Resham Singh's topic is golf. Golf is played on a course with 18 holes, with the objective of getting the ball into each hole in as few strokes as possible. Courses feature fairways, rough areas, hazards like bunkers and water, and putting greens surrounded by the holes. Major tournaments include the U.S. Open and The Masters. Golf is governed by organizations that set the rules, and features individual and team competitions among professionals and amateurs around the world.

1. RESHAM SINGH
10TH
GAMES/P&HE
SPORTS

2. MY TOPIC ON SPORT’S IS
GOLF

3. INTRODUCTION-
• Golf, outdoor game in which
individual players use specially
designed clubs to propel a
small, hard ball over a field of
play known as a course or
links. The object of the game is
to advance the ball around the
course using as few strokes as

4. THE GOLF COURSE
A golf course is divided into 18 sections, called
holes. The standard course is about 6,500 to 7,000
yd (about 5,900 to 6,400 m). The individual holes
may vary in length from 100 to 600 yd (about 90 to
550 m). Each hole has at one end a starting point
known as a tee and, imbedded in the ground at the
other end and marked by a flag, a cup or cylindrical
container (also called a hole) into which the ball
must be propelled to complete the hole. The cup is
usually made of metal or plastic, 4.25 in (10.8 cm) in
diameter, and at least 4 in (10 cm) deep.

5. Play begins at the first tee, a level area of turf generallyraised slightly above the
surrounding terrain. Fromhere eachplayer tries to drive the ball onto the
fairway, or mainpart of the golf course, a carefullytended stripof land, 30 to 100
yd (about 27 to 90 m) wide, on whichthe grass has been cut low to provide a
good playing surface for the ball. On either sideof the fairway is therough,
whichconsists of areas covered with long grass, bushes, or trees, and which
sometimes contains sandy, rough, or marshy areas that force golfers to use
additional skill and judgmentin playing their shots. In the absenceof such
natural obstacles, artificial hazards may be constructed. Theseinclude bunkers,
also knownas traps, which are hollows dug in the earthand usually filled with
loose sand;mounds and other earthenembankments; and waterhazards, such
as ditches, creeks, ponds, or lakes. At the far end of the fairway fromthe tee is
the putting green, an areaof closelycropped grass surrounding the hole or cup.
The smoothsurface of the putting greenis designedto provide a consistent path
after theball has beengivena tap or gentle stroke knownas a putt.

6. Pebble Beach Golf Links
Pebble Beach Golf Links,
on California’s Monterey
Peninsula, is one of the
most scenic and
challenging golf courses in
the world. Open to the
public, Pebble Beach gives
recreational golfers the
opportunity to play on a
professional-level course.

7. Saint Andrews
The Old Course at
Saint Andrews,
Scotland, is the world’s
oldest surviving golf
course. It is home to
the Royal and Ancient
Golf Club of Saint
Andrews, founded in
1754, which
traditionally governs
the rules of the game.
The course itself is the
type known as a links
course, featuring a
dunes-filled terrain,
heavy rough, deep
traps, and other
obstacles.

8. GOLF STROKES & GOLF
EQUIPMENT
Golf Clubs -
Golf clubs are generally divided into woods, primarily for tee shots, and irons,
for closer, more accurate shots. Each iron club head has a distinct angle used to
achieve varying loft heights when striking the ball. Golfers select a club type
and club head angle depending on ball placement and shot distance. A putter,
top, an iron, center, and a wood, bottom, are shown here.

9. In addition to the putt, the specialized stroke used on the green, two
main types of shots are used in playing each hole: the drive, which is a
long shot from the tee onto the fairway; and the approach shot, which is
the shot used to hit the ball onto the green. Shots of various lengths are
played with different clubs, according to the distance to be covered and
the lie (position) of the ball. A standard set of 14 golf clubs (the
maximum that one player may carry in tournament play) is divided into
two main types: woods and irons. Woods have larger heads and are so
called because for many years the heads were made of wood, but today
they are almost exclusively made of metal. Irons have heads made of
forged steel, sometimes chrome plated. The shafts of both types usually
are made of steel or cast graphite. Formerly, each club was known by a
distinctive name, but today most are designated by numbers. The
woods are customarily numbered 1 through 7 and the irons 1 through 9,
though usually a player only carries some of these clubs during a round.
The putter, an iron, has retained its distinct name. Another class of clubs
that retains its name is the wedges, including the pitching wedge, sand
wedge, and lob wedge, which are used on short-range shots in an
attempt to place the ball on the green.

10. Different clubs are used to achieve varied distance, height, or
accurate placement of the ball; the angle of the club face
determines the trajectory of the ball. For making drives and
distance shots on the fairway, golfers use the woods (the
most popular of which are No. 1, or driver; No. 3; and No. 5)
and the so-called long irons (No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3). For the
initial shot on each hole, the ball is teed up—that is, placed on
a small wooden, rubber, or plastic peg, known as a tee. This
action lifts the ball off the ground, making it easier to hit
cleanly. For long, low shots on the fairway, the No. 2 wood is
often used, and for shorter, higher shots the higher-numbered
woods are employed. Approach shots to the green are
generally played with irons. For even shorter approaches,
known as chip shots, the clubs with more loft—high irons and
wedges—are used. The putter normally is used only on the
green or the apron (a fringe of less smooth grass) of the
green.

11. GOLF CLUB LOFT
Golfers control the height
and distance of each shot
primarily by their choice of
club, each club having a
different loft (angle of the
clubface). A typical set of
clubs includes irons
numbered 3 through 9 plus
a pitching wedge. All things
being equal, the lower the
club number the farther a
shot will go, with a lower
trajectory. For example, a
shot with a 5-iron will go
farther at a lower angle to
the ground than a similar
shot with a 9-iron. A
pitching wedge has the
highest loft and is used for
the shortest shots.

12. The game was originally played with a ball made of
feathers tightly packed inside a leather cover. About
1850 a ball made of gutta-percha (a crude form of
rubber) came into use. At the start of the 20th
century a two-piece ball with a rubber core enclosed
in gutta-percha, similar in design to the ball in use
today, was developed. After much experimentation,
the pitted, or dimpled, surface of modern golf balls
was adopted to stabilize flight. Most golf balls today
have a cover made of a plastic resin called Surlyn and
a rubber core. All golf balls must have a diameter of
no less than 1.68 in (4.27 cm) and weigh not more
than 1.62 oz (45.93 g).

13. FORMS OF COMPETITION
Twobasic formsofcompetitionexistin golf:matchplayand medalplay
(alsoknown asstroke play).In matchplaythe player (or, if morethan one
player,theteam)takingthe feweststrokes tosinktheballintoany
particular hole—calledholing out—is thewinnerofthe hole;the contest
(match)is wonby the playeror teamwinning themostholes.Ifeach
player or teamtakesthesamenumberofstrokeson any hole,the holeis
saidtobehalved(tied).A final score of 9and 8in matchplay meansthat
thewinner was9 holesaheadwith only 8lefttoplay,sufficienttoclinch
victory in thematch.When thematchgoestieduntilthe lasthole,the
winning score is1up. Ifeach player wins thesamenumberofholesthe
matchishalved,or play can beextendeduntiloneplayeremerges
victorious.

14. In medal or stroke play, nowthe more popularkindof
play inmajor tournaments, the winner of the contest is
the team or playertaking the fewest strokes over the
total numberof holesagreed upon.Althougha round
usually consists of 9 or 18 holes, the play in
championshipcontests may cover 18, 36, 54, or 72
holes.In stroke play, ties are decidedby playoffholesor
rounds.

15. The U.S. Open has been
held annually since 1895,
with interruptions only for
World War I (1917 and
1918) and World War II
(1942-1945). Here, Arnold
Palmer tees off during the
1963 tournament. The U.S.
Open continues to be one
of professional golf’s most
prestigious tournaments,
with amateur and
professional players from
around the world vying for
the title.

16. Theterm parrefersto the numberofproperlyplayed strokes anexpert golfer would be
expected to use in completing a particular hole without mishap. Thecombined par for
all ofthe holes is called par for the course.Paris based primarily on thenumberof
strokesnecessaryto reachthe green, plus two putts. For a single hole, par is generally
threestrokes for a hole of 250 yd (229 m) orless formen, and 210 yd (192 m) or less
for women; fourstrokes for a hole from 251 to 475 yd (230 to 434 m) formen, and 211
to 400 yd (193 to366 m) for women; and five strokes for a hole of 476 yd (435 m) or
more for men, and 401 yd (367 m) ormore for women. In addition, for women, par is
six strokesfor a hole of 576 yd (527 m) or more. Occasionally, on a par-threehole, a
player makes a holeinone—that is, drives theball fromthe tee into the cup in one
stroke—although this is rare.A scoreofoneless thanpar is referredto as a birdie,
and two less thanpar (for example, a scoreofthree on a par-five hole) is called an
eagle. Threestrokes less thanpar is known as a double eagle. Onestrokeover par is
called a bogey;two over par is a double bogey.

17. Some historians believe that golf originated in The Netherlands (the
Dutch word kolf means “club”), but the Romans had a game played
with a bent stick and a ball made of feathers that may have been
the original source of the game. It has been fairly well established,
however, that the game that is known today was actually devised by
the Scots in the 14th or 15th century. The game became so popular
in Scotland that in order to keep people from playing golf when they
should have been practicing archery, a military necessity, the Scottish
parliament passed a special law in 1457. The Scottish people,
however, largely ignored this and similar laws, and early in the 16th
century James IV, king of Scotland, took up the game of golf. His
granddaughter Mary, later Mary, Queen of Scots, played the game in
France, where she was raised. The young men who attended her on
the golf links were known as cadets (pupils); the term was adopted
later in Scotland and England and became caddie or caddy. (Caddies,
once an integral feature of the game, have now been replaced on
many courses by motorized carts and pull carts.) In England the game
was made popular by the attention given it by James VI of Scotland,
later James I of England, and his son Charles I.

18. Royalty Golfing in Old England
Formal golf was developed in 14th- or 15th-century Scotland. The
game soon spread to England, where it became popular among
nobility.

21. GOVERNING BODIES
The rules of play for golf are numerous and complex. The
organizations that establish golf rules for the world are the Royal
and Ancient Golf Club of Saint Andrews and the United States Golf
Association (USGA), founded in 1894 and located in Far Hills, New
Jersey. The Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA) was
organized in 1916, and annual tournaments were started during
the same year. The PGA is headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens,
Florida. Currently, there are more than 28,000 members of the
PGA, most of whom assist amateur players as club or resort
instructors. The PGA Tour developed out of the PGA. It is now a
separate entity consisting of several hundred playing professionals
who tour the United States, and occasionally travel outside the
country, to compete for prize money in tournaments held weekly
at different locations. There is also a Senior PGA Tour for
professionals age 50 and over. The Ladies Professional Golf
Association (LPGA), headquartered in Daytona Beach, Florida, is an
organization with more than 1,000 teaching professionals, as well
as a year-round tour similar to the PGA Tour.

22. TOURNAMENTS

23. BOBBY JONES
Bobby Jones (1902-1971),
American amateur golfer,
winner of the grand slam of
golf in 1930 and founder of the
prestigious golf tournament,
the Masters. Jones is widely
considered the most
accomplished amateur
competitor in the history of the
sport.
After winning numerous
national and international titles,
golfer Bobby Jones was
determined to become the first
to attain golf’s grand slam by
winning the British Open, the
British Amateur, the U.S.
Open, and the U.S. Amateur in
the same year.

24. International team matches are also an important
part of the sport. The Walker Cup (for men) and the
Curtis Cup (for women) are contests between
amateur golfers from the United States and Britain.
The Ryder Cup is a competition for professional
male golfers, matching up the United States and
Europe. (Before 1979 the Ryder Cup was contested
by American and British teams.) The Presidents Cup
(for men) and the Solheim Cup (for women) are
competitions between professional golfers from the
United States and the rest of the world. World
competition tournaments for men also include the
Eisenhower Cup for amateurs and the World Cup
for professionals. World competition tournaments
for women amateurs also include the Espirito Santo
Trophy. Because of scheduling issues and travel
requirements, many of these competitions are held
every other year.

25. The most famous feat in the history of golf wasachieved by the American
amateur player Bobby Jones, who in 1930 captured hisera’s grand slam by
winning the British Open, the British Amateur, the U.S. Open, and the U.S.
Amateur. Noother player has ever won the grand slam of golf in a calendar
year, but American Tiger Woods achieved the next best thing when he won the
four consecutive majors between June 2000 and April 2001. Besides Woods
and Jones, the only male players to win each major tournament at least once
during their careers are Americans Ben Hogan, Jack Nicklaus,and Gene
Sarazen; and South African Gary Player. Six female players are credited with a
so-called career grand slam, the composition of which haschanged over the
years. They are Americans Pat Bradley, Juli Inkster, Louise Suggs, and Mickey
Wright; Swedish player Annika Sörenstam; and Australian Karrie Webb.

26. There have beenmany other great players in the history
of golf.Other outstanding male golfersincludeAmerican
playersWalter Hagen, Arnold Palmer,Sam Snead, Lee
Trevino, andTom Watson; British playersHarry Vardon
and NickFaldo; Australianplayer Greg Norman;
Zimbabweanplayer NickPrice;South Africanplayer
Ernie Els; and Spanish player SeverianoBallesteros.Other
top women competitors have includedAmericansPatty
Berg, JoAnne Carner, Betsy King, Nancy Lopez, Betsy
Rawls, Patty Sheehan, Kathy Whitworth, and Babe
Didrikson Zaharias;Britain’s Laura Davies; and South
Korea’s Se Ri Pak.

27. OTHER FORMS OF GOLF
Variations on traditional golf, many of
which can be played in urban areas or at
night under lights, have been developed
from time to time. Miniature golf, a
putting game on fancifully designed courses,
became popular in the 1930s. Pitch and
putt is a shorter version of the standard
game. Special putting greens and driving
ranges, which combine practice and
recreation, are another common way to
participate in golf.

28. MINIATUREGOLF
A miniature golf
course consists of a
series of short,
whimsical putting
greens with obstacles
and strange angles.
Miniature golf courses
are often found at
resort locations, such
as this one at
Brighton, England, a
popular seaside
vacation spot.

29. SOMEFAMOUS
PERSONALITIESINGOLF

30. TIGER WOODS
American golfer Tiger Woods hits out of the rough
during the second round of the 2000 British Open
at St. Andrews, Scotland. Woods won the
tournament by eight strokes, the second of what
would become an unprecedented streak of four
consecutive major titles: the 2000 United States
Open, the 2000 British Open, the 2000 Professional
Golfers' Association (PGA), and the 2001 Masters.
Jack Nicklaus
American professional golfer Jack Nicklaus is
considered by many to be the most talented
golfer of the 20th century. A large man with
blonde hair, Nicklaus earned the nickname
the Golden Bear for his aggressive style of
play.

31. Annika Sörenstam
Swedish golfer Annika Sörenstam dominated women’s
golf in the late 1990s and early 2000s, winning more
professional tournaments than any other player. In
2003 Sörenstam became the first female golfer to play
in a Professional Golfers’ Association (PGA) Tour event
since 1945 at the Colonial tournament in Fort Worth,
Texas, where she missed the two-day cut.
Michelle Wie
American golfer Michelle Wie has been compared
to Tiger Woods for her accomplishments at a young
age. In 2002, at age 12, Wie became the youngest
player to participate in a Ladies Professional Golf
Association (LPGA) tournament.

32. Karrie Webb
Australian golfer Karrie Webb displays her
trophy after winning the 1999 du Maurier
Classic. Webb began playing on the Ladies
Professional Golf Association (LPGA) tour
in 1996 and quickly emerged as one of the
tour’s premier players.
Sergio Garcia
Spaniard Sergio Garcia is one of the world’s top young
golfers. He became the youngest winner of the
European Amateur Championship when he won the title
in 1995 at the age of 14. Garcia turned professional in
1999 and immediately began challenging the best in the
sport, including a second-place finish at that year’s
Professional Golfers’ Association (PGA) Championship.

33. THANK’S FOR
WATCHING
MY P.P.T.