Abstract: This essay focuses upon the relation between father and children; school and the children; husband and wife; the owner and the factory workers. Here it is shown how Victorian society had some social barriers between people and materialism collapses human relations. Since the novel written when European Industrialization was at its pinnacle it is studied here how education system, utilitarian philosophy became futile having no human concern. Lastly society and individual’s role has been closely studied.
Thomas Hardy was a Victorian author born in 1840 to a working class family. He received some education but lacked a university background. This informed his novel Jude the Obscure, where the protagonist Jude is denied university access due to his class. The novel shocked readers with its unconventional treatment of relationships and marriage. It depicts Jude and his cousin Sue's relationship and their struggles in a society where opportunities for women were limited and marriage was encouraged. The novel was controversial and led Hardy to abandon writing novels.
The document summarizes the major themes in Thomas Hardy's novel Jude the Obscure. It discusses the themes of free will and human frustration, marriage, fate and the human predicament, social criticism, women in society, and religion. The characters in the novel question traditional beliefs and institutions and feel constrained by the rules of Victorian society. Through the tragic lives of Jude and Sue, Hardy critiques marriage, class divides, lack of opportunity for the working class, and gender inequality in his time.
EL400WD Senior Project (Body and Works Cited)Braden Hoffer
This document provides an in-depth analysis of how the jobs and roles of Ivan Illyich from The Death of Ivan Illyich and Gregor Samsa from The Metamorphosis reflect and perpetuate their alienation within bourgeois society and breakdown of family relations, as described by Karl Marx. It examines how Ivan and Gregor's roles as a lawyer/judge and traveling salesman, respectively, require detachment from others and selling of oneself to the economic machine. This damages their personal relationships and leaves their families unequipped to support them once they can no longer work, ultimately leading to the protagonists' downfalls.
Depicting a national calorie and a female image in the translation of Jane Au...SubmissionResearchpa
Jane Austen was not yet twenty-one years old when she began writing the novel, “Pride and Prejudice”. At the center of the work are two people from various walks of life - Elizabeth Bennett and Mr. Darcy. The plot of the novel is based on a dual “Pride and Prejudice”, whose reasons are hidden in the veil of heredity and property. Female portray and women depiction was the main theme of Jane Austen’s works. All her characters have their own traits, different from each other with colorful description of the author. by Akhmedova Hilola Shavkatovna 2020. Depicting a national calorie and a female image in the translation of Jane Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice”. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 6 (Mar. 2020), 42-46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i6.109. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/109/106 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/109
The novels The White Tiger by Aravind Adiga and Narcopolis by Jeet Thayil both depict the darker realities of Indian society through their characters and plots. They show poverty, corruption, moral degradation, and the effects of unbridled capitalism. While some critics have praised the novels for their insights, others find them tedious and without moral purpose. Both generated significant discussion around their unflinching portrayal of contemporary India.
This document discusses the evolution of the public image of librarians in the United States over the 20th century. It begins by examining how librarianship became a predominantly female profession in the early 1900s, as educated women sought employment and libraries needed large staffs to manage the collections funded by Carnegie grants. Popular fiction from this era depicted stereotypical images of spinsterly, bun-wearing female librarians. While the profession remained overwhelmingly female, the document argues that the public image changed little over the century and remained rooted in negative stereotypes, despite technological changes and increased education requirements for librarians. It aims to analyze how closely the real experiences of librarians matched these enduring public perceptions.
"People Who Win": Alice Munro's Competitive SuburbanitesMarianne Kimura
This paper was published in Tsukuba University's Journal of the Foreign Language Center, in March 2010. I examine the way that Alice Munro's 1969 short story "The Shining Houses" secretly encodes---in imagery--- the problems that face fossil-fuel dependent economies. The story is a tiny microcosmic world: one suburban woman stands up for one farmer as the other suburban residents seek to have the farm demolished. This is one of Alice Munro's earliest stories and I see it as an embryonic expression of her later artistic concerns.
Thomas Hardy was a Victorian author born in 1840 to a working class family. He received some education but lacked a university background. This informed his novel Jude the Obscure, where the protagonist Jude is denied university access due to his class. The novel shocked readers with its unconventional treatment of relationships and marriage. It depicts Jude and his cousin Sue's relationship and their struggles in a society where opportunities for women were limited and marriage was encouraged. The novel was controversial and led Hardy to abandon writing novels.
The document summarizes the major themes in Thomas Hardy's novel Jude the Obscure. It discusses the themes of free will and human frustration, marriage, fate and the human predicament, social criticism, women in society, and religion. The characters in the novel question traditional beliefs and institutions and feel constrained by the rules of Victorian society. Through the tragic lives of Jude and Sue, Hardy critiques marriage, class divides, lack of opportunity for the working class, and gender inequality in his time.
EL400WD Senior Project (Body and Works Cited)Braden Hoffer
This document provides an in-depth analysis of how the jobs and roles of Ivan Illyich from The Death of Ivan Illyich and Gregor Samsa from The Metamorphosis reflect and perpetuate their alienation within bourgeois society and breakdown of family relations, as described by Karl Marx. It examines how Ivan and Gregor's roles as a lawyer/judge and traveling salesman, respectively, require detachment from others and selling of oneself to the economic machine. This damages their personal relationships and leaves their families unequipped to support them once they can no longer work, ultimately leading to the protagonists' downfalls.
Depicting a national calorie and a female image in the translation of Jane Au...SubmissionResearchpa
Jane Austen was not yet twenty-one years old when she began writing the novel, “Pride and Prejudice”. At the center of the work are two people from various walks of life - Elizabeth Bennett and Mr. Darcy. The plot of the novel is based on a dual “Pride and Prejudice”, whose reasons are hidden in the veil of heredity and property. Female portray and women depiction was the main theme of Jane Austen’s works. All her characters have their own traits, different from each other with colorful description of the author. by Akhmedova Hilola Shavkatovna 2020. Depicting a national calorie and a female image in the translation of Jane Austen’s “Pride and Prejudice”. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 6 (Mar. 2020), 42-46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i6.109. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/109/106 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/109
The novels The White Tiger by Aravind Adiga and Narcopolis by Jeet Thayil both depict the darker realities of Indian society through their characters and plots. They show poverty, corruption, moral degradation, and the effects of unbridled capitalism. While some critics have praised the novels for their insights, others find them tedious and without moral purpose. Both generated significant discussion around their unflinching portrayal of contemporary India.
This document discusses the evolution of the public image of librarians in the United States over the 20th century. It begins by examining how librarianship became a predominantly female profession in the early 1900s, as educated women sought employment and libraries needed large staffs to manage the collections funded by Carnegie grants. Popular fiction from this era depicted stereotypical images of spinsterly, bun-wearing female librarians. While the profession remained overwhelmingly female, the document argues that the public image changed little over the century and remained rooted in negative stereotypes, despite technological changes and increased education requirements for librarians. It aims to analyze how closely the real experiences of librarians matched these enduring public perceptions.
"People Who Win": Alice Munro's Competitive SuburbanitesMarianne Kimura
This paper was published in Tsukuba University's Journal of the Foreign Language Center, in March 2010. I examine the way that Alice Munro's 1969 short story "The Shining Houses" secretly encodes---in imagery--- the problems that face fossil-fuel dependent economies. The story is a tiny microcosmic world: one suburban woman stands up for one farmer as the other suburban residents seek to have the farm demolished. This is one of Alice Munro's earliest stories and I see it as an embryonic expression of her later artistic concerns.
Charles Dickens' novel Hard Times critiques the utilitarian ideology and materialism prevalent in Victorian England. The novel focuses on the industrial town of Coketown, where factory owner Bounderby exploits his workers solely for personal gain. It also examines Thomas Gradgrind, who raises his children according to "facts" and logic alone, ignoring imagination and human connection. This leaves his children unhappy and disconnected from others. Ultimately, Dickens argues that utilitarianism threatens to reduce people to machines by denying emotions and imagination, making the lives of workers and children dull and joyless.
Charles Dickens’ view of the Industrial Revolution as Reflected in Hard Times.ChandaniPandya3
This document presents a summary of Chandani Pandya's presentation on Charles Dickens' view of the Industrial Revolution as reflected in his novel Hard Times. The presentation discusses how Dickens portrayed three negative social issues that resulted from the Industrial Revolution: the application of Utilitarianism, the life of the working class, and the poor environment of industrial cities. It concludes that Dickens used Hard Times to criticize the social injustices faced by the lower classes during the Industrial Revolution in England.
Between Factories and Dreams_ A Comparative Exploration of ‘Hard Times’ and ‘...AakashChavda4
This document presents an academic paper comparing the novels "Hard Times" by Charles Dickens and "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller. Both works explore the struggles of industrialization and the American Dream. "Hard Times" examines the dehumanizing effects of industrialization in 19th century England, focusing on the characters of Thomas Gradgrind and his family. "Death of a Salesman" examines the myth of the American Dream through the character of Willy Loman and his family. The paper analyzes themes around education, family dynamics, and the pursuit of success in each work.
Utilitarianism in Hard Times
Charles Dickens' 1854 novel Hard Times surveys English society and satirizes the social conditions of the Victorian era, including the philosophy of Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism holds that actions should be judged by their ability to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people. Dickens criticizes how this was applied in education, which focused only on facts and logic, and in industry, where children worked long hours under poor conditions to maximize profits for factory owners despite risks to their well-being. Through characters like Thomas Gradgrind and Josiah Bounderby, Dickens shows how Utilitarianism failed to benefit all of society and instead sacrificed the happiness of
Charles Dickens had an unhappy childhood, leaving school at 12 to work in a factory after his father's bankruptcy. He later became a journalist, writer and editor. Some of his most famous novels include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bleak House, and Hard Times. Through his writing, Dickens shed light on social issues in Victorian England like poverty, child labor, unfair legal and education systems. He created complex characters and used his works to bring awareness to the suffering of the poor.
This document provides a summary of Charles Dickens' novel "Hard Times". It summarizes that the novel is set in the mid-19th century in the fictional manufacturing town of Coketown in England. It explores themes of education, where facts are emphasized over imagination; industrialism, where workers are treated as machines; and unhappy marriages as a result of these societal pressures. The narrator speaks in third person with a mocking, ironic and satirical tone about the horrors of this system depicted in Dickens' classic novel.
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Charles Dickens's Hard Times: This presentataion consists of Intro, characters, critics, and Era's history. And Industerial revolution and its deep impact over lower class masses. This work is been done as a semester or term projects.
This document provides information about a paper submitted by Jignesh K. Panchasara on realism in Charles Dickens' novel Hard Times. It includes Panchasara's name, enrollment details, paper topic, and contact information. It then discusses what realism is, how it affected Victorian literature, and examples of realist novels. It provides biographical details of Charles Dickens and how his difficult early life influenced his social reform-focused writing. Finally, it analyzes elements of realism in Hard Times, specifically regarding industrialization, marriage/divorce, and education.
The document discusses Astor Piazzolla's influence on the development of nuevo tango music. Piazzolla created the nuevo tango genre in the 1950s-1960s by incorporating elements of jazz into traditional tango music. This new style revitalized tango, which was losing popularity at the time, and required more instruments than traditional tango. Nuevo tango brought tango music to a wider audience beyond its original lower class roots and allowed it to be appreciated as a style of music for listening rather than just dancing. Piazzolla's innovations saved tango from decline and established it as a renewed creative art form.
Protect Environment Essay. Help Save The Environment Essay - Saving Our Envir...Anita Scarbury
Environmental Protection Essay Essay on Save Environment for Students .... Essay on Save Environment 3 Samples - Leverage Edu. Ways To Protect The Environment Essay - How We Can Protect The .... Essay websites: Save environment essay. Lets protect environment Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Short Essay About Environmental Conservation Pollution .... Write a paragraph about measures for protecting our environment. Essay on Environment Protection 1000 words - EnglishGrammarSoft. Write a short essay on How To Protect The Environment Essay on .... Conservation Of Environment Essay Telegraph. Write an essay on quot;How to Protect the Environmentquot;quot;How to Protect the .... Environmental Protection Essay Example for Free - 1071 Words EssayPay. Environment essay. Save The Environment Essay. Essay sample how we can help to protect the environment. How to protect the environment essay. Protecting the environment .... An Essay About Helping The Environment - How to Protect Environment .... Importance of Environmental Protection Essay Pollution Global Warming. Environment Essay. Save environment essay - The Writing Center.. Magnificent Save The Environment Essay For Kids Thatsnotus. Importance of Environment Essay Essay on Importance of Environment .... The Need for Protecting the Environment - PHDessay.com. Help Save The Environment Essay - Saving Our Environment Essay. Environment Protection Essay - Study-Phi. How to protect Environment essay Essay writing on environment .... How Can We Protect Our Environment Essay Sitedoct.org. Environment Essay: Example, Sample, Writing Help ️ BookWormLab. PPT - Save environment essay PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... How to Protect Environment Essay In English. Essay Help The Environment - Essay on Pollution Prompt. Essay on E
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Charles Dickens' novel Hard Times critiques the utilitarian ideology and materialism prevalent in Victorian England. The novel focuses on the industrial town of Coketown, where factory owner Bounderby exploits his workers solely for personal gain. It also examines Thomas Gradgrind, who raises his children according to "facts" and logic alone, ignoring imagination and human connection. This leaves his children unhappy and disconnected from others. Ultimately, Dickens argues that utilitarianism threatens to reduce people to machines by denying emotions and imagination, making the lives of workers and children dull and joyless.
Charles Dickens’ view of the Industrial Revolution as Reflected in Hard Times.ChandaniPandya3
This document presents a summary of Chandani Pandya's presentation on Charles Dickens' view of the Industrial Revolution as reflected in his novel Hard Times. The presentation discusses how Dickens portrayed three negative social issues that resulted from the Industrial Revolution: the application of Utilitarianism, the life of the working class, and the poor environment of industrial cities. It concludes that Dickens used Hard Times to criticize the social injustices faced by the lower classes during the Industrial Revolution in England.
Between Factories and Dreams_ A Comparative Exploration of ‘Hard Times’ and ‘...AakashChavda4
This document presents an academic paper comparing the novels "Hard Times" by Charles Dickens and "Death of a Salesman" by Arthur Miller. Both works explore the struggles of industrialization and the American Dream. "Hard Times" examines the dehumanizing effects of industrialization in 19th century England, focusing on the characters of Thomas Gradgrind and his family. "Death of a Salesman" examines the myth of the American Dream through the character of Willy Loman and his family. The paper analyzes themes around education, family dynamics, and the pursuit of success in each work.
Utilitarianism in Hard Times
Charles Dickens' 1854 novel Hard Times surveys English society and satirizes the social conditions of the Victorian era, including the philosophy of Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism holds that actions should be judged by their ability to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people. Dickens criticizes how this was applied in education, which focused only on facts and logic, and in industry, where children worked long hours under poor conditions to maximize profits for factory owners despite risks to their well-being. Through characters like Thomas Gradgrind and Josiah Bounderby, Dickens shows how Utilitarianism failed to benefit all of society and instead sacrificed the happiness of
Charles Dickens had an unhappy childhood, leaving school at 12 to work in a factory after his father's bankruptcy. He later became a journalist, writer and editor. Some of his most famous novels include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bleak House, and Hard Times. Through his writing, Dickens shed light on social issues in Victorian England like poverty, child labor, unfair legal and education systems. He created complex characters and used his works to bring awareness to the suffering of the poor.
This document provides a summary of Charles Dickens' novel "Hard Times". It summarizes that the novel is set in the mid-19th century in the fictional manufacturing town of Coketown in England. It explores themes of education, where facts are emphasized over imagination; industrialism, where workers are treated as machines; and unhappy marriages as a result of these societal pressures. The narrator speaks in third person with a mocking, ironic and satirical tone about the horrors of this system depicted in Dickens' classic novel.
Sydney Carton Essay. Sydney carton character analysis. Sydney Carton Charact...Frances Armijo
A tale of two cities: character analysis; sydney carton essay - 669 .... Changing impressions: a sydney carton character analysis - Essay .... Sydney Carton Essay – Telegraph.
Charles Dickens's Hard Times: This presentataion consists of Intro, characters, critics, and Era's history. And Industerial revolution and its deep impact over lower class masses. This work is been done as a semester or term projects.
This document provides information about a paper submitted by Jignesh K. Panchasara on realism in Charles Dickens' novel Hard Times. It includes Panchasara's name, enrollment details, paper topic, and contact information. It then discusses what realism is, how it affected Victorian literature, and examples of realist novels. It provides biographical details of Charles Dickens and how his difficult early life influenced his social reform-focused writing. Finally, it analyzes elements of realism in Hard Times, specifically regarding industrialization, marriage/divorce, and education.
The document discusses Astor Piazzolla's influence on the development of nuevo tango music. Piazzolla created the nuevo tango genre in the 1950s-1960s by incorporating elements of jazz into traditional tango music. This new style revitalized tango, which was losing popularity at the time, and required more instruments than traditional tango. Nuevo tango brought tango music to a wider audience beyond its original lower class roots and allowed it to be appreciated as a style of music for listening rather than just dancing. Piazzolla's innovations saved tango from decline and established it as a renewed creative art form.
Protect Environment Essay. Help Save The Environment Essay - Saving Our Envir...Anita Scarbury
Environmental Protection Essay Essay on Save Environment for Students .... Essay on Save Environment 3 Samples - Leverage Edu. Ways To Protect The Environment Essay - How We Can Protect The .... Essay websites: Save environment essay. Lets protect environment Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Short Essay About Environmental Conservation Pollution .... Write a paragraph about measures for protecting our environment. Essay on Environment Protection 1000 words - EnglishGrammarSoft. Write a short essay on How To Protect The Environment Essay on .... Conservation Of Environment Essay Telegraph. Write an essay on quot;How to Protect the Environmentquot;quot;How to Protect the .... Environmental Protection Essay Example for Free - 1071 Words EssayPay. Environment essay. Save The Environment Essay. Essay sample how we can help to protect the environment. How to protect the environment essay. Protecting the environment .... An Essay About Helping The Environment - How to Protect Environment .... Importance of Environmental Protection Essay Pollution Global Warming. Environment Essay. Save environment essay - The Writing Center.. Magnificent Save The Environment Essay For Kids Thatsnotus. Importance of Environment Essay Essay on Importance of Environment .... The Need for Protecting the Environment - PHDessay.com. Help Save The Environment Essay - Saving Our Environment Essay. Environment Protection Essay - Study-Phi. How to protect Environment essay Essay writing on environment .... How Can We Protect Our Environment Essay Sitedoct.org. Environment Essay: Example, Sample, Writing Help ️ BookWormLab. PPT - Save environment essay PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... How to Protect Environment Essay In English. Essay Help The Environment - Essay on Pollution Prompt. Essay on E
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
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of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
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1. ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp: (193-195), Month: October - December 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 193
Paper Publications
Hard Times and Victorian Urban Society
Ramesha H.R.
Assistant Professor Department of English, Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa College, Madikeri-571201, Karnataka State,
India
Abstract: This essay focuses upon the relation between father and children; school and the children; husband and
wife; the owner and the factory workers. Here it is shown how Victorian society had some social barriers between
people and materialism collapses human relations. Since the novel written when European Industrialization was at
its pinnacle it is studied here how education system, utilitarian philosophy became futile having no human concern.
Lastly society and individual’s role has been closely studied.
Keywords: Society, Family, Victorian Period, Culture, Working-class people, Industrialization, Materialism,
Education and Utilitarianism.
1. INTRODUCTION
As many critics thought, after Shakespeare, Dickens has created in his novels unforgettable characters. But on the other
hand, we should not forget what R.C.Churchill in his famous essay-‘The Genius of Charles Dickens’ has said.
„Dickens is the greatest genius in English Literature. But I also believe that no writer of any distinction at all has ever
produced so much rubbish. And unfortunately the genius and the rubbish exist side by side in the same novels.‟ Dickens,
being the critical insider of his times delineated the very psyche of Victorian society. Andrew Sanders, a noted literary
historian, in his The Short History of English Literature, pointed out that his novels reflected the nature of Victorian urban
society with all its conflicts and disharmonies; its eccentricities and its constructions; its energy and its extraordinary
fertility both physical and intellectual.
Novels, for Dickens, are not merely something that entertains people nor just literary pieces but it is a parameter to study
and evaluate the society and its mood and people. The society in which he was born and brought up was full of
revolutionary changes. The Industrialization was at its pinnacle. Society was extremely materialistic. It had scant respect
for the sufferings of the working classes and was more interested in profit making. And, coincidentally Matthew Arnold, a
distinguished poet and critic of the age, in his masterpiece „Culture and Anarchy‟ had criticized the Victorian urban
society expressing his distrust that the very sole aim of Victorian society was materialistic progress.
Among his famous novels ‘Hard Times’ according to many critics, has occupied a unique space. It speaks of so many
issues such as education, relationship between factory workers and owners, parents-children relationship and so on. To
unearth cruelties of Victorian urban society he used irony and wit very subtly.
The very first lines of the novel are striking:
“Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing
else, and root out everything else. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be
of any service to them. This is the principal on which I bring up my own children, and this is the principle on which I
bring up these children. Stick to Facts, Sir!”
This is what the owner of the education institution wants. He wants his children to be taught facts; but not imagination or
creativity. The concept of education highly ridiculed here. Education is meant for attaining freedom and individuality. But
2. ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp: (193-195), Month: October - December 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
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the speaker Mr Gradgrind believes that facts only can rule the life. In this way he has been the responsible for murdering
innocent pupil’s inventiveness and imagination.
Classroom, the town-coketown, factory-industrial area, Circus Company and its atmosphere and more over architecture
are the fine example of knowing the society where in the novel is set. And they represent the Victorian urban society and
its mood and attitude.
Class room, Dickens portrays, is not a comfortable ambience for learning. Syllabus which is taught is also highly
ridiculous. By interfering with the education and teaching method being used in the institution, Mr Gradgrind and
Mr.Bounderby suppress the creative energy and freedom of the innocent school going kids. And school teacher
Mr.M’choakumchild also joins his hands with them inunderestimating the children asking them to define a horse. Dickens
condemns Victorian education system and its backbone ideology-utilitarianism. This philosophy was also called
‘Philosophical Radicalism’ or ‘Benthamism’. The goal of it was the greatest happiness of the greatest number. This
philosophy largely relied on statistics, rules and regulations. Individualism and imagination are scarcely considered. The
speaker Mr.Gradgrind represents ‘Utilitarianism’ within the novel. As he raises his children, he stresses facts over
imagination and function over feelings. Mr.Gradgrind heavily interferes with his children’s schooling. So he becomes the
responsible for their failure in their life.
He married his daughter Louisa to the Coketown’s wealthy and rich man, banker, manufacturer and his friend
Mr.Bounderby. Of course he is very insensitive also. Because he too measures and understands life in terms of
materialistic view. He is middle aged also. For Mr.Gradgrind what matters is man’s position, social, economical and
political status. He completely fails in understanding his own children’s feelings and sentiments. As a result Louisa failed
in her marital life; where as his son Tom is misled in involving criminal activity like stealing money from the bank where
he works. The education which upholds only facts cannot help his children.
Not the money nor even social status, but humanity, good character and conduct, moralities and ethics are to be important.
But Mr.Gradgrind forgets these. Title of the opening chapter is very apt as it very subtly says that one thing needful.
Paradoxically what is needed is not needed to him.
The Victorian society was full of inequalities- haves and have nots; poor and rich; working class and owners; circus
people and elite people. Sissy Jupe, a daughter of an entertainer in the circus company. In the novel he is not directly seen
but heard by his daughter. Because he has left his daughter and gone else where. She becomes an orphan, later she is
looked after by Mr.Gradgrind. In the city there are millions of orphans like Sissy Jupe. She is a catalyst for the recognition
of a form of knowledge separate from Mr.Gradgrind’s Fact- that of experience and of the heart and compassion. She is
very humble and down to earth. Dickens has used her to show the social change can only come from outside Coketown.
She emerges at the end of the novel Hard Times as a companion and moral supporter to Louisa following her emotional
explosion and as a comforter to Rachael before the whereabouts of Stephen is discovered. Rachael is the representative of
an honest working class. But in the end she loses Stephen. So she becomes alone in the society as well as life.
Stephen is one among millions who are suffered by their employers. Neither is he successful as family man nor factory
worker. He is victimized. Even law also cannot help him.
The setting of the novel is another striking thing to be noticed. In all respects it is factory ridden urban town. The novel
takes place in Coketown, a mill town; that is polarized between the industrialists on the one side and, working class men
on the other side. Working class community especially factory workers are recognized as hands. They are never
considered as human being having heart and soul like anybody else. They are just like machines acting as the directions of
their masters (owners).
Dickens provides a unique description of Coketown as a physical environment…
“It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but, as matters
stood it was town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall
chimneys, out of the which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It
had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye, and vast piles of building full of windows where
there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and
down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness….”
3. ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp: (193-195), Month: October - December 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 195
Paper Publications
And also Mr.M’choakumchild’s school room’s description. It is pain, bare, monotonous vault of a school room. And even
Mr.Gradgrind’s face repeats this pattern with its “square wall of a fore head”.
So in this regard it can be said that this unique emphasis by Dickens on the repetition of the factory structure in every
aspect of Coketown’s life has often been viewed as Dickens’s recognition of the shameness of factory work and the
alienated nature of its system of production. The seeds of the Marxism can be traced here. Dickens has shown the
inhuman attitude and exploitation of the factory owners. Ultimately sufferers are poor and helpless factory workers like
Stephen Blackpool.
It can be said that Dickens throughout this novel has tried at his best in unearthing cruel, hypocritical, and inhuman face
and materialistic attitude of the Victorian urban society. It may be said in Wordsworthean terms saying that world is too
much with it (that Victorian urban society) and for them getting and spending is much more important than understanding
human relations. The society and the people wherein living are concerned with commodities and morally deprived of will
soon be ethically degraded. Life without which has no meaning.
2. CONCLUSION
As Khalil Gibran in his Prophet puts, parents cannot fully control their children. They are not owner of their children,
instead, they are like medium through them their children have come to this universe to live, think and act freely.
Shakespeare’s King Lear is also remembered here. When parents fail in understanding the feelings and letting space for
their (children) life will be disastrous and tragic. Homes or society turn to be jails. In this novel Dickens has very subtly
shown how dreams and aspirations of innocent lives are murdered by the excessive interference of ideologically-ridden
father. Totally Victorian society had given space and importance for ideology and theory but not for individual choice and
freedom. So the result is their life is full of hard times. Victorian Period’s philosophy like ‘Utilitarianism’ and
‘Materialistic attitude of Victorian society have been critically portrayed in this novel. As cities grow there arose problems
like unemployment, pollution, population etc. people from village started to migrate towards cities in search of jobs and
obviously factories in cities attract people. Those who leaving their homes come and start their life in cities are culturally
disconnected, because their strong roots are in villages. Once human being loses his cultural memories and rituals he may
not emotionally strong. So human relationships lack emotional and sentimental bond. This tendency leads human beings
to be very mechanical. The novel Hard Times portrays all these changes in a very subtle way. When this novel written
urban societies were growing very fast attracting people. And also, this was the period of transition. That transition was in
a detail manner observed by the novelist Charles Dickens. This novel is like an epitome of the Victorian urban society. Of
course all most all his novels are set in urban societies
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author is thankful for the editor and the team of the magazine for their valuable suggestions and advice.
REFERENCES
[1] Churchill, R. C ‘The Genius of Charles Dickens’.The New Pelican Gude to Englsih Literature. Vol.6: From Dickens
to Hardy. Ed. Boris Ford. London: Penguin, 1996.
[2] Dickens, Charles.Hard Times. New Delhi: UBSPD, 1995.
[3] Gibran, Khalil. Prophet. New Delhi: Penguin.
[4] Nanjundaiah, C.S, D.S.Manjunath, M.L. Samaga, Parvathi Aithal. ed. William Shakespeare: King Lear. Shimoga:
Abhiruchi Prakashana, 2002.
[5] Sanders, Andrew. The Short Oxford History of English Literature (Third Indian Edition). New Delhi: Oxford
University Press, 2006.