African countries were not permitted to make their own films during the colonial era, which stunted growth of the local film industry. After independence, a few anti-colonial films were produced that focused on social and political themes rather than being commercially driven. Early African filmmakers like Ousmane and Oumarou aimed to correct stereotypical Western images of Africa and reclaim the image for Africans, while Safi Faye became the first African woman film director to gain international recognition. The Federation of African Filmmakers (FEPACI) was formed in 1969 to further develop African cinema.