Government Systems
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There are several types of government systems that distribute power in different ways. A unitary system concentrates power in the central government, a federal system divides power between central and regional authorities, and a confederation gives most power to regional authorities with a weaker central government. Examples include the United Kingdom with a unitary system, Germany and Canada with a federal system, and the European Union with a confederation system.
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The Coming of Mass Politics Industrialization, Ennancip.docx
The Coming of Mass
Politics: Industrialization,
Ennancipation, and
Instability, 1870-1914
B E c o n o m i c T r a n s f o r m a t i o n • D e f i n i n g t h e P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n
0 B r o a d e n i n g t h e P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n
• O u t s i d e t h e P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n ? T h e E x p e r i e n c e o f W o m e n
IN THE SPRING OF 1881, A HARROWING SCENE TOOK PLACE IN
ST. PETERSBURG, capital of the Russian Empire. A 28-year-
old woman, Sofiia Perovskaia, was scheduled to be
executed for her part in the assassination of Tsar
Alexander II. Although born into wealth and privilege,
Perovskaia had joined the revolutionary socialist
movement. She became a leader of the People's Will, a
small revolutionary group that sought to undermine
the tsarist regime through sabotage and assassination.
On March 1, 1881, led by Perovskaia, six People's Will
members (all under age 30) stationed themselves
along the streets of St. Petersburg. At Perovskaia's
signal, they released their bombs and assassinated one
of the most powerful men in Europe.
Yet the death of the tsar did not destroy the
tsarist regime. The assassins were arrested and sen-
tenced to hang. On the day of Perovskaia's execu-
tion, she mounted the scaffold calmly, but when the
noose was placed around her neck, she grabbed
hold of the platform below with her feet. It took the
strength of two men to pry her feet loose so that she
could hang.
The image of Sofiia Perovskaia clinging to the
platform with her bare feet while her executioners
strained to push her to her death captures
the ferocity of political struggle in Europe at the
end of the nineteenth century. As we discussed
in Chapter 22, the ideological conflict among
liberals, conservatives, socialists, and nationalists
shaped the political culture of the West in the
nineteenth century. After 1870, industrial expan-
sion intensified and widened these conflicts.
Individuals and groups that had traditionally
been excluded from power demanded a voice in
political affairs. Neither economic modernization
nor the coming of mass politics ensured the victory
of democracy, however. Like Sofiia Perovskaia's
executioners, the governing classes often
struggled to pry newcomers off the platform of
political power—and they often succeeded.
Examination of these encounters answers a key
question: How did the new mass politics reshape
definitions of the West by the beginning of the
century?
720
ging to the
cecutioners
I captures
ope at the
discussed
ct among
lationalists
est in the
iai expan-
conflicts.
aditionally
a voice in
ernization
he victory
^rovskaia's
is often
atform of
icceeded.
?rs a key
> reshape
ig of the
M A S S S O C I E T Y A T P L A Y
Pierre Auguste Renoir, Le Moulin de la Colette (1876). On Sunday afternoons in Paris, young working-class
men and women dance at a popular cafe. Urbanization offered ordinary people new opportunities for l ...
Letter-from-ECI-to-MeiTY-21st-march-2024.pdf
भारत सरकार द्वारा बड़े पैमाने पर व्हाट्सएप अभियान चलाए जाने से डेटा गोपनीयता, नैतिकता और चुनावों की निष्पक्षता पर सवाल उठते हैं।
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TRUTH, SITUATION, & CONTEXT AWARENESS
We are engaged in an exponentially growing cyber war that we are visibly losing. Within the next 3 years it has been estimated that the global cost will equal, or overtake, the UK GDP, and it is clear that our defences are inadequate and often ineffective. Malware and ransomer-ware continue to extort more money, and cause damage and inconvenience to individuals, organisations and society, whilst hacker groups, criminals and rogue states continue to innovate and maintain their advantage. At the same time, our defences are subverted and rendered ineffective as we operate in a reactive and prescriptive, after the fact, mode with no foresight or anticipation.
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The behavioural analysis of people, networks and ITC, is at the core of our ‘Context Engine’ solution which completes the triangle of: Truth; Situation; Context Awareness to provide defenders with a fuller and transformative picture. Most of the known precursor elements of this undertaken have been studied in some depth, with some behavioural elements identified on real networks and some physical situations. The unknown can only add more accuracy!
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l i a b l e p r e d i c t o r o f f u t u r e h e a l t h p r o b l e m s (K r a n t z , G r u n b e r g , & B a u m , 1 9 8 5 ;
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p u r p o s e u f t h e ĥ r m ( rn i s s i o n ), w ha t i t s e e k s t o b e c o m e (p i s i n ) a n d s p e c i ĥ c p e r fo r m a n c e t a r g e t s
t h e f u t u r e a n d d e t e r m i n i n g h u w t h e y w i l l h e a c h i e v e d . Fu t u r e o b je c t i v e s r e l a t e t o t h e o v e r a l l
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q u e s t i o n h J h m u l r i p l c d i m c n s i n n s . I r r e l a t e s t o t h e i n LI u s r r y n r i n d u s t r i e s i n w h i c h r h c f i r m i s
p r o v i d e r h c b n x i x l i p u n w h i c h w e c a n d c s Ľ r i h e t h e s t r a t e g y r h a r a f i r m i \ p u r s u i n g . T h e w h e r e
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30 Jun 2006 - IGB Impact Pathway
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The document discusses health, disease, and the immune system. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, while a disease is an abnormal condition affecting an organism's body. There are two main types of diseases - infectious caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, and non-infectious which are not contagious. The immune system protects the body from pathogens through innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccines can provide artificial immunity by training the immune system to recognize pathogens. Medicines are also used to treat diseases.
The Coming of Mass Politics Industrialization, Ennancip.docx
The Coming of Mass
Politics: Industrialization,
Ennancipation, and
Instability, 1870-1914
B E c o n o m i c T r a n s f o r m a t i o n • D e f i n i n g t h e P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n
0 B r o a d e n i n g t h e P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n
• O u t s i d e t h e P o l i t i c a l N a t i o n ? T h e E x p e r i e n c e o f W o m e n
IN THE SPRING OF 1881, A HARROWING SCENE TOOK PLACE IN
ST. PETERSBURG, capital of the Russian Empire. A 28-year-
old woman, Sofiia Perovskaia, was scheduled to be
executed for her part in the assassination of Tsar
Alexander II. Although born into wealth and privilege,
Perovskaia had joined the revolutionary socialist
movement. She became a leader of the People's Will, a
small revolutionary group that sought to undermine
the tsarist regime through sabotage and assassination.
On March 1, 1881, led by Perovskaia, six People's Will
members (all under age 30) stationed themselves
along the streets of St. Petersburg. At Perovskaia's
signal, they released their bombs and assassinated one
of the most powerful men in Europe.
Yet the death of the tsar did not destroy the
tsarist regime. The assassins were arrested and sen-
tenced to hang. On the day of Perovskaia's execu-
tion, she mounted the scaffold calmly, but when the
noose was placed around her neck, she grabbed
hold of the platform below with her feet. It took the
strength of two men to pry her feet loose so that she
could hang.
The image of Sofiia Perovskaia clinging to the
platform with her bare feet while her executioners
strained to push her to her death captures
the ferocity of political struggle in Europe at the
end of the nineteenth century. As we discussed
in Chapter 22, the ideological conflict among
liberals, conservatives, socialists, and nationalists
shaped the political culture of the West in the
nineteenth century. After 1870, industrial expan-
sion intensified and widened these conflicts.
Individuals and groups that had traditionally
been excluded from power demanded a voice in
political affairs. Neither economic modernization
nor the coming of mass politics ensured the victory
of democracy, however. Like Sofiia Perovskaia's
executioners, the governing classes often
struggled to pry newcomers off the platform of
political power—and they often succeeded.
Examination of these encounters answers a key
question: How did the new mass politics reshape
definitions of the West by the beginning of the
century?
720
ging to the
cecutioners
I captures
ope at the
discussed
ct among
lationalists
est in the
iai expan-
conflicts.
aditionally
a voice in
ernization
he victory
^rovskaia's
is often
atform of
icceeded.
?rs a key
> reshape
ig of the
M A S S S O C I E T Y A T P L A Y
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Government Systems
- 1. G o ve rnme nt a nd G o ve rnme nt S ys te m s
- 2. g o ve rnm e nt th e s ys te m b y w h ic h a c o m m u n it y, s t a t e , o r n a t io n is c o n t r o lle d o r r u le d
- 3. C o m m u n is m a political system in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to his or her abilities and needs
- 4. mona rc h y a form of government ruled by a king or a queen
- 5. a b s o lu t e mona rc h y a monarchy that is not limited to or restrained by laws or a constitution
- 6. c o n s t it u t io na l mona rc hy a monarchy governed according to a constitution that limits or defines the power of the king or queen
- 7. r e p u b lic a form of government where supreme power rests with the citizens through their ability to vote
- 8. a r lia m e n t a r y d e m o c r a t ic ) a system of government that has the real power vested in a cabinet whose members are made up of the legislature, may have a prime minister (United Kingdom and Canada)
- 9. p r e s id e n t ia ( d e mo c ra ti a system of government in which the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature (Mexico and Brazil)
- 10. a u t o c r a t ic g o ve rnme nt ( a u to c r a c y) most d i c t a t o r s maintain their positions via inheritance or military power, the c i t i z e n has l i t t l e , if any r o l e in the government and those who try to speak out against the government are silenced through the use of power
- 11. o lig a r c h y g o ve rnme nt ( o lig a r c h ic ) a s m a l l g r o u p exercises control, the c i t i z e n has a very l i m i t e d role in the government, most Communist countries are oligarchies
- 12. d e m o c r a t ic g o ve rnme nt ( d e m o c r a t ic ) s u p r e m e p o w e r is vested with the p e o p l e and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s through f r e e e le c t io n s
- 13. H o w G o ve rnme nts H ig h D e t e r m in e H ig h P a r t i c tpi z e n P a r t i c i p a t iP a n i c i p C ii o rt a t io n a t io n p e o p le s e le c t c it iz e n s gov ’ t g o v’ t p e o pgl e v ’ t o g e ne r Low or Low or No al No P a r t ic ip c it iz e n P a r t ic ip a t io n s a t io n A uto c ra t O lig a r c h De moc r ic ic ac y
- 14. H o w d o the g o ve rnme nt s ys te m s d is t r ib u t e p o w e r ? u n it a r y s y s t e m c o n f e d e r a t io n s ys te m fe d e r a l s ys te m
- 15. A Wa ys G o v e r n m e n t D is t r ib u t e s P o w e r key state/regio powers nal held by hold most central of the gov’t power FEDERAL UNITARY CONFEDERATION strong weaker central central government government
- 16. u n it a r y s y s t e m ( w a ys g o v ’ t d is t r ib u t e s p o w e r ) a ll k e y p o w e r s h e ld b y t h e c e n t r a l g o ve rnme nt s tro ng c e ntra l g o ve rnme nt ( C ub a , regional regional U n it e d K in g d o m ) authority authority Central Authority regional regional authority authority
- 17. l ( w a ys g o v ’ t d is t r ib u t e s p o w e r ) p o w e r is d iv id e d b e t w e e n t h e c e ntra l g o ve rnme nt regional a n d r e g i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t s regional authority ( G e r m a n y , C a n a d a , M e x i c o ) authority Central Authority regional regional authority authority
- 18. s ys te m ( w a ys g o v ’ t d is t r ib u t e s p o w e r ) s t a t e a n d r e g io n a l a u t h o r it ie s h o ld in g m o s t o f t h e p o w e r w e a k e r c e ntra l g o ve rnme nt regional regional authority ( E u r o p e a n U n io n ) authority Central Authority regional regional authority authority
- 19. E urope a n U n io n an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration