student

1. Group Members
Names Reg. Number
1. Obali Francis S20B37/024
2. Akia Anna Mary BHND1021035
3. Yake Michael Akech
4. Oryema Patrick S20B37/020
5. Kirabo Justine Nalwoga S20B37/004
Group 5: Disclosure & Family Counseling

2. Presentation Outline
Disclosure
 Definition of Disclosure
 Factors necessary for
disclosure.
 Types of Disclosure
 Process of disclosure
 Importance of Disclosure
 conclusion
Family Counseling
 Understand family
counseling.
 The goal of family counseling.
 Types of family counseling.
 Benefits of family counseling.

3. Disclosure
 Disclosure is a process (not a one-time event) of telling a
child/young adolescent that he or she has a life time disease for
example HIV and helping him or her understand what this
means(Melvin, D. and Donaghy, S., 2014).
 It can also mean helping an adult HIV to disclose his or her HIV-
status to others.
 It is a 2-way conversation that involves:
 Speaking truthfully with the child/adolescent (and sometimes the
caregiver), over time, about his or her illness
 Disclosing the specific diagnosis at a time appropriate to the young
person’s needs, or helping the caregiver do so
 Helping the young person prepare to disclose to others and providing
follow-up support during the process

4. Types of Disclosure
Partial disclosure
 This is when the counsellor withholds certain information from
a client due to age among others.
 For example, young children may only need to know that they
are sick, that they have to go to the doctor, and that they need to
take medicines to feel better.
 Disclosure to children and young adolescents should depend on
their stage of development.

5. Types of Disclosure Cont.’
Full disclosure
 This is when a counsellor gives the client all relevant and
necessary information their condition to help them understand
it.
 For example, older children/young adolescents, on the other
hand, should know that they have HIV, should understand the
disease and their medications, and should actively participate
in their own care and treatment.

6. Reasons for disclosure
 Disclosure is especially critical for orphaned or other vulnerable
and most-at-risk children/young adolescents because they may
wonder why they have lost a parent or been rejected by their
family.
 Disclosure also helps them seek the services they need, especially
in the case of those who do not have regular caregivers.
 Adolescents who know their HIV-status can access HIV care and
treatment, take an active role in their care and treatment plan,
and, when old enough, take steps to live positively, adhere to
treatment, and prevent new infections.

7. Reasons for Disclosure Cont.’
 Disclosure affects the mental health of children, adolescents,
and their caregivers. Non-disclosure does not protect children
and adolescents. Levels of anxiety, depression, and low self-
esteem have been shown to be higher in adolescents who have
not been disclosed to.
 Parents who have disclosed the status to their children also
experience better mental health outcomes (for example, less
depression) than those who do not.
 Children/adolescents have a right to know about their own
health-care.

8. Reasons for Disclosure Cont.’
 Adolescents often want and ask to know what is wrong. Adolescents
are observant, smart, and curious.
 Disclosure may help improve social functioning and school
performance due to a decrease in stress.
 When children/young adolescents learn about their status directly
from their caregivers, it can provide comfort and reassurance. Too
often, they overhear health workers and caregivers talking about
their health as if they were not in the room.

9. .
 Children and adolescents are exposed to unintended “clues “of
their diagnosis; for example, HIV-related signs on the walls of
the clinics they attend, etc.

10. Factors necessary for disclosure
 General good health-don’t release information incase of
ill health.
 Timing e.g. during exams.
 Age limits-no specific age but may hold on up to seven
years onwards depending on understanding.
 Empowerment- let child know basic facts about HIV/AIDS
and prevention.
 Early disclosure.
-Reduces stigma.
-Prompt medical attention
-Prevents further re-infection.

11. Process of disclosure
 Assess the level of Childs understanding and re- assure.
 Empower the parent/ guardian to disclose the information the
child because it carries more weight.
 Incase the parent/ guardian fails completely to release the
information to the child, this is when the counselor is allowed to
be in their company.

12. Conclusion
 Both disclosure and nondisclosure may foster or impair the
therapeutic alliance. Critical contextual issues include the timing
of disclosure, the condition of the patient, and the contract for the
therapy.

13. Family counseling
Learning objectives
By the end of this session learners should be in position to:
i. Understand family counseling.
ii. State the goal of family counseling.
iii. State the benefits of family counseling.
iv. Explain the types of family counseling.

14. What is family counseling.
 Family counseling, or family therapy, is a method to develop
and maintain healthy and functional family relationships
through identifying and addressing problems in the family.
These issues could be emotional, psychological, or behavioral.
 Family counseling is an intervention in which members in a
family identify and change problematic, maladaptive, repetitive
relationship patterns and self-defeating belief
systems(Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2008).

15. .
 Family counseling addresses underlying issues between
household members, improving their communication, and
developing healthy boundaries(Bridges, D., et al., 2011).
 Many approaches to family counseling stem from family systems
theory. This suggests that families work in systems, rather than
groups of people who function independently of each other.
 According to family systems theory, changes in one family
member will influence changes in other parts of the family.

16. Goal of Family Counseling
 The goal is to identify and address problems in the family.
 Family counseling aims to address psychological, behavioral, and
emotional issues that cause family problems.
 Family members will work with a therapist to develop and
maintain a healthy relationship.

17. Benefits of family counseling
The benefits of counseling varies from family to family;
 Developing healthy boundaries
 Improving communication
 Defining someone’s role within the family
 Improving family dynamics and relationships
 Providing strength and coping tools for family members
 Addressing dysfunctional interactions
 Improving the family’s problem-solving abilities
 It addresses issues with children, these include: Conduct
disorders substance addictions, offending behaviors.

18. Benefits of Family Counseling ( Waller, G., et al., 2020)
 Difficulty communicating or expressing emotions
 Conflicts between siblings
 Inconsistent parenting
 Marital problems
 Developing a functional and healthy relationship following a divorce
 Adapting to a major change
 Dealing with a chronic illness or death in the family

19. Types of family counseling
1) Functional family therapy (FFT).
 This therapy typically focuses on families with a child or adolescent
with complex emotional or behavioral problems.
 The child and their parents may attend 8 to 30 weekly
sessions together.
 The sessions will help families learn strategies to deal with the child’s
behavior and improve family functioning.

20. 2). Multisystemic therapy
 This therapy aims to address any behavioral and
emotional problems of children or adolescents.
 Multisystemic therapy also focuses on broader issues
with the child’s behavior. For example, it could aim to
improve their interaction with social systems, such as
schools or neighborhoods.

21. 3). Transgenerational counseling.
 This family therapy involves a therapist who examines
interactions across generations, such as between parents and
children. The aim is to understand how these communications
cause problems in the family.
 Transgenerational therapy is useful when issues and behavior
patterns persist across generations.
 It might also help predict how problems might develop in the
future.

22. 4). Brief strategic family therapy.
 The goal of this therapy is to change the patterns of interaction
between family members.
 It is a time-limited intervention that targets family problems
leading to problematic symptoms showing in youths.

23. 5). Structural therapy
 Structural therapy manages problems that arise due to
the family structure. It aims to achieve a functioning
and balanced family hierarchy with appropriate
boundaries between members.
 The key difference with structural therapies is the focus
on structure rather than specific behaviors that cause
problems.

24. Conclusion

25. References
Utens, E.M., Callus, E., Levert, E.M., De Groote, K. and Casey, F., 2018.
Multidisciplinary family-centred psychosocial care for patients with CHD:
consensus recommendations from the AEPC Psychosocial Working
Group. Cardiology in the Young, 28(2), pp.192-198.
Usta, M., Özbay, Y. and Toker, M., 2021. Development of a Systemic Family
Functionality Scale (SFFS). Marriage & Family Review, 57(2), pp.126-142.

26. References Cont.’
 Melvin, D. and Donaghy, S., 2014. Talking to children about HIV
in health settings. Children’s HIV Association.
 Bridges, D., Davidson, R.A., Soule Odegard, P., Maki, I.V. and
Tomkowiak, J., 2011. Interprofessional collaboration: three best
practice models of interprofessional education. Medical
education online, 16(1), p.6035.

27. References Cont.’
 Waller, G., Pugh, M., Mulkens, S., Moore, E., Mountford, V.A.,
Carter, J., Wicksteed, A., Maharaj, A., Wade, T.D., Wisniewski,
L. and Farrell, N.R., 2020. Cognitive‐behavioral therapy in the
time of coronavirus: Clinician tips for working with eating
disorders via telehealth when face‐to‐face meetings are not
possible. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(7),
pp.1132-1141.