The document summarizes health inequalities in Boston by analyzing health indicators around different subway (T) stops. It finds that premature death rates, homicide rates, low birth weight, and diabetes rates vary significantly between stops like Arlington versus Dudley Square and Mattapan. These health differences are linked to large variations in socioeconomic factors like poverty and education levels between neighborhoods. While close in physical distance, some areas of Boston have "health worlds apart" due to inequalities in the social determinants that produce population health outcomes. Addressing these gaps across the city remains an ongoing challenge for public health.
What is IRS Form 8949 | IRS Form 8949 InstructionsScott Wright
Form 8949 is where details of your sales and exchanges are shown, allowing you and the IRS to reconcile amounts that were reported to you and the IRS on Form.
The 1099-MISC form is identified as the independent contractor form. Basically, it is a form filed with the IRS that tells them how much you paid someone during the tax year in question.
What is IRS Form 8949 | IRS Form 8949 InstructionsScott Wright
Form 8949 is where details of your sales and exchanges are shown, allowing you and the IRS to reconcile amounts that were reported to you and the IRS on Form.
The 1099-MISC form is identified as the independent contractor form. Basically, it is a form filed with the IRS that tells them how much you paid someone during the tax year in question.
Elements of a ContractSuppose that the Fabulous Hotel hires yo.docxSALU18
Elements of a Contract
Suppose that the Fabulous Hotel hires you as head chef under a two-year employment contract. After two years, another hotel wants to hire you. However, in the original employment contract you signed with the Fabulous Hotel, the following paragraph appears:
“The below-signed agrees not to work as a chef for another hotel in the same metropolitan area for a period of two years after leaving our employ.”
· Describe and analyze the five elements of a contract that must exist for this agreement to be enforceable.
· Explain why this contract is governed by common law or the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).
· Examine at least two circumstances in which this non-compete agreement would be unenforceable.
Submit a four- to five-page paper (not including title and reference pages). Your paper must be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide and must cite three scholarly sources in addition to the textbook
Annotated Bibliography: Literature Review
All Scholarly
Feagin, Joe, and Zinobia Bennefield. "Systemic Racism And U.S. Health Care." Social Science & Medicine 103.(2014): 7-14. Academic Search Complete.Web. 27 Sept. 2015.
"Systemic Racism and the U.S. Health Care," is a rather expansive article. In this scholarly article, Bennefield, a Texas A&M sociology professor, examines the racism in our health care system. Her article looks at what injustices there are in the treatment and care of African Americans in contrast to Caucasians, and the rationalization of said treatment by our white system. This article will provide examples of the racism there is in the health care system for me, and possible reasons for it, and what led to today's current healthcare situation.
Hambleton, Ian R., et al. "Cause-Of-Death Disparities In The African Diaspora: Exploring Differences Among Shared-Heritage Populations." American Journal Of Public Health 105.(2015): S491. MasterFILE Premier.Web. 27 Sept. 2015.
In Hambleton's scholarly article, "Cause-Of-Death Disparities In The African Diaspora: Exploring Differences Among Shared-Heritage Populations," mortality rates caused by six disease groups are researched. In this study they explored changes in life expectancy rates among African American and African Caribbean Americans, and compared them with other populations as well. This study showed a greater increase in life expectancy in African Americans than African Caribbean Americans. However, this did show a increase in life expectancy in both, although they are still a lot worse expectancies than white Americans. I can maybe use this to argue that there is an improvement going on in America.
Harris, Ricci, et al. "Self-Reported Experience Of Racial Discrimination And Health Care Use In New Zealand: Results From The 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey." American Journal Of Public Health 102.5 (2012): 1012. MasterFILE Premier.Web. 27 Sept. 2015
The article "Self-Reported Experiences of Racial Discr ...
This transcript is useful for a small group exercise when participants are listening to Dr. Linda Rae Murry discuss her critique of the Ten Essential Services as a frame popular in the USA for describing what public health is and should do. It was used along with a worksheet to successfully generate small group discussion on September 12, 2019. Available at RootsofHealthInequity.org
The rough draft for your course project is now due.Your rough dr.docxssusera34210
The rough draft for your course project is now due.
Your rough draft should include a cover page, the body of the paper, and a reference page. The paper should demonstrate a strong thesis statement about your chosen country and its healthcare system.
The paper should be 8 - 10 pages long. Your research should include at least five research resources. The paper must use in-text citations and references in APA format.
My paper is on England’s Healthcare System and all information needed is below- MUST FOLLOW THE OUTLINE AND USE SOME OF THE REFERENCES FROM THE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Country Selection
I chose to do my research paper on England’s Healthcare System, and compare it to our system of healthcare here in the United States. I have always been obsessed with England, their accents, tea, their architecture, writers, musicians such as Duran Duran, etc.…. So naturally I am interested in their healthcare system.
The only thing I know about England’s healthcare system is that it is free to all citizens, and that it is one of the few countries that has this type of system. There is private health care and a wide variety of alternative and complementary treatments are available for those willing to pay, although the public health system is the main source of healthcare in England. The National Health Service (NHS) which is England’s public service system is in charge of healthcare in the United Kingdom. (Europe-cities, 2016)
Annotated Bibliography
Fox News (2012). The history of the US health care reform effort | Fox News. Retrieved
From http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/06/27/us-health-care-reform-efforts-through-
history.html
The writer tries to give us the US healthcare system over some passed years. There Healthcare system’s timeline ranges from 1912 to 2012 and a series of reforms have been happening year in year out to ensure that the residents get what they deserve. These historical moments are best in explaining the current position they are now in since the nation is committed to giving the best to its residents. For instance in 1942: Roosevelt establishes wage and price controls during World War II, to best equip the healthcare system and ensure that people are attended well at zero cost.
Grumet, G. W. (1989). "Health Care Rationing Through Inconvenience: The Third Party's Secret
Weapon." New England Journal of Medicine, 321:607-11.
The author of this journal states clearly on how the healthcare system is good it is to the residents. Even though residents get good and quality services, their tax submissions should be deducted for the purposes of funding the program. To others it is heavy remit but its benefit is excellent to many of the residents. It has brought a lot of the good than harm and many people are healthy. Their life expectancy is raised than other developed nations like US.
Healthcare in UK (England). (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://europe-cities.com/destinations/uk_england/health/
The writer from this website is catego ...
This essay gives the descriptive account of how Paratransit services are in need of better assessment criteria but it also highlights the expense of managing a program that caters to people who are disabled.
Elements of a ContractSuppose that the Fabulous Hotel hires yo.docxSALU18
Elements of a Contract
Suppose that the Fabulous Hotel hires you as head chef under a two-year employment contract. After two years, another hotel wants to hire you. However, in the original employment contract you signed with the Fabulous Hotel, the following paragraph appears:
“The below-signed agrees not to work as a chef for another hotel in the same metropolitan area for a period of two years after leaving our employ.”
· Describe and analyze the five elements of a contract that must exist for this agreement to be enforceable.
· Explain why this contract is governed by common law or the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).
· Examine at least two circumstances in which this non-compete agreement would be unenforceable.
Submit a four- to five-page paper (not including title and reference pages). Your paper must be formatted according to APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide and must cite three scholarly sources in addition to the textbook
Annotated Bibliography: Literature Review
All Scholarly
Feagin, Joe, and Zinobia Bennefield. "Systemic Racism And U.S. Health Care." Social Science & Medicine 103.(2014): 7-14. Academic Search Complete.Web. 27 Sept. 2015.
"Systemic Racism and the U.S. Health Care," is a rather expansive article. In this scholarly article, Bennefield, a Texas A&M sociology professor, examines the racism in our health care system. Her article looks at what injustices there are in the treatment and care of African Americans in contrast to Caucasians, and the rationalization of said treatment by our white system. This article will provide examples of the racism there is in the health care system for me, and possible reasons for it, and what led to today's current healthcare situation.
Hambleton, Ian R., et al. "Cause-Of-Death Disparities In The African Diaspora: Exploring Differences Among Shared-Heritage Populations." American Journal Of Public Health 105.(2015): S491. MasterFILE Premier.Web. 27 Sept. 2015.
In Hambleton's scholarly article, "Cause-Of-Death Disparities In The African Diaspora: Exploring Differences Among Shared-Heritage Populations," mortality rates caused by six disease groups are researched. In this study they explored changes in life expectancy rates among African American and African Caribbean Americans, and compared them with other populations as well. This study showed a greater increase in life expectancy in African Americans than African Caribbean Americans. However, this did show a increase in life expectancy in both, although they are still a lot worse expectancies than white Americans. I can maybe use this to argue that there is an improvement going on in America.
Harris, Ricci, et al. "Self-Reported Experience Of Racial Discrimination And Health Care Use In New Zealand: Results From The 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey." American Journal Of Public Health 102.5 (2012): 1012. MasterFILE Premier.Web. 27 Sept. 2015
The article "Self-Reported Experiences of Racial Discr ...
This transcript is useful for a small group exercise when participants are listening to Dr. Linda Rae Murry discuss her critique of the Ten Essential Services as a frame popular in the USA for describing what public health is and should do. It was used along with a worksheet to successfully generate small group discussion on September 12, 2019. Available at RootsofHealthInequity.org
The rough draft for your course project is now due.Your rough dr.docxssusera34210
The rough draft for your course project is now due.
Your rough draft should include a cover page, the body of the paper, and a reference page. The paper should demonstrate a strong thesis statement about your chosen country and its healthcare system.
The paper should be 8 - 10 pages long. Your research should include at least five research resources. The paper must use in-text citations and references in APA format.
My paper is on England’s Healthcare System and all information needed is below- MUST FOLLOW THE OUTLINE AND USE SOME OF THE REFERENCES FROM THE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Country Selection
I chose to do my research paper on England’s Healthcare System, and compare it to our system of healthcare here in the United States. I have always been obsessed with England, their accents, tea, their architecture, writers, musicians such as Duran Duran, etc.…. So naturally I am interested in their healthcare system.
The only thing I know about England’s healthcare system is that it is free to all citizens, and that it is one of the few countries that has this type of system. There is private health care and a wide variety of alternative and complementary treatments are available for those willing to pay, although the public health system is the main source of healthcare in England. The National Health Service (NHS) which is England’s public service system is in charge of healthcare in the United Kingdom. (Europe-cities, 2016)
Annotated Bibliography
Fox News (2012). The history of the US health care reform effort | Fox News. Retrieved
From http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/06/27/us-health-care-reform-efforts-through-
history.html
The writer tries to give us the US healthcare system over some passed years. There Healthcare system’s timeline ranges from 1912 to 2012 and a series of reforms have been happening year in year out to ensure that the residents get what they deserve. These historical moments are best in explaining the current position they are now in since the nation is committed to giving the best to its residents. For instance in 1942: Roosevelt establishes wage and price controls during World War II, to best equip the healthcare system and ensure that people are attended well at zero cost.
Grumet, G. W. (1989). "Health Care Rationing Through Inconvenience: The Third Party's Secret
Weapon." New England Journal of Medicine, 321:607-11.
The author of this journal states clearly on how the healthcare system is good it is to the residents. Even though residents get good and quality services, their tax submissions should be deducted for the purposes of funding the program. To others it is heavy remit but its benefit is excellent to many of the residents. It has brought a lot of the good than harm and many people are healthy. Their life expectancy is raised than other developed nations like US.
Healthcare in UK (England). (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://europe-cities.com/destinations/uk_england/health/
The writer from this website is catego ...
This essay gives the descriptive account of how Paratransit services are in need of better assessment criteria but it also highlights the expense of managing a program that caters to people who are disabled.
Health Inequalities in Boston by T-Stops: A Pictorial Essay » SPH
1. Health Inequalities in Boston by T-Stops: A Pictorial Essay
» SPH
Posted on: March 29, 2015 Topics: Dean's Note
In a previous Dean's Note, I commented on the role of cities in
producing health, and I presented some data about health in Boston. I thought I would elaborate on
that a bit today, but do so a bit differently: pictorially.
First, by way of setting, Massachusetts has about 315 doctors per 100,000 people, more than 10
percent higher than the next closest state (Maryland). Much of this is due to a remarkable density of
physicians and trainees in Boston itself. The state also spends more on healthcare than any other
state and has the lowest percentage of residents without health insurance (4.4 percent). All of this
might suggest that Boston would be a tremendously healthy city, a paragon of urban health. And, in
many ways, it is. We have some of the highest life expectancy of any US city (about 81 years). But,
like many US cities, Boston also has some extraordinary differences, both in health indicators and in
the drivers of those indicators within its borders. Health disparities, or health inequalities, have long
been part of the public health conversation, appropriately so. I will write about health inequalities in
a future Dean's Note.
Today though, I present a different type of note, aiming to represent visually the geography of
Boston health and its determinants. To do so, I thought I would consider the health of Boston
through a simple device: the T. Suppose we are riding the T and stopping at various stops: What
does health look like at these stops, and what do the drivers of health look like? To illustrate this
question, I pick below a few representative T stops that can summarize what we see throughout the
city.
We can start with a core health indicator: premature death rates per 1,000. The T map below shows
that premature death rate in the area around the Arlington stop, for example, is more than 50
percent lower than at Dudley Square station.
2. This is linked, in no small part, to health indicators like violence, with the map below showing how
the homicide rate around the Dudley Square stop is eight times the rate around Arlington, and the
rate at the Mattapan stop is almost six times the rate at Fenway.
These differences extend well beyond health indicators among adults to other core indicators such
as low birth weight, a marker for a substantial burden of poor health and disability later in life. In
this case, the health differences are in the order of 25 percent when comparing Arlington and
Fenway to Mattapan and Dudley.
3. It is then not surprising that there are similar differences, of similar magnitudes, for adult non-
communicable disease indicators such as diabetes, as shown in the map below.
4. These health indicators are inexorably linked to a broad range of social indicators that are unevenly
distributed across the city. Poverty is a frequently used summary indicator of socioeconomic
position, well established as a marker of a broad range of other adversities. It is then not surprising,
given the maps above, that poverty rates in some parts of Boston are four to eight times higher than
those surrounding the healthier stops on the T.
Other measures of socioeconomic position, such as education, track accordingly, with a graduate
education being three or more times more common around the Arlington and Fenway stops than it is
around Dudley Square, Mattapan or Maverick stations.
5. And, these differences are associated with commensurately poor health behaviors, such as physical
activity that is substantially lower on the Red Line at Mattapan than it is on the Green Line at
Fenway, for example. The question of whether socioeconomic differences in health is attributed in
part, or at all, to differences in health behavior is, in and of itself, a difficult and complex question,
and I would refer the reader to conflicting papers on the topic. I will comment about the contribution
of lifestyle versus more foundational factors to the production of health in a future Dean's Note.
6. Inured as are to inequalities in health, we might well shrug off these health differences as ones
between far-apart worlds. But are they? In fact, the geographic space we are talking about here is
remarkably small. We are dealing with geographic differences of roughly four miles, or about an
hour's walk. In many respects, it is remarkable that areas so close to one another should have such
dramatically different health indicators--"health worlds apart" that are simply down the street from
one another.
Rounding this out perhaps brings us back to the fundamental condition of Boston that we discussed
earlier--the incredible density of physicians and hospitals throughout the city. It is therefore not
surprising that none of the T stops we are discussing are particularly far from medical facilities.
Clearly, medical centers differ in terms of populations served and variations in availability of care,
but as the map below shows (and as can be verified through much more thorough analysis), there
are negligible differences in physical distance of these neighborhoods to quality medical care.
7. This, then, tells a story of a city richly characterized by top-of-the-line medical resources and overall
health indicators that are enviably good, but that has, within it, substantial heterogeneity in those
same health indicators, associated in large part with variation in the fundamental socioeconomic
circumstances that produce health in populations. The challenge to public health is apparent and
vivid--how do we contribute to the generation of knowledge that can bridge these health gaps, and to
the creation of conditions that produce health not just for some but for all, across a city like Boston?
I hope everyone has a terrific week. Until next week.
Warm regards,
8. Sandro
Sandro Galea, MD, DrPH
Dean and Professor, Boston University School of Public Health
@sandrogalea
Acknowledgement: I would like to acknowledge the help of Laura Sampson with the creation of the
figures in this Dean's Note, and that of Meaghan Agnew and Michael Saunders for critical reading
and suggestions on content.
Previous Dean's Notes are archived at: http://www.bu.edu/sph/category/news/deans-notes/
Related Profiles:
http://www.bu.edu/sph/2015/03/29/health-of-a-city-health-inequalities-in-boston-by-t-stops-a-pictorial
-essay/