A is a building that, in its design, construction or operation, reduces or eliminates negative impacts, and can create positive impacts, on our climate and natural environment. Green buildings preserve precious natural resources and improve our quality of life. There are a number of which can make a building ‘green’. These include: • Efficient use of energy, water and other resources • Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy • Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use and recycling • Good indoor environmental air quality • Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable • Consideration of the environment in design, construction and operation • Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design, construction and operation • A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment Conventional versus green building delivery systems – Execution of green building process – Integrated design process – Ecological design – Merits and demerits – Historical perspective – Contemporary and future ecological designs – LEED building assessment standard – LEED certification process – International building assessment standards – Building rating system and its future – Case study of a green building.

1. UNIT-II
GREEN BUILDING PROCESS AND ASSESSMENT
Conventional versus green building delivery systems
– Execution of green building process
– Integrated design process – Ecological design
– Merits and demerits
– Historical perspective
– Contemporary and future ecological designs
– LEED building assessment standard – LEED certification
process
– International building assessment standards
– Building rating system and its future
– Case study of a green building.

2. • In ordinary building convention materials and construction techniques are used
which are not concerned with energy consumption and material.
• The green buildings - constantly evolving and may differ from region to region;
fundamental principles persist from which the method is derived.
• Siting and structural design efficiency, energy efficiency, material efficiency, indoor
environmental quality enhancement, operations and maintenance optimization, waste
and toxin reduction.

4. Execution of Green building process

5. Execution of Green building process
 The execution of a green building process in India involves
several key steps and considerations, from project inception to
completion.
 Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental
impact of construction and operation while promoting
resource efficiency and occupant well-being.

6. 1. Project Planning and Feasibility:
Define project goals: Determine the specific sustainability objectives for the
project, such as energy efficiency, water conservation, or green certifications like
LEED or GRIHA.
Site selection: Choose a site that minimizes disruption to ecosystems and
maximizes energy efficiency opportunities.
Conduct feasibility studies: Assess the economic viability of green building
features and technologies.

7. 2. Engage Stakeholders
Assemble a green building team: Include architects, engineers, contractors, and
sustainability consultants experienced in green building practices.
Collaborate with local authorities: Ensure compliance with building codes and
regulations, including those related to green building standards.

8. 3. Design Phase:
Sustainable site planning: Incorporate features like rainwater harvesting, green
roofs, and native landscaping.
Energy-efficient design: Optimize building orientation, use high-efficiency
insulation, windows, and HVAC systems, and consider passive solar design.
Water conservation: Implement efficient plumbing fixtures, wastewater recycling,
and rainwater harvesting systems.
Material selection: Choose
environmentally friendly and low-
VOC materials. Consider local
sourcing and recycled content.
Indoor environmental quality:
Focus on natural lighting,
ventilation, and non-toxic finishes.
Include measures to improve
indoor air quality.

9. 4. Construction Phase:
Green construction practices: Implement waste management plans, reduce
construction waste through recycling, and consider deconstruction.
Energy-efficient systems: Install high-efficiency HVAC, lighting, and
renewable energy systems like solar panels.
Water-efficient infrastructure:
Ensure proper installation of
plumbing fixtures and water
conservation systems.
Quality control: Monitor
construction to ensure green
building features are installed
correctly

10. 5. Certification and Documentation:
Green building certifications: Work with organizations like IGBC (Indian
Green Building Council) or GRIHA to achieve green building certification.
Documentation: Maintain records of design and construction processes,
materials used, and energy-efficient systems for certification purposes.

11. 6. Occupancy and Operations:
Educate building occupants: Inform tenants and staff about sustainable
practices and building features.
Regular maintenance: Implement a maintenance plan to ensure that green
building systems continue to operate efficiently.
Monitor energy and water usage: Use building automation systems to
track resource consumption and optimize operations.

12. 7. Performance Evaluation:
Regular assessment: Measure the building's energy performance, water
usage, and indoor air quality to ensure it meets green building goals.
Adjustments and improvements: Make necessary adjustments to maintain
or enhance performance.

13. Integrated design process:
• An Integrated Design Process provides a framework for collective visioning and
goal setting, with continued engagement among stakeholders and design and
construction team members.
• This green building info graphic explains why integrated thinking is important,
how an Integrated Design Process differs from a conventional design and
construction process, how it works, and tools for effectively managing a project
through integrated design.
• It is a collaborative and
holistic approach to
designing and constructing
environmentally friendly and
energy-efficient structures.
• It involves bringing together
architects, engineers,
builders, and other experts
from the beginning of a
project to work as a team.

14. Ecological design:
• eco-design or eco-friendly design is an approach to designing products,
systems, buildings, or landscapes that emphasizes the integration of
ecological principles and sustainability considerations.
• Seeks to create designs that are in harmony with natural ecosystems
and that minimize negative environmental impacts.
• can be applied to various
domains, including
architecture, urban
planning, industrial design,
and landscape design.
• Its ultimate goal is to create a
more sustainable and
harmonious relationship
between human-made
systems and the natural
world.

15. Merits of Ecological Design
1. Sustainability: Ecological design aims to create sustainable solutions
that minimize negative environmental impacts and reduce resource
consumption, making it an environmentally responsible approach.
2. Resource Efficiency: It promotes efficient use of resources, including
materials and energy, which can lead to cost savings and reduced
waste.
3. Improved Quality of Life: Ecological design often results in
healthier and more comfortable living or working environments,
promoting human well-being.
4. Community Benefits: It can foster community engagement and
social equity by considering the needs and values of local
communities in design processes.
5. Education and Awareness: Ecological design practices raise
awareness about environmental issues and educate individuals
and communities about sustainable living and consumption patterns.

16. Demerits of Ecological Design:
• Cost Considerations: Implementing ecological design principles
may involve higher upfront costs due to the use of sustainable
materials and technologies. However, these costs may be offset by
long-term savings.
• Complexity: Ecological design can be complex, requiring
interdisciplinary collaboration and specialized knowledge in fields
like biology, ecology, and sustainable engineering.
• Regulatory and Certification Challenges: Meeting regulatory
requirements and obtaining green building certifications can be
challenging and time-consuming.
• Longer Payback Period: Some ecological design investments,
such as renewable energy systems, may have longer payback
periods compared to conventional alternatives.
• Maintenance and Monitoring: Ecological systems may require
ongoing maintenance and monitoring to ensure they function as
intended, which can incur additional costs.

17. GREEN BUILDINGS RATING SYSTEM
GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment):
• GRIHA is a green building rating system developed in India by TERI
(The Energy and Resources Institute).
• It is designed to assess and promote the sustainability of
buildings and habitats in the Indian context.
• GRIHA focuses on various aspects, including site planning, energy
efficiency, water management, waste reduction, and indoor
environmental quality.
• It offers different rating levels, ranging from 1-star to 5-star, with
higher ratings indicating more sustainable and environmentally
responsible construction practices.
• GRIHA is widely adopted in India and aligns with the country's
sustainability goals, emphasizing resource conservation, energy
efficiency, and the well-being of occupants in the built
environment.

18. GREEN BUILDINGS RATING SYSTEM
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
• LEED is a globally recognized green building certification system
developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC).
• It assesses the sustainability of buildings based on various
criteria, including energy efficiency, water conservation, materials
selection, and indoor environmental quality.
• LEED certification is sought after worldwide and offers different
levels, such as Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum, based on the
number of points a building earns in its assessment.
• LEED has had a significant impact on promoting sustainable
building practices internationally, fostering eco-friendly designs,
and reducing the environmental footprint of buildings.

19. • BEE or The Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency was set up by the
government in 2002 under the Energy Conservation Act.
• They have devised a framework called the Energy Conservation
Building Code or ECBC.
• The framework sets the standards for energy efficiency for the
design or construction of buildings with a minimum footprint of
1000 square meters.
• The buildings are indexed against an energy performance scale
which enables designers to design efficiently and sustainably.
• Buildings that are indexed are known as ECBC compliant.

20. GREEN BUILDINGS RATING SYSTEM
IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)
• IGBC is a leading organization in India dedicated to promoting
sustainable and green building practices.
• It operates under the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and is
affiliated with the global Green Building Council network.
• IGBC plays a pivotal role in advancing sustainability in the Indian
construction industry.
• It develops various green building rating systems tailored to different
building types and purposes, including residential, commercial, and
industrial buildings.
• IGBC offers certification for projects that meet its sustainability criteria,
enhancing their market value and appeal to environmentally
conscious stakeholders.
• The organization also conducts educational programs, advocacy
efforts, and awareness campaigns to promote green building
practices in India and contribute to the country's sustainability goals.

21. IGBC rating system addresses green features under the following
categories:
Site Selection and Planning
Water Conservation
Energy Efficiency
Materials & Resources
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation & Design Process
Different levels of green building certification are awarded based on
the total credits earned.
However, every Green building should meet certain mandatory
requirements, which are non-negotiable.

23. LEED CERTIFICATION CHECKLIST:
There are several different areas in which you receive points for a
project. They are as follows:
1. Location and Transportation: 15 points
2. Sustainable Sites: 12 points
3. Water Efficiency: 12 points
4. Energy and Atmosphere: 31 points
5. Materials and Resources: 13 points
6. Indoor Environmental Quality: 16 points
7. Innovation: 6 points
8. Regional Priority: 4 points

24. International Building Assessment Standards:
LEED
BREEAM
GRIHA
Green Star (Australia):
Developed by the Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA).
Assesses buildings based on sustainability categories like energy,
water, materials, and emissions.
Provides rating levels: 1 Star, 2 Star, 3 Star, 4 Star, 5 Star, and 6
Star Green Star ratings.

25. Living Building Challenge:
Developed by the International Living Future Institute.
Emphasizes creating regenerative and self-sustaining buildings that mimic natural
systems.
Requires buildings to achieve net-zero energy, water, and waste, among other criteria.
WELL Building Standard:
Developed by the International WELL Building Institute.
Concentrates on human health and well-being within buildings.
Evaluates factors such as air quality, water quality, nutrition, fitness, and mental well-
being.
Passive House (Passivhaus):
Originated in Germany but now adopted worldwide.
Focuses on energy efficiency and reduced energy consumption for heating and
cooling.
Requires buildings to meet stringent energy performance criteria and maintain high
indoor comfort.

26. EDGE (Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies):
Developed by the International Finance Corporation (IFC).
Primarily aimed at emerging economies to promote resource-
efficient building design.
Focuses on energy, water, and materials efficiency.
CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for Building
Environmental Efficiency):
Developed in Japan.
Assesses environmental performance based on various criteria,
including energy, indoor environment, and resources.
Provides a rating scale ranging from S (highest) to D (lowest).

27. Historical perspective:
The concept of green buildings is not as emerging as we think it is. The Evolution of housing
started by utilizing nature and natural resources like trees and caves as shelter from the severity
of natural elements like sun, rain, wind, etc. Based on such complex experiences, our Vedic
philosophy evolved certain methods to maximize the use of Panch Mahabhuta or the 5 basic
elements of nature, i.e., Jal (water), Agni (fire), Prithvi (earth), Vayu (wind), and Avkash (space).
Our ancient builders tried to harmonies these five elements in building planning and construction
so that maximum advantage of these elements can be taken and ill effects can be avoided. They
called this science as Vastushastra.
The Green Building movement has gained tremendous momentum during the past 6 years, ever
since the CII- Godrej GBC embarked on achieving the prestigious LEED rating for center at
Hyderabad. The ‘Platinum Rating ‘for the Green Business Centre building has sensitized the
stakeholders of the construction industry. Today, several corporate and Government organizations
are considering Green Buildings in a major way.
From a humble beginning of 20,000 sq.ft of green footprint in the country in the year 2003, to a
staggering 10 million sq. expected by end 2008,green buildings are well poised to reach scalar
heights. Today a variety of green building projects are coming up in the country – residential
complexes, exhibition centers, hospitals, educational institutions, laboratories, IT parks, airports,
government buildings and corporate offices.

28. Building Rating System and its Future:
• Green ratings also provide a clear framework to ensure sustainability is considered
throughout a project’s lifecycle, and not forgotten about in key decision-making stages or
lost in a complex design process. In this way, they can act as an effective project
management tool and help to reduce design-related failures and associated costs.
• If a sustainable building is a more valuable building and green-building ratings provide a
well-understood indicator of a building’s sustainability against which its value can be
analyzed. Evidence from studies carried out over the past 10 years suggests that green
buildings tend to have higher asset values than conventional buildings. This ‘asset value’
equates to higher rental values, lower operating costs, higher occupancy rates and lower
yields.
• The Building rating systems in India in future are likely to become more sophisticated,
encompassing a broader range of sustainability factors and incorporating data-driven
performance assessments. They will play a critical role in helping India achieve its
sustainability goals, including reducing carbon emissions, conserving resources, and
creating more resilient and environmentally responsible built environments.

29. Case Studies of Green building