Head anatomy& lymph nodes

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREUNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICEFOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICE
October 10, 2008 (v2) 11Policy Development DivisionPolicy Development Division
Review of Head InspectionReview of Head Inspection
AnatomyAnatomy
 Before locating and identifying the specifiedBefore locating and identifying the specified
tonsils in a beef market head, it is beneficial totonsils in a beef market head, it is beneficial to
review thereview the anatomical landmarksanatomical landmarks on the beefon the beef
head observed during head inspection.head observed during head inspection.

Review of Head InspectionReview of Head Inspection
Anatomy (2)Anatomy (2)
 This presentation will identify the specifiedThis presentation will identify the specified
palatine and lingual tonsilspalatine and lingual tonsils (SRMs) as they may(SRMs) as they may
be exposed while performing head inspectionbe exposed while performing head inspection
using ausing a tongue-in head inspection proceduretongue-in head inspection procedure..

October 10, 2008 (v2) 33
Here is theHere is the caudalcaudal
viewview of a beef headof a beef head
seen during aseen during a
tongue-intongue-in headhead
presentation.presentation.
Policy Development DivisionPolicy Development Division

October 10, 2008 (v2) 44
4 Major Head4 Major Head
Lymph Nodes:Lymph Nodes:
1.1. Parotid lymphParotid lymph
nodes (lnn.)nodes (lnn.)
2.2. LateralLateral
retropharyngealretropharyngeal
lymph nodeslymph nodes
3.3. Mandibular lnn.Mandibular lnn.
4.4. MedialMedial
retropharyngealretropharyngeal
lnn. ( below #2;lnn. ( below #2;
not shown; seenot shown; see
slide #20)slide #20)

Another view
of three (3) of
four (4)
lymph nodes
incised
during head
inspection

October 10, 2008 (v2) 66
MedialMedial
RetropharyngealRetropharyngeal
Lymph nodes.Lymph nodes.
Notice they areNotice they are
located justlocated just
below the musclebelow the muscle
((sternothyro-sternothyro-
hyoideus mm.)hyoideus mm.)
tissue.tissue.

October 10, 2008 (v2) 77
Note theNote the
opening toopening to
nasopharynxnasopharynx
as indicated byas indicated by
presence ofpresence of
pharyngealpharyngeal
septumseptum
(arrow) after(arrow) after
incision ofincision of
medialmedial
retropharyn-retropharyn-
geal lnn.geal lnn.

Beef PharyngealBeef Pharyngeal
and Palatine Tonsilsand Palatine Tonsils
 TheThe palatinepalatine andand lingual tonsilslingual tonsils are theare the
tonsils designated as the intended SRM totonsils designated as the intended SRM to
be removed and are accessible throughbe removed and are accessible through
thethe oropharynxoropharynx..

October 10, 2008 (v2) 99
Tonsil LocationTonsil Location
 The figure eightThe figure eight
(8) represents the(8) represents the
location of tonsilslocation of tonsils
relative to therelative to the
(above) and(above) and
oropharnyxoropharnyx
(below).(below).

October 10, 2008 (v2) 1010
TonsilTonsil
LocationLocation
 Palatine tonsilsPalatine tonsils
are at the 4are at the 4
and 8 o’clockand 8 o’clock
positions of thepositions of the
oropharnyx.oropharnyx.
 Lingual tonsilsLingual tonsils
are located atare located at
the base of thethe base of the
tongue.tongue.

 Other tonsilsOther tonsils
including theincluding the
pharyngealpharyngeal
and tubaland tubal
tonsilstonsils can becan be
found in thefound in the
and need notand need not
be removed asbe removed as
SRM.SRM.

Size of TonsilsSize of Tonsils
 The size of beef tonsils vary from animalThe size of beef tonsils vary from animal
to animal depending on two (2) majorto animal depending on two (2) major
factors:factors:
1.1. age (younger>>larger tonsils) andage (younger>>larger tonsils) and
2.2. reactivity to antigenic stimulationreactivity to antigenic stimulation
(reactive>>larger tonsils).(reactive>>larger tonsils).

Pharyngeal TonsilsPharyngeal Tonsils
 Pharyngeal tonsilsPharyngeal tonsils are mentioned hereare mentioned here
only for anatomical reference.only for anatomical reference.
 Pharyngeal tonsils,Pharyngeal tonsils, located at the roof oflocated at the roof of
the nasopharynx, tend to be larger andthe nasopharynx, tend to be larger and
less inflamed (congested) than otherless inflamed (congested) than other
tonsils.tonsils.
 Pharyngeal tonsilsPharyngeal tonsils have a soft foldedhave a soft folded
appearanceappearance

October 10, 2008 (v2) 1414
Here is the
pharyngeal tonsil
reflected
downward after
opening of the
nasopharynx.
Note its soft folded
appearance.

October 10, 2008 (v2) 1515
1.Nasopharynx
2.Medial
retropharyngeal
lymph node
(incised)
3.Epiglottis
4.Edge of the soft
palate or the
palatopharyngeal
arch
5. Pharyngeal tonsil

Palatine TonsilsPalatine Tonsils
 Located adjacent toLocated adjacent to soft palatesoft palate below thebelow the
mucosal surface and the opening ofmucosal surface and the opening of sinussinus
of palatine tonsil.of palatine tonsil.
 Note:Note: Palatine tonsilsPalatine tonsils tend to be larger,tend to be larger,
more congested, and inflamed at postmore congested, and inflamed at post
mortem. As the length of post mortemmortem. As the length of post mortem
increases, these tonsils tend to be lessincreases, these tonsils tend to be less
congested.congested.

1.Palatine tonsil 3. Pharyngeal tonsil
2. Nasopharynx 4. Tongue

October 10, 2008 (v2) 1818
Note the
congested
appearance
below the
mucosal
surface.
The arrow
points to the
palatine
tonsil and
congestion
around it.Policy Development DivisionPolicy Development Division

Note:
The probe is
directed at the
palatine tonsil (1)
into the opening to
the sinus of the
palatine tonsil
lateral to base of
the tongue (4).The pharyngeal tonsil (3)
has sagged into the
nasopharynx (2).

October 10, 2008 (v2) 2424
Note: The
opening to
sinus of the
palatine tonsil
(arrows) is a
useful
landmark
for locating
the palatine
tonsil.

Beef Tongue and PalatineBeef Tongue and Palatine
TonsilsTonsils
 Depending on how the tongue is removedDepending on how the tongue is removed
from the head, thefrom the head, the palatine tonsilpalatine tonsil may bemay be
found attached to remnants of the beeffound attached to remnants of the beef
tongue.tongue.

Note:
Lingual
tonsil to be
removed is
located
below the
yellow cut
line.

Lingual TonsilsLingual Tonsils
 Located at the base of the tongueLocated at the base of the tongue
 Lingual tonsilsLingual tonsils are removed by removingare removed by removing
the epithelium and underlining muscle to athe epithelium and underlining muscle to a
sufficient depth (~>5mm) just caudal to thesufficient depth (~>5mm) just caudal to the
lastlast vallate papillaevallate papillae by knife trimming orby knife trimming or
skinning.skinning.

October 10, 2008 (v2) 3030
Lingual
Tonsils

October 10, 2008 (v2) 3131
 Can you identifyCan you identify
the vallatethe vallate
papillae andpapillae and
location oflocation of
lingual tonsils inlingual tonsils in
this picture?this picture?
 Answer: SeeAnswer: See
the next slide.the next slide.
Lingual
Tonsils

Beef tongues
are adequately
trimmed when
the surface
layers are
removed to a
sufficient depth
(~>5mm)
caudal to the
last vallate
papillae.

October 10, 2008 (v2) 3333
Removal of
lingual tonsils in
a beef market
head.

October 10, 2008 (v2) 3434
Removal of
lingual tonsils in a
beef market
head.
Note: Less
radical removal
leaving more
tongue meat is
also acceptable.

Beef Market HeadBeef Market Head
sanssans
Lingual and PalatineLingual and Palatine
TonsilsTonsils
 Removal of theRemoval of the palatine and associatedpalatine and associated
lingual tonsilslingual tonsils of a beef market head meetof a beef market head meet
the requirements of 9 CFR 310.22the requirements of 9 CFR 310.22
regarding removal of SRM tissue.regarding removal of SRM tissue.

October 10, 2008 (v2) 3636
Here is a beef
market head
with all tonsil
related SRM
removed. The
arrow points to
the short cut
tongue
in situ.

October 10, 2008 (v2) 3737
A beef market
head with all
tonsil related
SRM
removed
is eligible for
the mark of
inspection
and can enter
commerce.

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