Altruism

4. An idea that natural selection
sometimes acts on whole groups
of organisms, favoring some
groups over others, leading to the
evolution of traits that are
group-advantageous. (Okasha,
2015.)

5. • Unselfish concern for sand
support of others (Brooks &
Goldstein, 2021)
• When we feel empathy, we
focus not so much on our own
distress as on the sufferer.

6. COMPARING THEORIES
OF ALTRUISM

7. This theory proposes that we
choose to maximize rewards and
to minimize the cost when
creating and maintaining
relationships.

8. Social norms are rules of
behavior. inform group members
how to construe a given situation,
how to feel about it, and how to
behave in it. They exert social
influence on group members by
prescribing which reactions are
appropriate, and which are not.

9. Evolutionary psychology
contends that life’s essence is
gene survival. Our genes drive us
in adaptive ways that have
maximized their chance of
survival. When our ancestors
died, their genes lived on, pre-
disposing us to behave in ways
that will spread them into the
future.
.

12. • which the helper wants something
in return for offering help.
• based purely on one self-interest.

13. • which the helper expects nothing
in return for offering help.
• motivated by compassion,
sympathy, and empathy.

14. • a present witness who does
not participate in an event or
incident.

15. • The bystander effect is the
finding that a person is less
likely to help someone when
other bystanders are present.
• In such dangerous situations
with a perpetrator present and
intervention requiring physical
risk, the bystander effect is
less (Fischer et al.,2011).
• Kitty Genovese Syndrome