minnesota and laid the foundations for mechanism design theory, formulating a framework for analyzing institutions that implement collective decision making. The document also provides biographical and contribution information for Ragnar Frisch and Vernon L. Smith, recognizing their pioneering work in econometric modeling, economic processes, and using laboratory experiments as a tool for economic analysis.
The history of statistics began in 1749, though the meaning of statistics has changed over time. Originally referring only to state information, it now encompasses the collection and analysis of all types of data. Key developments include the establishment of probability theory in the 17th century and its increasing use in astronomy and other sciences in the 18th-19th centuries. Figures like Laplace systematized early probability and statistics. By the 19th century, statistics involved collecting demographic and economic data and analyzing summaries. Today it is used widely across fields using data and making predictions.
This document provides an introduction to key statistical concepts and terms. It defines statistics as a branch of mathematics dealing with collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data. Some key points:
- Data can be quantitative (numerical) or qualitative (descriptive attributes). Population refers to all elements being studied, while a sample is a subset of the population.
- Parameters describe populations and statistics describe samples. Variables differentiate groups within a population or sample.
- Descriptive statistics summarize and present data, while inferential statistics draw conclusions about populations from samples.
- The history of statistics dates back thousands of years to early censuses, though modern statistical theory developed more recently over the 18th-19
Este documento describe el uso de JTable para visualizar datos de una base de datos. JTable permite organizar información en una tabla que puede editarse y modificarse. Se crea un TableModel que controla los datos y luego un JTable vinculado al TableModel para mostrar la información de forma visual. El documento también explica cómo hacer celdas editables o no y obtener datos seleccionados de la tabla.
O documento é uma canção religiosa que expressa dependência e gratidão a Jesus. O cantor confessa que não pode viver sem sentir a presença de Jesus e que, embora servir a Jesus possa trazer sofrimento, é melhor do que errar. Ele pede perdão por suas falhas e vê as lágrimas como um sinal da presença de Jesus.
Reasons Why it is Beneficial to Invest in Republic of Kosovonakije.kida
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in
economic development through the development of the country that has the potential sectors. The
effect of technology in these sectors had risen sector and area that until then had remained neglected.
The paper investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) in economic growth using
detailed sectoral FDI in Kosovo during the period 2000-2013. Sectors considered are: Agribusiness,
Tourism, forestry, services, manufacturing, mining, energy, construction, wholesale and retail trade,
hotels and restaurants, transport, telecommunications and other sectors. The negative effect of
extractive industries in creating income and environmental pollution in Kosovo is not surprising. FDI
in manufacturing industries by stimulating exports generate more income. FDI are likely to repatriate
their profits but are likely to increase employment. To ensure legal protection for foreign investors,
have signed an agreement with the Agency Multilateral Investment Guarantee (MIGA), the avoidance
of double taxation, taxes are the lowest in Europe. Investment Promotion Agency of Kosovo (IPAK),
the level of government makes the promotion of Kosovo. As a developing country taking the time
information is more difficult but efforts in this direction are great.
Keywords: Foreign direct investment; economic growth; potential sectors; Kosovo
en este trabajo dejo en claro que redes sociales son las mas utilizadas, basandome en domcumentos de otras personas las cuales aportaron a este tema para abtener mas conocimiento.
Nicolear, una joven del pueblo Crepus, se pierde en un cementerio abandonado donde conoce a Kary y Alberth, dos cadáveres vivientes. Alberth se siente atraído por Nicolear y la guía de regreso a salvo. Nicolear acuerda reunirse con Alberth al anochecer para conocer más sobre su mundo. Kary le revela que para estar con Alberth, Nicolear debe renunciar a su vida humana y convertirse en un cadáver bebiendo una pócima.
Los desastres naturales ocurren con frecuencia en todo el mundo y afectan la vida de los seres humanos. Se pueden clasificar en cuatro tipos: hidrológicos como inundaciones y tsunamis; meteorológicos como huracanes y tormentas; geofísicos como terremotos y erupciones volcánicas; y biológicos como epidemias. Cada tipo se origina por procesos naturales pero puede causar daños a la civilización humana.
El documento describe las impresiones de una visita a una escuela, notando la presencia de rejas y pasillos estrechos que crean un ambiente de encierro. No se ven profesores en el seminario, las clases o la cafetería, solo se ven estudiantes que llegan tarde o se van temprano. Finalmente, los profesores aparecen y se dedican a tareas como preparar lecciones, hacer fotocopias o charlar entre ellos.
Este documento describe las principales redes sociales como Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Google+, YouTube y sus objetivos. Explica que permiten conectarse con amigos y conocidos para compartir contenido e interacciones. Además, proporciona estadísticas sobre el número de usuarios de cada red social, lideradas por Facebook con 800 millones de usuarios.
La reunión trata sobre la reciente decisión de eliminar el examen de septiembre en la Escuela Oficial de Idiomas. Los delegados discuten medidas de presión para oponerse a la decisión y formar una junta. Se eligen 14 miembros para la junta. La asociación de alumnos ha recogido 4000 firmas y está investigando opciones legales.
El documento clasifica las obligaciones de acuerdo a sus sujetos (acreedor y deudor), su vínculo jurídico y su objeto. También las clasifica por el derecho aplicable, su formalismo, su eficacia profesional, el contenido de la prestación y la modalidad. Se distinguen obligaciones civiles, honorarias, divisibles, indivisibles, específicas, alternativas, genéricas y facultativas.
This document provides a reflection on an individual debate about whether war is an inevitable result of the international system. The author argues against this statement in the debate. They begin by defining key terms like the international system and war. They then develop an argument that political beliefs and human nature, rather than the international system itself, are more to blame for war. The author draws on realist perspectives of human nature and liberal ideas about cooperation to make this case. Throughout the debate, they had to respond to counterarguments, like the security dilemma concept. In the end, they felt they made an adequate case against the motion, but could have benefited from more preparation and research to strengthen their argument.
El documento describe la formación y el recorrido del huracán Otto en el Caribe centroamericano en 2016. Otto se formó como una tormenta tropical en el suroeste del Mar Caribe y tocó tierra primero en Nicaragua como huracán categoría 1 antes de moverse a Costa Rica, dejando al menos 4 muertos.
La Comisión Electoral Nacional de la Agrupación Nacional de Empleados Fiscales (ANEF) se reunió para: 1) recibir un informe sobre el avance del padrón electoral y los desafíos restantes; 2) revisar los compromisos cumplidos y pendientes; y 3) analizar propuestas para mejorar aspectos críticos del proceso electoral como la integración del padrón y reducción del número de mesas.
The document summarizes biographies of three scientists:
1) Albert Einstein, a German physicist known for his theory of relativity and E=mc2 equation.
2) Isaac Newton, an English physicist and mathematician who formulated classical mechanics and laws of motion.
3) Stephen Hawking, an English cosmologist known for his work on black holes and predictions combining general relativity and quantum mechanics.
The document provides context and background information for a series of documents relating to the 1969 moon landing case study. It introduces the documents, provides biographical notes on key figures mentioned, and a glossary of terms. It summarizes that the documents examine the moon landing from different perspectives, including politics, technology, culture and public opinion, and that they show both official claims for the mission as well as more informal attitudes.
1. Albert Einstein developed the theories of special and general relativity and made many important contributions to the development of modern physics. He published groundbreaking papers on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, and the existence and behavior of atoms.
2. Einstein held academic positions in Switzerland and Germany. He was a director at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin and a professor at Princeton University. He received many honors for his revolutionary scientific work including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
3. Einstein is considered one of the most influential scientists of all time. He revolutionized our understanding of space, time, mass, and energy with his theories of relativity and he helped lay the foundation for modern physics with his work on quantum
ASTRONOMY AND CULTURE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ISAAC NEWTON S INFLUENCE ON ...Sophia Diaz
1) Isaac Newton's astronomical theories, especially his discovery of universal gravitation, greatly influenced European culture during the Enlightenment period in the 18th century.
2) Newtonianism emphasized order, stability, and natural laws governing both the physical universe and potentially human society. It inspired ideas around natural rights, progress, and using scientific principles to understand human behavior.
3) Key figures like Voltaire and Turgot saw Newton as proving there was a single rational order to the universe and thought this rational order could be applied to politics to bring more freedom, peace and harmony to human society.
This document summarizes Neil deGrasse Tyson's 2012 speech "Space as Culture" given at the 28th National Space Symposium. In the speech, Tyson argues that space exploration was once a major driver of culture and the economy but has since declined. He seeks to inspire renewed interest and investment in space. The document provides historical context on the space race and early economic benefits. It also discusses how Tyson has become a prominent science communicator through appearances on shows like Cosmos, making him a good speaker to advocate for space exploration.
Albert Einstein was a German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity. He was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879 and obtained his early education in Munich. He struggled in school initially but developed an interest in geometry at age 12. Einstein published over 300 scientific papers and 150 non-scientific works in his lifetime. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein is considered one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century.
Unification vs. Geometrization Reichenbach and Einstein's Fernparallelismus-F...MarcoGiovanelli3
- Reichenbach published his book "Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre" in 1927 which included an appendix discussing Weyl's unified field theory. Einstein reviewed the book positively, agreeing with Reichenbach's argument in the appendix that general relativity is not an attempt to reduce physics to geometry.
- Einstein also reviewed Meyerson's book "La déduction relativiste" positively, agreeing with its emphasis on the deductive-constructive nature of relativity theory and finding the term "geometrical" meaningless in the context of unified field theories. Both reviews supported Reichenbach's view that the goal of unified field theories was unification rather than geometrization.
Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879 and went on to become one of the most influential physicists of the 20th century. In his "miracle year" of 1905, he published four groundbreaking papers, including his special theory of relativity containing his famous equation E=mc2. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his services to theoretical physics. Later in life, Einstein immigrated to the United States and took a position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He died in 1955 at the age of 76.
Albert Einstein was a renowned German-born physicist. As a child, he showed great intellectual curiosity but struggled in school. In 1905, during his time working at a patent office, Einstein published three groundbreaking papers that changed modern physics. His theories of special and general relativity, as well as his discovery that E=mc2, revolutionized scientific understanding of space, time, matter and energy. Einstein dedicated his life to scientific discovery and advancing human knowledge. He is widely considered one of the smartest and most influential scientists of all time.
Albert Einstein was a renowned German-born theoretical physicist. Some of his most important contributions include his special theory of relativity, which reconciled mechanics and electromagnetism, and his general theory of relativity, which revolutionized concepts of space and time. He is best known for his mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2. Throughout his career, Einstein published over 300 scientific works and more than 150 non-scientific works, received many honors including the Nobel Prize in Physics, and has become synonymous with genius.
MY HOMAGE TO ALBERT EINSTEIN WHO REVOLUTIONIZED MODERN SCIENCE.pdfFaga1939
Albert Einstein was a German physicist born in 1879 who revolutionized modern science through his theories of special and general relativity. In 1905, he published works establishing special relativity and that mass and energy are equivalent. In 1915, he developed general relativity, establishing that gravity results from the curvature of space and time caused by the uneven distribution of mass/energy. Einstein spent his later years unsuccessfully attempting to develop a unified field theory combining general relativity and quantum mechanics. He made many other scientific contributions and warned of the dangers of nuclear weapons. Einstein was a genius who changed our fundamental understanding of space, time, and the universe.
The history of science developed as an academic discipline in the early 20th century as the role of science changed. Two influential events in the 1930s helped establish the field's focus on external influences on science: Boris Hessen argued that Newton's work was influenced by 17th century industry, and Ludwik Fleck presented the social nature of scientific knowledge and thought styles. After WWII, Vannevar Bush and James Conant encouraged the study of history of science to improve understanding of science. Thomas Kuhn's 1962 book challenged the view of science as a linear march of progress, arguing scientific revolutions occurred through paradigm shifts, influencing views of science outside academia.
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity and made major contributions to the development of quantum mechanics. He is considered one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. In 1905, Einstein published four groundbreaking papers outlining the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and mass-energy equivalence. He later developed general relativity and applied it to model the structure of the universe. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his services to theoretical physics, especially his discovery of the photoelectric effect.
Space stations have evolved from science fiction to engineering reality. They provide platforms for space exploration, scientific research, and applications that benefit life on Earth in fields like medicine, industry, transportation, and communication. Billions of dollars spent on constructing stations like the International Space Station have improved human life through research, education, and tourism while also promoting global political stability. Surveys found public support for the enormous investments in space stations and agreement that the science enabled leads to benefits for humanity. Space stations exemplify how imagined concepts can become real through engineering and international cooperation.
Los desastres naturales ocurren con frecuencia en todo el mundo y afectan la vida de los seres humanos. Se pueden clasificar en cuatro tipos: hidrológicos como inundaciones y tsunamis; meteorológicos como huracanes y tormentas; geofísicos como terremotos y erupciones volcánicas; y biológicos como epidemias. Cada tipo se origina por procesos naturales pero puede causar daños a la civilización humana.
El documento describe las impresiones de una visita a una escuela, notando la presencia de rejas y pasillos estrechos que crean un ambiente de encierro. No se ven profesores en el seminario, las clases o la cafetería, solo se ven estudiantes que llegan tarde o se van temprano. Finalmente, los profesores aparecen y se dedican a tareas como preparar lecciones, hacer fotocopias o charlar entre ellos.
Este documento describe las principales redes sociales como Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Google+, YouTube y sus objetivos. Explica que permiten conectarse con amigos y conocidos para compartir contenido e interacciones. Además, proporciona estadísticas sobre el número de usuarios de cada red social, lideradas por Facebook con 800 millones de usuarios.
La reunión trata sobre la reciente decisión de eliminar el examen de septiembre en la Escuela Oficial de Idiomas. Los delegados discuten medidas de presión para oponerse a la decisión y formar una junta. Se eligen 14 miembros para la junta. La asociación de alumnos ha recogido 4000 firmas y está investigando opciones legales.
El documento clasifica las obligaciones de acuerdo a sus sujetos (acreedor y deudor), su vínculo jurídico y su objeto. También las clasifica por el derecho aplicable, su formalismo, su eficacia profesional, el contenido de la prestación y la modalidad. Se distinguen obligaciones civiles, honorarias, divisibles, indivisibles, específicas, alternativas, genéricas y facultativas.
This document provides a reflection on an individual debate about whether war is an inevitable result of the international system. The author argues against this statement in the debate. They begin by defining key terms like the international system and war. They then develop an argument that political beliefs and human nature, rather than the international system itself, are more to blame for war. The author draws on realist perspectives of human nature and liberal ideas about cooperation to make this case. Throughout the debate, they had to respond to counterarguments, like the security dilemma concept. In the end, they felt they made an adequate case against the motion, but could have benefited from more preparation and research to strengthen their argument.
El documento describe la formación y el recorrido del huracán Otto en el Caribe centroamericano en 2016. Otto se formó como una tormenta tropical en el suroeste del Mar Caribe y tocó tierra primero en Nicaragua como huracán categoría 1 antes de moverse a Costa Rica, dejando al menos 4 muertos.
La Comisión Electoral Nacional de la Agrupación Nacional de Empleados Fiscales (ANEF) se reunió para: 1) recibir un informe sobre el avance del padrón electoral y los desafíos restantes; 2) revisar los compromisos cumplidos y pendientes; y 3) analizar propuestas para mejorar aspectos críticos del proceso electoral como la integración del padrón y reducción del número de mesas.
The document summarizes biographies of three scientists:
1) Albert Einstein, a German physicist known for his theory of relativity and E=mc2 equation.
2) Isaac Newton, an English physicist and mathematician who formulated classical mechanics and laws of motion.
3) Stephen Hawking, an English cosmologist known for his work on black holes and predictions combining general relativity and quantum mechanics.
The document provides context and background information for a series of documents relating to the 1969 moon landing case study. It introduces the documents, provides biographical notes on key figures mentioned, and a glossary of terms. It summarizes that the documents examine the moon landing from different perspectives, including politics, technology, culture and public opinion, and that they show both official claims for the mission as well as more informal attitudes.
1. Albert Einstein developed the theories of special and general relativity and made many important contributions to the development of modern physics. He published groundbreaking papers on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, and the existence and behavior of atoms.
2. Einstein held academic positions in Switzerland and Germany. He was a director at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin and a professor at Princeton University. He received many honors for his revolutionary scientific work including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
3. Einstein is considered one of the most influential scientists of all time. He revolutionized our understanding of space, time, mass, and energy with his theories of relativity and he helped lay the foundation for modern physics with his work on quantum
ASTRONOMY AND CULTURE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ISAAC NEWTON S INFLUENCE ON ...Sophia Diaz
1) Isaac Newton's astronomical theories, especially his discovery of universal gravitation, greatly influenced European culture during the Enlightenment period in the 18th century.
2) Newtonianism emphasized order, stability, and natural laws governing both the physical universe and potentially human society. It inspired ideas around natural rights, progress, and using scientific principles to understand human behavior.
3) Key figures like Voltaire and Turgot saw Newton as proving there was a single rational order to the universe and thought this rational order could be applied to politics to bring more freedom, peace and harmony to human society.
This document summarizes Neil deGrasse Tyson's 2012 speech "Space as Culture" given at the 28th National Space Symposium. In the speech, Tyson argues that space exploration was once a major driver of culture and the economy but has since declined. He seeks to inspire renewed interest and investment in space. The document provides historical context on the space race and early economic benefits. It also discusses how Tyson has become a prominent science communicator through appearances on shows like Cosmos, making him a good speaker to advocate for space exploration.
Albert Einstein was a German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity. He was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879 and obtained his early education in Munich. He struggled in school initially but developed an interest in geometry at age 12. Einstein published over 300 scientific papers and 150 non-scientific works in his lifetime. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein is considered one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century.
Unification vs. Geometrization Reichenbach and Einstein's Fernparallelismus-F...MarcoGiovanelli3
- Reichenbach published his book "Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre" in 1927 which included an appendix discussing Weyl's unified field theory. Einstein reviewed the book positively, agreeing with Reichenbach's argument in the appendix that general relativity is not an attempt to reduce physics to geometry.
- Einstein also reviewed Meyerson's book "La déduction relativiste" positively, agreeing with its emphasis on the deductive-constructive nature of relativity theory and finding the term "geometrical" meaningless in the context of unified field theories. Both reviews supported Reichenbach's view that the goal of unified field theories was unification rather than geometrization.
Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879 and went on to become one of the most influential physicists of the 20th century. In his "miracle year" of 1905, he published four groundbreaking papers, including his special theory of relativity containing his famous equation E=mc2. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his services to theoretical physics. Later in life, Einstein immigrated to the United States and took a position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He died in 1955 at the age of 76.
Albert Einstein was a renowned German-born physicist. As a child, he showed great intellectual curiosity but struggled in school. In 1905, during his time working at a patent office, Einstein published three groundbreaking papers that changed modern physics. His theories of special and general relativity, as well as his discovery that E=mc2, revolutionized scientific understanding of space, time, matter and energy. Einstein dedicated his life to scientific discovery and advancing human knowledge. He is widely considered one of the smartest and most influential scientists of all time.
Albert Einstein was a renowned German-born theoretical physicist. Some of his most important contributions include his special theory of relativity, which reconciled mechanics and electromagnetism, and his general theory of relativity, which revolutionized concepts of space and time. He is best known for his mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2. Throughout his career, Einstein published over 300 scientific works and more than 150 non-scientific works, received many honors including the Nobel Prize in Physics, and has become synonymous with genius.
MY HOMAGE TO ALBERT EINSTEIN WHO REVOLUTIONIZED MODERN SCIENCE.pdfFaga1939
Albert Einstein was a German physicist born in 1879 who revolutionized modern science through his theories of special and general relativity. In 1905, he published works establishing special relativity and that mass and energy are equivalent. In 1915, he developed general relativity, establishing that gravity results from the curvature of space and time caused by the uneven distribution of mass/energy. Einstein spent his later years unsuccessfully attempting to develop a unified field theory combining general relativity and quantum mechanics. He made many other scientific contributions and warned of the dangers of nuclear weapons. Einstein was a genius who changed our fundamental understanding of space, time, and the universe.
The history of science developed as an academic discipline in the early 20th century as the role of science changed. Two influential events in the 1930s helped establish the field's focus on external influences on science: Boris Hessen argued that Newton's work was influenced by 17th century industry, and Ludwik Fleck presented the social nature of scientific knowledge and thought styles. After WWII, Vannevar Bush and James Conant encouraged the study of history of science to improve understanding of science. Thomas Kuhn's 1962 book challenged the view of science as a linear march of progress, arguing scientific revolutions occurred through paradigm shifts, influencing views of science outside academia.
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity and made major contributions to the development of quantum mechanics. He is considered one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. In 1905, Einstein published four groundbreaking papers outlining the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity, and mass-energy equivalence. He later developed general relativity and applied it to model the structure of the universe. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his services to theoretical physics, especially his discovery of the photoelectric effect.
Space stations have evolved from science fiction to engineering reality. They provide platforms for space exploration, scientific research, and applications that benefit life on Earth in fields like medicine, industry, transportation, and communication. Billions of dollars spent on constructing stations like the International Space Station have improved human life through research, education, and tourism while also promoting global political stability. Surveys found public support for the enormous investments in space stations and agreement that the science enabled leads to benefits for humanity. Space stations exemplify how imagined concepts can become real through engineering and international cooperation.
This document provides a history of internationalization in higher education from ancient times to the present. It discusses:
- Early examples of internationalization dating back to universities in ancient Greece, India, the Middle East in the 7th-9th centuries that attracted students from across Asia and Europe.
- The spread of knowledge through translation of texts into Arabic and Latin, and the influence of ancient Greek and Eastern texts on the development of science in Europe.
- The role of learned societies and universities in establishing norms of scholarly cooperation and institutionalizing scientific communication through academic journals from the 17th century onward.
- The intertwining of science and imperialism/colonialism from the 18th century,
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The document provides biographical and scientific details about Albert Einstein. It discusses that he was born in Germany in 1879 and died in 1955, and that he made seminal contributions to 20th century physics through his theories of special and general relativity. It summarizes that the special theory of relativity abandoned the concept of the luminiferous ether and established that the speed of light is constant, and that the general theory of relativity described gravity as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime.
Geometry is based on axioms and definitions rather than empirical observations. The propositions of geometry are considered "true" not because they correspond to objective reality, but because they are derived via logical deduction from axioms accepted as true by definition. However, the axioms themselves cannot be proven true - they are simply postulates that are assumed to be valid within the system of geometry. As such, the "truth" of individual geometrical propositions is reduced to the internal consistency of the axiomatic system, not its correspondence to empirical observations of space.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist and philosopher of science. He developed the general theory of relativity and the mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. He immigrated to the United States in 1933 after Hitler came to power in Germany and became an American citizen. Einstein supported defending the Allied forces in WWII but denounced the development of nuclear weapons. He spent his later years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
1. 47
Letter to the Editor
Einstein and the Space
Programme?
[From Hans J Haubold, Office for Outer Space
Affairs, United Nations, Austria; Arak M.
Mathai, McGill University, Canada]
In 2015, 100 years after Einstein’s creation of
the theory of general relativity, windows of
opportunity are open for those of us in the
scientific community and beyond who wish to
communicate Einstein's vision for education,
research, and applications. We marked the
100th anniversary of the year Einstein
discovered general relativity with great fanfare.
Celebrating the Einstein event, launched in
anticipation of the centennial, told the story of
Einstein to the world and shared the
excitement of Einstein's theory. In organizing
the anniversary, members of the physics and
mathematics community worked with artists,
musicians, composers, scientists, dancers,
filmmakers, historians, architects, and
educators on series of interconnected events
designed to engage the general public
(https://aas.org/posts/news/2015/10/message-
einstein’s-centenary-2015). The following
three topics have been selected from among
many others that will keep the physics
community thriving with follow-ups to the
anniversary: (1) research to uncover the
development of relativity, (2) practical
implications of general relativity, and (3)
world peace.
1. Historiographical Framework for Relativity
The September 2015 issue of ISIS contains an
appealing paper titled ‘The Reinvention of
General Relativity: A Historiographical
Framework for Assessing 100 Years of Curved
Space-time’ (http://hssonline.org/)[1]. In
essence, the paper proposes a promising work
schedule to explore the history of the theory of
general relativity in distinctive phases of its
development (i) after its discovery in 1915, (ii)
as a physical theory until the mid-1950s, and
(iii) a renaissance of it through its scientific
potential and research community building.
The authors propose a historiographical
framework for investigations of the persistence
and resilience of general relativity and provide
a very comprehensive selection of literature
that is available and easy accessible for this
purpose. In this regard they collected in Table I
of their paper (page 614) a number of research
centres that became hubs of the relativity
research community in the mid-1950s to the
mid-1960s. The Table not only lists the
respective Institutions but also the Leader(s)
and Major Research Interests of them.
We are taking the opportunity of this paper to
refer to the literature of [2] to [5], that may not
be so widely known to researchers, that offers
information on the scientific potential and
research community building as emphasized in
(ii) above as organized by Hans-Jürgen Treder
(1928-2006) since the beginning of the 1960s
in Berlin and Potsdam. Most of the Leaders in
Table I have participated and contributed to the
1965 Einstein-Symposium [1,2], 1979
Einstein-Centenarium [3] and 1981 Michelson-
Colloquium. The literature in [2] to [5] might
be a rich source of information on the science
and community building for general relativity.
The year 2016 could be utilized to review this
process by recalling the achievements of Hans-
Jürgen Treder (see Figure 1).
In the past 25 years of UN/ESA/NASA/JAXA
workshops on basic space science with the
participation of scientists from 194 UN
Member States, we always came to discuss the
perception of Einstein in those countries. It
might be of interest to make available
information on research results and public
perception of Einstein in all countries under
very different society models?
[1] A. Blum, R. Lalli, and J. Renn, ISIS
106(2015)3, pp. 598-620.
[2] Einstein-Symposium: Entstehung, Entwick-
lung und Perspektiven der Einsteinschen Grav-
itationstheorie, Ed. H.-J. Treder, 2-5 November
COSPAR's Information Bulletin
Space Research Today (SRT)
Number 196,
August 2016,
pp. 47-49
2. 48
1965, Berlin Deutsche Akademie der Wissen-
schaften zu Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin
1966.
[3] Gravitationstheorie und Theorie der Elem-
entarteilchen, Wiederabdruck aus-gewaehlter
Beitraege des Einstein-Symposiums 1965, Ed.
H.-J. Treder, Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1979.
[4] Einstein-Centenarium 1979, Ed. H.-J.
Treder, Akademie-Verlag Berlin 1979.
[5] Michelson Colloquium, 27-30 April 1981,
Potsdam, Ed. H.-J. Treder, Astronomische
Nachrichten 303 (1982), Issue 1, pp.1-96.
Hans-Jürgen Treder (left) and John Stachel (right)
during the 1979 Einstein-Centenarium at a meeting in
Einstein’s summer house in Caputh, Potsdam
2. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
and Relativity
General relativity is needed to understand
astrophysical realms and cosmology. But the
special and general theory of relativity also
turns out to be essential for the many practical
activities that rely on the precision of GNSS.
In this regard we have in mind specifically the
achievement of a number of member States of
the UN under the umbrella of the UN: After
UNISPACE III in 1999, all of a sudden a new
seemingly important topic did show up in the
UN’s Committee on the Peaceful Uses of
Outer Space (COPUOS). It was called GNSS
and was pursued independent from the
standard topics like satellite remote sensing,
satellite meteorology, satellite commun-
ications, and space and atmospheric science
(not to mention space law). Pretty fast, GNSS
operators (USA, Russia, Europe, China, Japan,
India) agreed to establish the International
Committee on Global Navigation Satellite
Systems (ICG).
ICG simply agreed to coordinate activities of
GNSS in outer space. UN COPUOS was
established as the vehicle to achieve the goal of
peaceful uses of outer space through UN
deliberations. It was a great satisfaction to see
these member States cooperating with great
insights and willingness to utilize outer space
for the benefit of all 194 Member States. It
continues working fine until today. On the way
since 1999 we had the idea which we did not
yet discuss in public with GNSS operators:
Einstein’s theory of relativity turned out to be
essential for the innumerable activities that
today rely on the precision of the GNSS. May
be the operators would agree to support a kind
of research establishment that does theory and
experiment with GNSS for fundamental
research?
3. What meaning does Einstein’s letter to the
United Nations have today? United Nations
World, New York, October 1947, pp. 13-14
Open Letter to the General Assembly of the
United Nations by Einstein (and also found at
http://neutrino.aquaphoenix.com/un-esa/ws
1997-letter-einstein.html). How did the world
respond to Einstein's letter? The November
1947 issue of the journal United Nations
World published only one follow-up letter to
the Editor. It suggested that moving toward a
world government might be a good idea. The
December 1947 and January 1948 issues of the
same journal had no letters to the Editor on the
subject of Einstein's letter. Outside the
journal’s traditional environment, people from
different occupations debated the wisdom of
Einstein's views indicating that he was on the
right track. 2015, almost seventy years after
the UN World magazine published Einstein's
letter, an open letter titled “Autonomous
Weapons: An Open Letter from AI & Robotics
Researchers” was announced 28 July at the
opening of the International Joint Conference
on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) conference
(http://futureoflife.org/open-letter-autonomous
3. 49
-weapons/). Collectively, scientific and
technological luminaries have signed an open
letter calling for the world's governments to
ban the development of "offensive autonomous
weapons" to prevent a “military AI arms race”.
Essentially, the letter is concerned with dumb
robots and vehicles being turned into smart
autonomous weapons. A similar initiative to
Einstein’s letter? To date (31 January 2016)
20,806 individuals signed the letter!