Toxic Effect of Bleached Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents on the River Wat...
Fermented Algal Analysis for Compounds and Applications
1. A Novel Analysis Utilizing
Invasive Fermented Macroalgae
Ariana Kim
Saint Andrew’s Priory
Honolulu, Hawaii
2. Acres of beaches
globally are suffering
from macroalgal
infestation - millions
spent on clearing
projects
3. Invasive
macroalgae
fermented,
analyzed for
compounds,
utilized
● Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphorus:
Important source for plant and
animal life
● Ammonia & Total Kjeldahl
Nitrogen: Nutrient for plant
growth, dietary requirement for
all organisms
● Lignin, Cellulose, Hemicellulose:
Inorganic substance binding cells,
fibers, and vessels (constitutes
wood and lignified elements)
● Neutral Detergent Fiber, Acid
Detergent Fiber: Animal feed
analysis
4.
5. Green Algae
1. Green: Avraınvıllea amadelpha
- No research done regarding the
utilization of Avraınvıllea am.
- → Project unveils how this
invasive species can be utilized
Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources
6. Red Algae
1. Red: Eucheuma spınosum
- Extremely detrimental to color reefs
(ex: Kaneohe Bay) → Attaches to
substrate and coral
- Causes inflammation of coral
reefs → irritation through algal
abrasion and over growth
- Creates thick algal mats that carpet
coral → stops photosynthesis → coral
polyps die
Eyes of the Reef Hawaii
8. 1. Fermenting the macroalgae will decrease
the presence of nitrates and nitrites for
ideal fertilizer and animal feed usage
2. Avraınvıllea am. will have a large
concentration of lignin, Eucheuma sp. will
have a small concentration
3. Fermentation will lead to the breakdown of
the cell wall
9. Fermentation
The presence of ammonia will increase due to hydrolysis, occurring at the beginning of
fermentation.
Fiber Analysis
Avraınvıllea am. will have a large concentration of lignin due to its tough structure.
Eucheuma sp. will have a smaller concentration due to its pliability and weak
structure.
Microscopy
Fermentation will visibly degradate the cell wall through SEM imaging. The cell
walls should have an uneven, ragged texture. Non-fermented algae will show to have
a smooth cell wall, non-damaged.
Hypotheses Support
10. Materials & Procedures
Part One Algal collection and prepping: Algae was collected from Kaneohe Bay
and Hawaii Kai beaches. They were then blended and stored in Ziploc
bags.
Part Two Fermentation: Samples were placed in serum bottles along with cow
manure and aquaponics water. Nitrogen was inserted in order to
displace the oxygen. The bottles were kept in an incubator at 60°C.
Part Three Component analyses: Ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, COD, phosphorus, and
fibers.
Part Four Microscopy: A fluorescence microscope and a scanning electron
microscope (SEM) were used to observe the species.
23. Statistical Analyses
Set One: Comparison of post-
fermentation components between
Avrainvillea am. and Eucheuma sp
Set Two: Comparison of difference of
components from pre- to post-
fermentation between Avrainvillea am.
and Eucheuma sp
Set Three: Comparison of Avrainvillea
am. and Eucheuma sp. for pre- to post-
fermentation TKN between water and no
water
Set Four: Comparison between
am. and Eucheuma sp. for post-
fermentation TKN for water and no water
Set One Set Two
Ammonia:
Significant
Ammonia:
Significant
Nitrate:
Significant
Nitrate:
Significant
Nitrite:
Insignificant
Nitrite:
Insignificant
COD:
Insignificant
COD:
Significant
Phosphorus:
Significant
Set Three Set Four
Av: Water to no water:
Significant
Water:
Significant
Av: Pre to post
fermentation diff:
Significant
No water:
Significant
Euch: Water to no
water: Insignificant
Euch: Pre to post
difference: Insignificant
25. Fermentation
Avraınvıllea am.
● Nitrates decreased significantly
● Aquaponics water positively
impacted TKN results
● Insignificant increase in nitrites
● High concentration of ammonia
● Comparatively low concentrations of
phosphorous
● Not ideal for plant growth
Conclusion: Avraınvıllea should not be used as a
fertilizer
Eucheuma sp.
● Nitrates decreased with minimal
significance
● Aquaponics water negatively impacted
TKN results
● Insignificant increase in nitrites
● Drastic increase in ammonia
○ Can be toxic for plant growth
● Phosphorus content ideal for fertilizer
usage
Conclusion: Eucheuma has great potential as a
fertilizer
26. SEM Imaging and Fiber Analysis
Avraınvıllea am.
● SEM Images: Showed breakdown of
cell walls after fermentation
● Fiber Analysis: High concentrations
of lignin, natural detergent fibers,
and acid detergent fibers
○ Comparatively high
concentration of cellulose
Conclusion: Avraınvıllea should be
utilized for its lignin and cellulose content
Eucheuma sp.
● SEM Images: Showed breakdown of
cell walls
● Less breakdown occurred for samples
with aquaponics water
● Fiber Analysis: No presence of lignin
○ Low concentration of natural
detergent fibers and acid
detergent fibers
○ Low concentration of cellulose
Conclusion: Eucheuma has low contents of
detergent fibers → Utilized as animal feed
27. Constituents Scot Pine Spruce Eucalyptus Silver Burch Avrainvillea
Cellulose (%) 40.0 39.5 45.0 41.0 23.18
Hemicellulose
(%)
28.5 30.6 19.2 32.4 4.47
Lignin (%) 27.7 27.5 31.3 22.0 22.83
Comparison of Fibers Between Tree and Algal Cells
28. Further Applications
Avraınvıllea am.
● Extract lignin from cell wall →
Creation of carbon nanofibers
● Currently no existing methods for
algal lignin extraction
Conclusion: Developed a basis for algal
lignin extraction. Avraınvıllea has
roughly the same amount of lignin as
trees with less hemicellulose and cellulose
→ Easier to separate constituents → Can
also be used for ethanol production,
current methods exist
Eucheuma sp.
● Temperature decreased during
fermentation → Decreased presence of
ammonia and minimized decrease of
nitrates
● Fermented Eucheuma sp. found to be
a superior fertilizer in comparison to
current popular additives
Conclusion: Eucheuma has great potential
as a fertilizer → Low concentration of
natural and acid detergent fibers → Also
ideal as animal feed
30. Preliminary Cost Analysis: Green Algae
● Carbon nanotube current cost:
~$50/1 gram
● Popular source for creation of
carbon nanotubes: Graphite
○ Graphite has to be mined →
Bad for environment → Better
to utilize algae
■ Remaining algal carcass →
Fertilizer
Meijo Nano Carbon Company
36. Preliminary Cost Analysis: Red Algae
● Anaerobic Digester: $240,000 -
$290,000
● Gas by-product used to power
generator → Cost payback made
in 3 ~ 5 years
○ According to the U.S.
Environmental Protection
Agency’s Biogas Recovery in
the Agriculture Sector,
anaerobic digester revenue is
~$50,000 yearly
○ Algae had high methane
yield → high biogas yield
American Biogas
Council
37.
38. Conclusion
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39. Acknowledgments
● Dr. Samir Khanal, University of Hawaii at Manoa - Mentor
● Sreelakshmi Kutty, Saint Andrew’s Priory - Partner
● Sumeth Wongkiew, University of Hawaii at Manoa - PhD Student
● Ai Hirasuna, Saint Andrew’s Priory - Teacher
● Dr. Tina Weatherby, University of Hawaii at Manoa - SEM
● University of Hawaii at Manoa - Grant money
40. Works Cited
"1. INTRODUCTION." HANDBOOK ON EUCHEUMA SEAWEED. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014.
"Avrainvillea Amadelpha." Avrainvillea Amadelpha. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014.
"Energy: Algae Biofuels - European Commission." Energy: Algae Biofuels - European Commission. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014.
"Gracilaria Parvispora." Gracilaria Parvispora. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014.
"PART IVCOUNTRY EXPERIENCE REPORTS." Report On The Training Course On Gracilaria Algae Manila, Philippines 1–30
April 1981. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2014.
"Propagating Gracilaria for Fun and Food!" Reef Builders The Reef and Marine Aquarium Blog Propagating Gracilaria for Fun and
Food Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014.
"Rice Edu Nitrates." Nitrates. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2014.
"The Fluorescence Microscope." The Fluorescence Microscope. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2014.
41. Works Cited
"Ulva Fasciata Delile 1813." Ulva Fasciata Delile 1813. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2014.
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Nitrogen Cycle (biochemistry)."Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.
d. Web. 07 Nov. 2014.
"Cell Respiration: Fermentation." Cell Respiration: Fermentation. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2015.
"What Is Nitrate and Why Is It Important?" What Is Nitrate and Why Is It Important? N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.
"What Is Nitrate & Nitrite?" What Is Nitrate & Nitrite? N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.
"Nitrogen (N) and Water." Nitrogen (N) and Water. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Jan. 2015.
"About Lignin." About Lignin. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Jan. 2015.
"Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)." Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2015.
42. PROS CONS
Green Algae Green Algae
Lignin extraction: Reduces need for trees →
Other source of carbon is graphite → need
to be mined → Bad for environment
Lignin extraction: Never been done before → Limited
research → Difficult to create method → Trial and error
Ethanol: Needed to help us transition to a world without
fossil fuels
Ethanol: Hard to get cellulose, not enough
cellulose to create lots of ethanol
Red Algae Red Algae
Fertilizer: Fermented algae better than commercial products
→ Reduces need for artificial fertilizers
- Can make methane for energy concurrently
- Not limited to cow manure, can use sewage
as well → Instead of dumping human sewage into ocean,
incorporate as fertilizer
Fertilizer: Costly start up, although pay off consumes initial
start up after 3-5 years
Animal Feed: Reduces land and water
footprint → Land and water can be used
Animal Feed: Algae has salt content, needs to be washed
with fresh water
