History and Philosophy.pptx

CLASSIFY
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
FACTORS
INFLUENTIAL
PERSON
PREVALENT
ARTIST
SOCIO – ECONOMIC
ISSUES
ARTS HISTORICAL TIMELINE
MEDIA

CAVE ART
Cave art refers to the numerous paintings and engravings
found in European caves and shelters dating back to the Ice
Age, approximately between 40,000 and 14,000 years ago.
The first painted cave acknowledged as being Paleolithic,
meaning from the Stone Age, was Altamira in Spain.
Experts say that the art discovered there was the work of
modern humans (Homo sapiens). Cave art is generally
considered to have a symbolic or 1 religious function,
sometimes both.
One such practice involved going into a deep cave for a
ceremony during which a shaman would enter a trance state
and send his or her soul into the otherworld to make contact
with the spirits and try to obtain their benevolence.
Altamira Cave
Magura Cave

Most cave art consists of paintings
made with either red or black pigment.
The reds were made with iron oxides
(hematite), whereas manganese dioxide
and charcoal were used for the blacks.
Engravings were made with fingers on
soft walls or with flint tools on hard
surfaces in a number of other caves and
shelters. Representations in caves,
painted or otherwise, include few
humans, animal figures—cave lions,
mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, and
cave bears. Later on, horses, bison,
aurochs, cervids, and ibex became
prevalent, as in the Lascaux and Niaux
caves. Geometric signs are always
numerous, though the specific types
vary based on the time period in which
the cave was painted and the cave's
location
Pedra Furada
Pettakere Cave

Cave art is generally considered to have a
symbolic or religious function, sometimes both.
The exact meanings of the images remain
unknown, but some experts think they may have
been created within the framework of shamanic
beliefs and practices.

EGYPTIAN ART
Ancient Egyptian art refers to art produced in ancient
Egypt between the 6th millennium BC and the 4th
century AD, spanning from Prehistoric Egypt until the
Christianization of Roman Egypt.
Egyptian Artist
Egyptianartwasinfluenced by severalfactors,includingthe
NileRiver,the twokingdoms(the Upper in the south andthe
Lowerin the north), agricultureandhunting, animals,the
heavens, the pharaohsandgods,andreligiousbeliefs.

Egyptianartistshavealonghistoryof politicalengagement.Eveninthemid-twentiethcentury,when
theymostly reliedonstatefunding,theymadecritiquesof the rulingregimes,andcreatedoneof the
fewspaceswhereindependentpoliticalthoughtcouldbrew.Egyptianartists—liketheircounterpartsin
manyothercountriesinthe region—havelongbeen incloser touchwiththe moodof averagepeople
thantherepressivegovernmentshavebeen, andthey haveservedasbothbellwethers andinstigators
of change.Whenthe revolutionbrokeoutin2011,Egyptianartistswerethuswell positionedtotakeona
muchmoredirect,activistrole, andmanydid.Artchangedaswell, becomingmoreaccessibleand
purpose-driven.Now,asthe tideagainhasturnedtoauthoritarianism,theunbridledhope of the
uprisinghaswaned,negativelyaffectingartasmuch asanyotherpartof therevolution.Yetthereare
glimmersof dissentintheartthat liveson, andmanyreasonstothinkthat Egyptianartistswillbepart
of thevanguardof thenext waveof socialandpoliticalchange,whateverit maybe.
Generally, the workswesee on displayin museums were productsof royal or elite workshops;these
pieces fitbest with our modernaestheticn and ideasof beauty. Most museum basements, however,
arepackedwithhundreds(even thousands!)of other objects madefor people of lower 1 status—small
statuary,amulets, coffins, andstelae (similarto moderntombstones) thatarecompletely
recognizable,but rarely displayed.These pieces generally show less qualityin the workmanship;
being oddly1 proportioned orpoorly executed; they areless often considered'art'in the modern
sense. However,these objects servedthe exactsamefunction of providingbenefit to their owners
(andto the samedegreeof effectiveness), asthose

c. 6000 BCE - c. 3150 BCE Art develops during the Predynastic Period in Egypt
c. 3150 BCE - c. 2613 BCE Artwork becomes more elaborate during the Early Dynastic Period in Egypt
c. 3150 BCE The Narmer Palette is created, a high point in Egyptian art of the period
c. 2670 BCE Imhotep creates King Djoser's Step Pyramid and Pyramid Complex at
Saqqara, Egypt.
c. 2613 BCE - 2181 BCE Art becomes standardized by the king during the Old Kingdom of Egypt
c. 2500 BCE Egyptians invent the technique of filigree in the manufacture of gold objects
2181 BCE - 2040 BCE Art is mass-produced during the First Intermediate Period of Egypt
2040 BCE - 1782 BCE Art reaches its greatest height during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.
c. 1782 BCE - c. 1570 BCE Art is influenced by the Hyksos and Nubians during the Second Intermediate Period
of Egypt.
c. 1570 BCE - c. 1069 BCE Styles and techniques of other cultures influence Egyptian art during the period of
the New Kingdom. Some of the most famous works created

c. 1550 BCE - 1070 BCE Composition of the Egyptian Book of the Dead.
c. 1370 BCE - c. 1336 BCE Life of Egyptian queen Nefertiti.
1279 BCE - 1212 BCE Reign of Ramesses II (The Great) in Egypt
c. 1264 BCE - c. 1244 BCE Probable dates for the construction of Abu Simbel
c. 1244 BCE - c. 1224 BCE Other probable dates for the construction of Abu Simbel.
c. 1069 BCE - 525 BCE The artwork of the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt tries to carry
on New Kingdom standards with varying levels of success.
525 BCE - 332 BCE Art of the Late Period of Ancient Egypt is influenced by Persian and Kushite
rule
323 BCE - 30 BCE Egyptian art fuses with Greek styles during the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
30 BCE - 646 CE Egyptian art combines with Roman in Roman Egypt.

Notable works
Keen observation, exact representation of actual life
and nature, and a strict conformity to a set of rules
regarding representation of three dimensional
forms dominated the character and style of the art of
ancient Egypt. Completeness and exactness were
preferred to prettiness and cosmetic representation.

GREEK ART
Greek art began in the Cycladic and Minoan civilization,and gave
birthto Western classicalart in the subsequentGeometric, Archaic
and Classicalperiods (with further developments during the
HellenisticPeriod).
• Phidias,or the greatPheidias
• Influenced by the Egyptians
• Parrhasius
• Alexander the Great
AncientGreece relied heavily on imported goods. Theireconomy
was defined by that dependence. Agriculturaltrade was of great
importance because the soil in Greecewas of poor qualitywhich
limitedcrop production.

• The art of ancientGreeceis usually dividedstylistically
into four periods:theGeometric,Archaic,Classical,and
Hellenistic. The Geometric ageis usually datedfrom
about 1000BC, althoughin reality little is known about art
in Greeceduringthe preceding200years,traditionally
knownasthe GreekDarkAges.
• BronzeAgeGreece- Bronze Age(around 3200- 1100 B.C.E.)
• Archaicperiod(c. 600-480/479B.C.E.)
• Classicalperiod

Bronze Age Greece Archaicperiod • Classicalperiod

Pre-Socratic
philosophers mostly investigated natural phenomena. They believed
that humans originated from a single substance, which could be
water, air, or an unlimited substance called “apeiron.” One well-
known philosopher from this group was Pythagoras,
the mathematician who created the Pythagorean Theorem.

The Socratic
Socrates (470/469–399 B.C.E.) is remembered for his teaching
methods and for asking thought-provoking questions. Instead of
lecturing his students, he asked them difficult questions in order
to challenge their underlying assumptions—a method still used
in modern-day law schools. Because Socrates wrote little about his
life or work, much of what we know comes from his student Plato.
Plato (428/427–348/347 B.C.E.) studied ethics, virtue, justice, and other
ideas relating to human behavior. Following in Socrates’ footsteps, he
became a teacher and inspired the work of the next great
Greek philosopher, Aristotle. Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.), while also
interested in ethics, studied different sciences like physics, biology,
and astronomy. He is often credited with developing the study of logic,
as well as the foundation for modern-day zoology.

The Post-Socratic
philosophers established four schools of philosophy: Cynicism,Skepticism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism. The
Post-Socratic philosophers focused their attention on the individual rather than on communal issues such as
politics. For example, stoicism sought to understand and cultivate a certain way of life, based on one’s virtues,
or wisdom, courage, justice, and temperance. Modern philosophers and educators still employ the patterns of
thinking and exploration established by ancient Greek philosophers, such as the application of logic to
questions of thought and engaging in debate to better convey philosophical ideas.

Rome wasfounded around 625BC in the areasof ancientItaly
knownasEtruriaandLatium.It isthought thatthe city-state
of Rome wasinitially formedby Latiumvillagersjoining
togetherwithsettlers from the surroundinghills in response
to anEtruscan invasion.
RomanArtNature(500B.C.E – 330 C.E.)
Theartof the Ancient Rome , itsRepublic andlater Empireincludes Architecture,
Paintings,Sculpture andMosaicWork.
Romanartisa highly creativepastichethat incorporatesnot only Greekmodels but also Etruscan,
nativeItalic,andevenEgyptianvisual culture. Much Romanartis characterizedby stylistic
eclectism an practicalapplication.

Augustus(also knownasOctavian)wasthe firstemperor
of ancientRome. Augustus cameto powerafterthe
assassinationof Julius Caesarin 44 BCE.In 27 BCE
Augustus“restored”the republic of Rome, though he
himself retainedall realpower as the princeps, or “first
citizen,”of Rome.
Augustus

Emperor Constantine (caA.D. 280– 337) reigned
over a major transition in the Roman Empire—and
much more. His acceptanceof Christianity and his
establishment of an eastern capital city, which
would later bear his name, mark his rule as a
significant pivot point between ancient history and
the Middle Ages.
Constantine the Great

Julius Caesar wasa Roman general and
politician who namedhimself dictator of
the Roman Empire, a rule that lasted less
than one year before he was famously
assassinatedby political rivals in 44 B.C
Julius Caesar

The Romans in their Decadence
Sailko, CC BY-SA 4.0,

Incrustation
The Four Style
Architectural
Ornamental
Intricate

Like Roman mythology and theatre, most
philosophy that the Romans adopted and
practiced was based largely in Greek
thought that they came into contactwith as
Rome conquered Greece. The two major
schools of philosophy in Rome, though by far
not the only ones, were Epicureanism and
Stoicism

Medieval
In the history of Europe, the MiddleAgesor medievalperiod
lasted approximatelyfrom the 5th to the late 15thcenturies,
similarto the post-classicalperiodof global history.It began
withthe fall of the WesternRomanEmpire andtransitioned
into the Renaissanceandthe Ageof Discovery.
Medievalart(300C.E. – 1400C.E.)
Although the history of Medievalartcovers almost ten centuries
betweenthe Sack of Rome (c.450CE)andthe Early Italian
Renaissance(1400),WesternMedievalartislimited to Byzantine
culture (EasternRomanEmpire), Hberno – SaxonInsular art,
artworksfromthe royal the courts of Charlemagneandhis
Ottonian successors, andfinally from roughly 1000onwards.

Martin Luther (1483—1546)German theologian,
professor, pastor, and church reformer. Luther
began the Protestant Reformation with the
publication of his Ninety-FiveTheseson October
31, 1517. In this publication, he attackedthe
Church's sale of indulgences
Martin Luther

Charlemagne (c.742-814), also known as Karl and
Charles the Great, wasa medievalemperor who
ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. In
771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks,a
Germanictribe in present-dayBelgium, France,
Luxembourg, the Netherlandsandwestern
Germany
Charlemagne

Christopher Columbus was a navigator who
explored the Americas under the flag of Spain.
Some people think of him as the "discoverer"of
America, but this is not strictly true. His voyages
across the Atlantic paved the way for European
colonization and exploitation of the Americas.
Christopher Columbus

Medieval Architecture
Religious architecture Military architecture Civic architecture

Medieval Sculpture
Carolingian Ivory Panel Romanesque Tympanum Gothic Statues

Medieval Paintings
Medieval frescoes in the
Zemen Monastery in
Bulgaria; Bollweevil
The oldest known icon
of Christ Pantocrator, 6th-
century encaustic icon
from Saint Catherine’s
Monastery, Mount Sinai;
Scenes from the Life of
Christ: 20. Lamentation
(The Mourning of
Christ) by Giotto di
Bondone, 1306; Giotto

Early Christian Artists (650-900 CE)
Medieval Artists on the Continent
Romanesque Designers (c.950-1140)
Gothic Architects (c.1140-1300)
Byzantine Artists (c.500-1400)
Medieval Artists Heralded Renaissance

Philosophy of the medieval period was closely
connected to Christian thought, particularly
theology, and the chief philosophers of the period
were churchmen. Philosophers who strayed from
this close relation were chided by their superiors.
Greek philosophy ceased to be creative after
Plotinus in the 3rd century ce.

Chinese
Paintings
Chinese painting is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions
in the world. The earliest paintings were not representational but
ornamental;they consisted of patterns or designs rather than
pictures. Stone Age pottery was painted with spirals, zigzags,
dots, or animals.It was only during the Warring States Period
(403-221 B.C.) that artists began to represent the world around
them

Chinese Paintings
Two main techniques in
Chinese painting
Meticulous -
Gong-bi (工筆)
often referred to
as "court-style"
painting
Freehand - Shui-mo (
水墨) loosely termed
watercolour or brush
painting.

Meticulous Paintings
TributeBearers
Yan Liben and Yan Lide
Watercolour and Ink on Paper Scroll
Song Dynasty(960 – 1279 AD)
Court LadiesPreparing Newly
Woven Silk’
Zhang Xuan
Handscroll,ink, color, and gold
on silk,37.1 x 145 cm
Eighty Seven Celestials
Wu Daozi
Ink on Silk,292cm x 30cm, 8th Century

Freehand
Paintings
Trees in a rivervalley in Yu-shan
Ni Tsan
IndianInk on Paper, 95.3 × 35.8 cm,
1371
By Wang Wei
(Public Domain,
Dwellingin the Fuchun Mountains
(detail, known as ‘The Remaining
Mountain’)
Huang Gongwang
Two Birds
Bada Shanren

Chinese painting and painting theory
have roots within China's major
philosophies significantly
including Confucianism, Buddhism,
and Daoism

Ukiyo-e (Japanese
print)
• Produced between 16th – 20th century
• Popular in 18th century
• Originatedfrom Kyoto
General Subjects
Kabuki (actors)
Landscapes
Beautiful Women
Artist became popular

Ukiyo-e, often translated as "pictures of
the floating world," refers to Japanese
paintings and woodblock prints that
originally depicted the cities' pleasure
districts during the Edo Period, when the
sensual attributes of life were
encouraged amongst a tranquil existence
under the peaceful rule of the Shoguns.

EVOLUTION
First sumi (black ink) Added Colours

Woodblock Printing
Printing and Design Carving Apply Ink

THE ACTORS
THE BEAUTY
THE LANDSCAPES

By combining uki for sadness and yo for life,
the word ukiyo-e originally reflected
the Buddhist concept of life as a transitory
illusion, involving a cycle of birth, suffering,
death, and rebirth.

 High Renaissance is an artistic style at the
beginning of the 16th century that resulted in
exquisite artistic production in Italy, while
Mannerism is the style of art in Europe from 1520
to 1600, which came after the period of the High
Renaissance but before the Baroqueperiod.
 Mannerism originated as a reaction to the
harmonious classicism and the idealized
naturalism of High Renaissance art as practiced
by Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo,and Raphael
in the first two decades of the 16thcentury.

The Renaissance is a period in European history
marking the transition from the Middle Ages to
modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries,
characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas
and achievements of classical antiquity

Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was the
very ideal of the Renaissance man – a
supremelygifted painter,scientist,
inventor and polymath. Da Vinci has been
widely regarded as one of the world’s
greatest minds, with extraordinary
talents that included painting,
mathematics, architecture, engineering,
botany, sculpture, and human biology.
Mona Lisa
Vitruvian Man

Galileo Galilei
Galileo (1564–1642) was perhaps the
most influential Renaissance scientist
who paved the scientific revolution that
later flourished in northernEurope. Often
called the ‘father of observational
astronomy’, Galilei pioneered the
telescope and advocated the heliocentric
model of our solar system.
He made key discoveries in both pure
fundamental science as well as practical
applied science, and in doing so
revolutionized our understanding of the
world.
Improved Telescope
Thermometer

Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-
1543) was a mathematician,
astronomer, physician,
economist, diplomat and classics
scholar. His most important
teaching – that the earth
revolved around the sun – placed
him in direct oppositionto the
established teachings of the
church.
Copernican Heliocentrism

These three areas corresponded
exactly to the three dominant
strands of Renaissance
philosophy: political philosophy,
humanism, and the philosophy of
nature.

Mannerism is a period of European art that emerged
from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance. It
began around 1520 and lasted until about 1580 in
Italy, when a more Baroque style began to be favored.

Parmigianino
became one of the most
influential of the
Mannerists, even though
he diedat the age of
thirty-seven.
Virgin and Child with
Saints John the Baptist
and Jerome (Vision of St
Jerome)
Madonna dal Collo
Longo (Madonna
with the Long Neck)

Jacopo da Pontormo
JacopoCarucci,usually knownas
Jacopoda Pontormo, Jacopo
Pontormo, or simply Pontormo, was
anItalianManneristpainterand
portraitistfrom the Florentine
School. Hisworkrepresents a
profound stylistic shiftfrom the calm
perspectivalregularitythat
characterizedthe artof the
Florentine Renaissance.
Joseph in Egypt
Visitation of
the Virgin
and St.
Elizabeth

Both are recognized for their elaborate
decoration and attention to detail. The
Baroque movement began in Rome in the
the early 1600s and spread throughout
Europe by the 17th and 18th
centuries. Rococo art dominated the French
French art scene mainly during the early
18th century.

Baroque is an artistic movement that developed in
Italy, in Rome, in the 17th century in reaction to
Mannerism that dominated the late Italian
Renaissance. This movement was encouraged by
the Catholic Church that sought to return to the
tradition and spirituality the Church promoted with
the Counter Reformation.

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio
Few people areawarethatMichelangelo
Merisi,better knownas Caravaggio,was
more famousduringhislife for his violent
behavior ratherthan for his art.The Italian
artistfrom Bergamocameto be known as
a pioneer of tenebrism(tenebroso)- the
use of dramaticcontrastbetween light and
shade.
Caravaggioled a truly dramaticlife, just
likehis paintings,andhe is knownto have
committedseriouscrimesmorethan once
in hislifetime. Atthe ageof 38, he
diedundermysteriouscircumstancesin
Porto Ercole in Tuscany.
Bacchus

Rembrandt
Harmenszoon van Rijn
RembrandtvanRijn, the eminent Dutch painter,
was born in1606 inthe present Netherlands,and
eventhough he never wentabroadhispieces were
inspiredby foreigninfluences. When most people
think of the most significantBaroqueartistsand
the Dutch Golden Age,Rembrandtalmost
universally comes to mind.This is because his
workwas truly significant.AugusteRodinonce
famously stated,“Compareme withRembrandt?
What sacrilege!With Rembrandt,the colossus of
Art!We should prostrateourselves before
Rembrandtandnever compareanyone withhim!”
Self-Portrait with Two
Circles

Peter Paul Rubens
Peter Paul Rubens, known for
being “the prince of painters and
the painter of princes,”was a
flamboyant Flemish grand
master of art born in 1577. His
work was highly influenced by
historical and mythological
ideals,and his unique painting
style cameto be associatedwith
the Counter-Reformation
The Garden of Love

DiegoVelázquez wasa prominent
court painterof the SpanishKing
Philip IV.He representedthe
Spanish Golden Agebeing one of
the best portraitistsof his times.
VelázquezwasfamiliarwithItalian
art;his inspirationinitially came
fromartistssuch
asRaphaelandMichelangelo. Later
duringhislife, his workinspiredthe
RealistsandImpressionists.
Diego Velázquez
La Venus del Espejo or The
Rokeby Venus

Nicolas Poussin
NicolasPoussin wasthe famouspainter
of the French Baroque.He introducedthe
classicaltraditionwhichwas often
describedasembodying the opposite
traitsof Caravaggio,and there is some
truth to this. Hisworkswerevery subtle
and hiscompositions weremeticulously
staged,justasif on a stage. Poussin
inspiredother greatpaintersin later
centuries, such asJacques-Louis
David,Jean-Auguste-Dominique
IngresandPaul Cézanne.
Landscape with a Calm

Another interesting characteristic of philosophy of
the Baroque is the fact that most of the problems it
was concerned with, it considered from the wider
religious-theological perspective, while using the
central idea of God as a tool for asking posing and
solving metaphysical, cognitive and
anthropological questions.

Rococo, style in interior design, the decorative
arts, painting, architecture, and sculpture
that originated in Paris in the early 18th
century but was soon adopted throughout France
and later in other countries, principally Germany
and Austria.

François Boucher
The most famous artist of the
Rococo movement is undoubtedly
François Boucher. Known for his
portrayals of the many different
mythological tales from ancient
Greek andRoman culture,
Boucher’s work would shape the
Rococo movement asa whole
throughout his lifetime. The Breakfast
The
Triumph of
Venus

Jean-Antoine Watteau
Jean-AntoineWatteauis certainly
consideredto be among the most notable
artistsof the Rococo period.He iscredited
asbeing the artistwhopioneered the
Rococo styleaftercombining various
elements of masterful painterslike Titian
andPeter Paul Rubens withhis own
particularflair.
His worksareknownfor their especially
colorful natureasWatteauselected some of
the most vibranthues for his works
throughout hisbrief career. The Scale
of Love
The
Pilgrima
ge to the
Island of
Cythera

Rococo style is characterized by elaborate
ornamentation, asymmetrical values,
pastel color palette, and curved or
serpentine lines. Rococo art works often
depict themes of love, classical myths,
youth, and playfulness.

Neoclassicism is a revival of
the classical past.
It developed in Europe in the
18th century when artists
began to imitate Greek and
Roman antiquity and painters
of the Renaissance as a
reaction to the excessive style
of Baroque and Rococo.

Jacques-Louis David
Jacques-LouisDavid,(born
August30, 1748, Paris,France—
diedDecember29, 1825,Brussels,
Belgium),the most celebrated
French artistof his dayanda
principalexponent of the late
18th-
century Neoclassicalreaction
againstthe Rococo style.
The Oath of the
Horatii The Death
of Socrates

Neoclassicism in the arts is an
aesthetic attitude based on the
art of Greece and Rome in
antiquity, which
invokes harmony, clarity,
restraint, universality, and
idealism.

Romanticism is the 19th century
movement that developed in
Europe in response to the
Industrial revolution and the
disillusionment of the
Enlightenment values of reason.
Romanticism emerged after the
1789, the year of the French
Revolution that caused a
relevant social change in
Europe.

WilliamWordsworth, (born April7,
1770, Cockermouth, Cumberland,
England—diedApril23, 1850, Rydal
Mount, Westmorland), English
poet whose Lyrical Ballads (1798),
written with SamuelTaylor
Coleridge, helped launch the English
Romantic movement.
William Wordsworth
The Prelude 'I Wandered
Lonely as a
Cloud'

George Gordon Byron
Lord Byron, in fullGeorge
Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron,
(born January 22, 1788, London,
England—diedApril19, 1824,
Missolonghi, Greece), British
Romantic poet and
satiristwhose poetry and
personality captured the
imaginationof Europe.
'Childe
Harold's
Pilgrimage'
Don Juan

Romanticism is a philosophical movement
during the Age of Enlightenment
which emphasizes emotional self-awareness
as a necessary pre-condition to improving
society and bettering the human condition.

Realism was an artistic
movement that emerged in
France in the 1840s, around the
1848 Revolution. Realists
rejected Romanticism, which
had dominated French literature
and art since the early 19th
century

GUSTAVE COURBET
Gustave Courbet was the undisputedleaderof
Realismand the key figure responsible for
the rise of the movement. He rejectedthe
predominant Romantic and Neoclassical schools
prevalentin Europe and insteadshocked the art
world through bold imageswhich challenged the
boundaries of what was acceptable.He depicted
non-idealizedpeasantsand workers on a grand
scalereserved for religiousor historicalsubjects;
undertook subjectswhich were considered vulgar;
addressedsocial issuesin his art; and even
painted a close-up view of the genitalsand
abdomen of a naked woman. Called a genius,
a “terrible socialist”and a “savage”during histime,
GustaveCourbet is now considered one of the most
important artistswho not only led a prominent
movement but also widely influencedfuture
generation of artists.
Masterpiece: A Burial At
Ornans (1850)

EDWARD HOPPER
The art of Edward Hopperis marked by minimum of
actionwith almost no sign of lifeand mobility; and
the use of dramatic means to suggestthe
psychological statesof hissubjects.Hopper’s
individuals,usually depictedisolatedand
disconnectedfrom their environments, revealed the
solitude of modern life. Moreover, he forced his
viewer to play an activerole in completing the
narrativeof his artworks. Thiswas hugely
influentialfor the art world as it led to art
movements in which the major role in
understandingthe artwork was left for the viewer.
The most famous Americanrealistpainter, Edward
Hopper has been said to have painted a more
revealingportrait of twentieth-centuryAmerica
than any other artist. His
masterpiece Nighthawks is one of the most
recognizable paintingsin the history of American
art.
Masterpiece: Nighthawks
(1942)

Realism, in philosophy, the viewpoint which
accords to things which are known or
perceived an existence or nature which is
independent of whether anyone is thinking
about or perceiving them.

Impressionism was a radical art
movement that began in the late 1800s,
centered primarily around Parisian
painters. Impressionists rebelled against
classical subject matter and embraced
modernity, desiring to create works that
reflected the world in which they lived

Claude Monet (1840 – 1926)
ClaudeMonet achievedfame
for being the initiator,
leader,andunswerving
advocateof the
Impressioniststyle. In his
workhedidnot try to
reproducea scenefaithfully
asexaminedin detailbut
ratherattempted to record
on the spot the impression
thata relaxed,momentary
visionof the scenegavehim.
Impression, Sunrise A pond of water lilies

Impressionism is a late 19th century art movement
interested in capturing the fleeting qualities of light,
color, and atmosphere as well as the emerging
psychological principles concerning human
consciousness. The movement is most widely
associated with the paintings of Monet, Manet,
Renoir, Cezanne, and Degas.

Post-Impressionism is a term used to
describe the reaction in the 1880s
against Impressionism. It was led by
Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent
van Gogh and Georges Seurat. The
Post-Impressionists rejected
Impressionism's concern with the
spontaneous and naturalistic rendering
of light and color.

Vincent van Gogh
VincentWillem vanGogh wasa
Dutch Post-Impressionistpainter
who posthumously became one of
the most famous andinfluential
figuresin Western arthistory. Ina
decade,hecreatedabout 2,100
artworks,including around860 oil
paintings,most of which datefrom
the last two yearsof his life.
The Starry Night Van Gogh self-portrait

Paul Cézanne
Paul Cézannewasa French
artistandPost-Impressionist
painter whosework laidthe
foundationsof the transition
fromthe 19th-century
conception of artistic
endeavourto a new and
radically differentworldof art
in the 20thcentury.
THE BATHERS THE CARD PLAYERS SERIES

The Post-Impressionists rejected
Impressionism's concern with the
spontaneous and naturalistic rendering of
light and color. Instead they favored an
emphasis on more symbolic content,
formal order and structure. Similar to the
the Impressionists, however, they
stressed the artificiality of the picture.

The term Neo-Impressionism was first used in
1886 by the French art critic Felix Feneon to
describe a style of 19th-century Post-
Impressionist painting, pioneered by Georges
Seurat (1859-1891).

GeorgesSeurat, (born December2,
1859, Paris,France—diedMarch 29,
1891, Paris),painter,founder of the
19th-century French school of Neo-
Impressionismwhosetechnique for
portrayingthe play of light using tiny
brushstrokesof contrastingcolours
becameknown asPointillism
Georges Seurat
The Circus A Sunday
Afternoon on
the Island of La
Grande Jatte

Most of the Neo-Impressionists held anarchist beliefs.
Their depictions of the working class and peasants
called attention to the social struggles taking place as
the rise of industrial capitalism gained speed, and their
search for harmony in art paralleled their vision of a
utopian society.

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