Hernán cortés
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Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conqueror born in 1485 in Medellín, Spain who studied briefly at the University of Salamanca before traveling to what is now the Caribbean and Mexico. In 1519, Cortés sailed from Cuba to the coast of Mexico with 11 ships, about 600 men, and weapons. He founded the city of Villa Rica de la Veracruz and allied with local indigenous groups as he marched inland to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán, where the emperor Moctezuma initially welcomed him. Tensions later rose between the Spanish and Aztecs, culminating in Moctezuma's death during an Aztec uprising. Cortés eventually defeated the Azte
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Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire in the 1520s. As an ambitious conquistador, he defied orders from the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez, by destroying his ships and allying with weaker indigenous groups like the Tlaxcalans against the powerful Aztecs. Through the help of an indigenous translator named Malinche, Cortés convinced the Aztec ruler Montezuma that he was the returned god Quetzalcoatl. Smallpox then ravaged the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, allowing Cortés's forces to conquer it with relative ease. However, Cortés's success angered the Spanish crown and he lost influence despite his conquest of the
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Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who lived from 1451 to 1506. He wanted to find a new route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1492, he embarked on his first voyage, sailing west and eventually discovering several islands in the Caribbean including San Salvador and Cuba, believing he had reached Asia. Over subsequent voyages from 1493 to 1502, he explored more islands in the Caribbean and coastal regions of South and Central America, though he never realized he had discovered a new continent.
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In the 15th century, Spain and Portugal divided territories they had rediscovered in the Americas between them. Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain in 1492 and arrived in the Americas, encountering three major indigenous tribes: the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. The Spanish later fought wars against these tribes to gain control over their lands and establish colonies. Major cities of these civilizations included Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) of the Aztecs, sites of the advanced Mayan writing system, and Machu Picchu of the largest Inca Empire. Spain went on to form institutions to control its new American colonies from Sevilla and defend its territories against other European powers.
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1. The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Asia around 22,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. The Vikings were also early explorers, establishing communities in North America around 1000 AD.
2. Christopher Columbus received funding for his voyage from Queen Isabella of Spain after being rejected by King John II of Portugal. On his first voyage in 1492, Columbus landed in the Bahamas, believing he had reached Asia.
3. The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés led the conquest of the powerful Aztec Empire in Mexico in the 1520s with the help of horses, guns, and native allies. Disease and violence brought by the Europeans devast
Prince henry the navigator
Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored voyages of exploration along the west coast of Africa in the mid-1400s to find a sea route to Asia for trade, though he never sailed on the expeditions himself. He established a school to develop new navigation and shipbuilding techniques to make the voyages possible. Under his direction, Portuguese explorers developed the caravel, a new lightweight ship design that allowed them to sail further and map the African coast over many voyages, advancing geographical knowledge of the region.
John Cabot
John Cabot was an Italian navigator and explorer who is credited with discovering North America in 1497 while sailing under a British flag. He was born around 1450 in Venice, Italy and led an expedition funded by English merchants seeking an alternative route to Asia. Cabot landed on and explored Newfoundland with a crew of 18 men aboard the ship the Matthew. Upon returning to England, he was granted a lifetime pension by the British government. However, little is known about Cabot's voyages as few records were kept.
Conquistadors
The document summarizes the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires in Mexico and Peru. It describes how Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs, led by King Montezuma, in Tenochtitlan, Mexico, and how Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas, led by King Atahualpa, in Cuzco, Peru, taking advantage of their unfamiliarity with horses and weapons. Both civilizations declined severely due to disease and mistreatment after the conquest.
European exploration
This presentation covers Virginia SOL USI,4a, which is European exploration. The student will demonstrate knowledge of European explorations in North America and West Africa by describing the motivations for, obstacles to, and accomplishments of the Spanish, French, Portuguese, and English explorations.
European Colonization
The document summarizes the major European colonial powers and some of their earliest colonies in North America during the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and British colonies, as well as some of the earliest English settlements like Jamestown, Plymouth, and St. Augustine. Key events mentioned include the founding of Brazil by the Portuguese, the establishment of the 13 British colonies along the eastern seaboard, and the first Thanksgiving celebrated by the Pilgrims in Plymouth in 1621.
Conquistadors
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Marco Polo
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Age of European Exploration
During the 15th and 16th centuries, European explorers sailed to previously unknown parts of the world inspired by greed, curiosity, and glory. Key figures included Marco Polo, whose accounts of China intrigued Europeans, and Prince Henry of Portugal, who sponsored voyages down the coast of Africa. Major breakthroughs included Bartolomeu Dias rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 and Vasco da Gama reaching India in 1498, establishing a direct trade route and bypassing Arab middlemen. Christopher Columbus' voyages to the Americas beginning in 1492 opened that part of the world to European colonization, though he did not achieve his goal of finding a direct route to Asia.
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1) The Black Death was a plague pandemic that devastated Europe from 1347 to 1351, killing an estimated 30-60% of Europe's population.
2) The plague was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was carried by fleas living on rats. When rats died, fleas sought new hosts in humans, spreading the plague.
3) The consequences of the Black Death were severe - it killed around half of Europe's population and drastically changed societal and economic systems throughout the continent in the aftermath.
European exploration
The Columbian Exchange resulted in the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres following the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492. This large-scale biological and cultural exchange included crops, livestock, commodities, technologies, cultures, languages and peoples between the Americas and the Old World.
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Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire in the 1520s. As an ambitious conquistador, he defied orders from the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez, by destroying his ships and allying with weaker indigenous groups like the Tlaxcalans against the powerful Aztecs. Through the help of an indigenous translator named Malinche, Cortés convinced the Aztec ruler Montezuma that he was the returned god Quetzalcoatl. Smallpox then ravaged the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, allowing Cortés's forces to conquer it with relative ease. However, Cortés's success angered the Spanish crown and he lost influence despite his conquest of the
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Hernando Cortes and Pedro De Alvarado were two Spanish conquistadors who explored and conquered parts of Central and South America in the early 1500s. Cortes led Spanish troops in conquering the Aztec Empire in Mexico between 1518-1522 through a series of battles, including an epic battle in Tenochtitlan that led to its fall. To participate in expeditions in the Americas, conquistadors had to prove their merit to the Spanish king by submitting royal documents.
Chapter 4 Section 1 Notes
Hernan Cortes landed on the Yucatan Peninsula in 1519 with over 600 Spanish soldiers seeking riches and land for Spain. Through the Mayan people, Cortes learned of the powerful Aztec empire and its capital of Tenochtitlan. In 1519, Cortes and his troops arrived in Tenochtitlan, where the Aztec ruler Montezuma tried to appease them with gold. However, fighting broke out and the Aztecs were weakened by diseases brought by the Spanish. Cortes conquered the Aztecs in 1521, destroying Tenochtitlan and establishing Mexico City in its place. In 1531, Francisco Pizarro similarly conquered the Incan Empire in South America, making it
Aztecs empire
The ancestors of the Aztecs received a divine command to leave their homeland of Aztlan in 1116 AD and wandered for over 100 years before reaching Lake Texcoco. From their modest beginnings in the swamps of Lake Texcoco, the Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan grew in size and power through warfare and alliances to obtain resources. Montezuma I ordered the construction of an embankment to protect Tenochtitlan after it was flooded in 1446, and then expanded the empire outside the valley after several years of bad harvests caused widespread starvation. When the Spanish arrived in 1519, over 300,000 people lived in the grand city of Tenochtitlan, which was
Aztecs empire
The ancestors of the Aztecs received a divine command to leave their homeland of Aztlan in 1116 AD and wandered for over 100 years before reaching Lake Texcoco. From modest beginnings in the swamps around the lake, the Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan grew in size and power through alliances and warfare. After floods and famines in the mid-1400s, Montezuma I expanded the empire outside the valley. When the Spanish arrived in 1519, over 300,000 people lived in the great city of Tenochtitlan, which was larger and more prosperous than Seville.
Aztecs empire
The ancestors of the Aztecs received a divine command to leave their homeland of Aztlan in 1116 AD and wandered for over 100 years before reaching Lake Texcoco. From modest beginnings in the swamps around the lake, the Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan grew in size and power through alliances and warfare. After floods and famines in the mid-1400s, Montezuma I expanded the empire outside the valley. When the Spanish arrived in 1519, over 300,000 people lived in the great city of Tenochtitlan, which was larger and more prosperous than Seville.
Aztecs empire
The ancestors of the Aztecs received a divine command to leave their homeland of Aztlan in 1116 AD and wandered for over 100 years before reaching Lake Texcoco. From modest beginnings in the swamps around the lake, the Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan grew in size and power through alliances and warfare. After floods and famines in the mid-1400s, Montezuma I expanded the empire outside the valley. When the Spanish arrived in 1519, over 300,000 people lived in the great city of Tenochtitlan, which was larger and more prosperous than Seville.
Aztecs empire
The ancestors of the Aztecs received a divine command to leave their homeland of Aztlan in 1116 AD and wandered for over 100 years before reaching Lake Texcoco. From modest beginnings in the swamps around the lake, the Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan grew in size and power through alliances and warfare. After floods and famines in the mid-1400s, Montezuma I expanded the empire outside the valley. When the Spanish arrived in 1519, over 300,000 people lived in the great city of Tenochtitlan, which was larger and more prosperous than Seville.
AZTECS EMPIRE
The ancestors of the Aztecs received a divine command to leave their homeland of Aztlan in 1116 AD and wandered for over 100 years before reaching Lake Texcoco. From modest beginnings in the swamps around the lake, the Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan grew in size and power through alliances and warfare. After floods and famines in the mid-1400s, Montezuma I expanded the empire outside the valley. When the Spanish arrived in 1519, over 300,000 people lived in the great city of Tenochtitlan, which was larger and more prosperous than Seville.
Spanish empire
Diego Vasicuio was charged with leading worship of an old god Sorimana by his neighbor Catalina Paicaus, who had been charged with witchcraft. When brought before Father de Prado, Diego reluctantly agreed to bring the god's stone but returned without it.
Francisco Baquero was a skilled shoemaker in Buenos Aires in 1776, but could not make a living due to a lack of craftsmen. He advocated for the rights of non-white craftsmen and petitioned for a craftsmen's guild, traveling as far as Madrid, but was never successful.
Juan de Morga and Gertudis de Escobar were intelligent slaves in Mexico in the
Ch 10 a deadly meeting
- Cortés led an expedition from Spain's Caribbean colonies to the Aztec-ruled Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, establishing a colony on the coast.
- As Cortés marched inland to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, he encountered other indigenous groups and employed a strategy of allying with them against the Aztecs.
- Emperor Moctezuma initially allowed the Spanish to enter Tenochtitlan but they soon placed him under house arrest. After clashes between the Aztecs and Spanish, the city was destroyed following an 80-day siege, replacing the Aztec empire with a Spanish colony.
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