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1. Hardware and Software
Hardware:- All the physical part of the computer which we can see and touch
them, and wherever thy do not work properly then we can change it those types of
equipments are called hardware.
Eg. CPU, Mouse, keyboard, printer, Monitor, Scanner, Ram, BUS.
Hardware can be classified as:
Hardware
C.P.U. Peripherals
Control Unit Memory Input devices Output devices
ALU Primary Secondary
(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Software: A set of progress associated with the operation of a computer is called
software”
Or
“A Collection of programs called software or software programs”
These programs must reside in the internal storage (memory) to execute their
instructions. For Example if we want to delete some data stored in memory the
system uses one set of program instructions. Similary’s , if we want to sort a list of
name, it uses another set of instruction designed to perform this task.
Software can be classified into the following major categories:
1. System Software eg. O.S.
2. Application software eg. Word processors, Spreadsheet, DBMS
3. Language Processors.

2. 4. Utility programs. eg win zip, antivirus, Acrobat reader
5. Other application programs doing a specific job:
Eg. Accounting, billing, ticket reservation etc
1. System Software: A system software is also a group of computer programs
that run a computer system it self concerned primarily with coordinating
and controlling hardware and communications resources rather than
application task.
Eg. Any operating system, DOS,, Windows 95, UNIX, Linux, Windows NT
Novell L etc.
2. Application software: “ set of the program written to perform specific task
word processing (MS word) Spread Sheets ( Lotus 123, MS Excel) Date
base ( D Base, oracle. ) Presentation (MS PowerPoint, Linear Program
3. Language Processors: /Translators
Computer can understand instructions only when they are written in their
own language called the machine language. Therefore, a program written in
any other language should be translated into machine language. Special
programs called language processors are available to do this job.
These special programs accept the users programs and cheek each statement
and, if it is grammatically correct, produce a corresponding set of machine
code instructions language processors are also known as translators.
Translators are two types:
1. Compilers Whole at a time
2. Interpreters one by one
1. Compiler : A Complier cheek the entire user written program ( known as
the source program and, it error- free, produces a complete program in
machine language (known as object program).
The source program is retained for possible modifications and corrections
and the object program is loaded into the computer for execution.
2. Interpreters : An interpreter does a similar job but in a different style. The
interpreter (as name implies) translates one statement at a time and if error, free,
executes. This continues till the least statement Thus an interpreter translates and
executes the first instruction before it goes to the second, while complier translates
the whole program before execution.

3. The major difference between them are:
1. Error correction (called debugging) is much simpler in the case of the
interpreter because it is done in stage. The complier produces an error list
for the entire program at the end.
2. Interpreters take more time for the execution 5b a program compared to
compilers because a statement has to be translated every time it is read.
Note: compilers and interpreters are usually written and supplied by the
vendors. Since a complier (or an interpreter) can translate only a particular
language for which it is designed, one will need to use a separate translator for
each language.
3. Utility Programs: A computer program the supports operating system by
providing the additional services that the operating system does not
provides.
Eg. Win zip : to reduce the file size
Antivirus: to protect the computer from virus acrobat reader: to read pdf files.