This document provides an overview of genetics and its influence on orthodontics. It discusses the molecular basis of inheritance, different modes of inheritance like autosomal dominant and recessive traits. It explores population genetics and methods to study the role of genes like twin studies. It examines genetic mutations and homeobox genes that influence craniofacial development. It analyzes disorders in tooth morphogenesis and the genetic influence on traits like malocclusion, tooth number and position. It discusses practical implications for orthodontics treatment of genetically influenced malocclusions.
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Twin studies seminar1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
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Molecular basis of inheritance, Patterns of genetic transmission, Gene mutation, structure of chromosome, chromosomes in Man, Genetic disorders, Numerical disorders, structural disorder, Genetics in an orthodontic perspective, Butler's field theory, methods of studying role of genes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Homeobox genes /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Twin studies seminar1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
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formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
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Molecular basis of inheritance, Patterns of genetic transmission, Gene mutation, structure of chromosome, chromosomes in Man, Genetic disorders, Numerical disorders, structural disorder, Genetics in an orthodontic perspective, Butler's field theory, methods of studying role of genes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Cybernetic theory of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
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This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Orthodontic Diagnosis And Treatment In Transverse Dimension
• In orthodontics, among the three planes of space - sagittal, vertical, and
transverse, the transverse is the least studied.
• The transverse facial growth normally completes before the sagittal and
vertical growth.
• Understanding the transverse growth is important in making proper
diagnosis and treatment planning of the transverse problems.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Dental anomalies are caused by complex multifactorial interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during the long process of dental development.
This process is multilevel, multidimensional and progressive. It involves multiple interactions and critical stages
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cybernetic theory of craniofacial growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This slide gives you ideas about functional matrix theory revisited by Melvin moss in a series of four articles which he tells the limitations of his first study and how he corrected it . this slide includes Functional matrix theory
Constrains of FMH,Functional matrix theory revisited
Articles,Reference
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Muscles of mastication /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Orthodontic Diagnosis And Treatment In Transverse Dimension
• In orthodontics, among the three planes of space - sagittal, vertical, and
transverse, the transverse is the least studied.
• The transverse facial growth normally completes before the sagittal and
vertical growth.
• Understanding the transverse growth is important in making proper
diagnosis and treatment planning of the transverse problems.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Dental anomalies are caused by complex multifactorial interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during the long process of dental development.
This process is multilevel, multidimensional and progressive. It involves multiple interactions and critical stages
Dental anomalies are caused by complex multifactorial interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during the long process of dental development.
This process is multilevel, multidimensional and progressive. It involves multiple interactions and critical stages
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Inheritance and malocclusion / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Genetics in Orthodontics from Graber's, Proffit's, Bhalajhi's book of Orthodontics.
Pictures taken from American journal of orthodontics.
Introduction
Methods to study genetic factors involved
Various genetic traits in orthodontics
Clinical implications in orthodontics
Conclusion
Bibliography
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
1. Dr. Abhijeet Kumar Sadhu
Department of orthodontics and
dentofacial orthopedics
New horizon Dental College And Rersearch
Institute, Sakri
2. Contents
⚫ Introduction
⚫ Molecular basis for inheritance
⚫ Modes of inheritance
⚫ Population Genetics
⚫ Methods of studying role of genes
⚫ Genetic Mutation
⚫ Homeobox Genes
⚫ Disorders in tooth morphogenesis
⚫ Influence of Genetics in Malocclusion
⚫ Genetic Influence on Tooth Number, Size, Morphology, Position, and Eruption
⚫ Genetic factors in external apical root resorption
⚫ Practical and Clinical Implications
⚫ Conclusion
3. Introduction
1. Genetics Ancient Greek genetikos
2. Genome
3. Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century.
4. The Human Genome Project (HGP) 1990 – 2003.
U.S. Department of Energy and the National
Institutes of Health
4. 1. DNA
2. Purines: Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Pyramidines: Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Molecular basis for inheritance
10. Multifactorial inheritance.
The trait is determined by the interaction of a number of
genes at different loci, each with a small, but additive
effect, together with environmental factors.
Discontinuous Multifactorial traits
Traits determined by multiple gene loci which are
present or absent depending on the number or nature of
the genetic, and/or environmental factors acting.
Cleft lip and palate is a multifactorial trait.
11. Continuous multifactorial traits.
Many normal human characteristics are determined as
continuous multifactorial traits.
These traits have a continuously graded distribution.
For height there is a range from the very tall to the
markedly short
Malocclusion also is a variation of occlusion in a
continuous multi-factorial trait
12. Population Genetics
Population genetics deals with the study of the mode of
inheritance of traits and the distribution of genes in
populations.
Penetrance is a statistical term and indicates the
proportion of individuals carrying a certain gene who
can be detected.
As our ability to detect the expression of a gene improves,
the penetrance increases.
⚫Expressivity refers to the degree of expression of a
gene in an individual
13. Full expressivity for osteogenesis imperfecta would
include fragile bones, dentinogenesis imperfecta, blue
sclerae, and deafness
The presence of one or two of these findings
comprises Partial expressivity
The absence of all four, which is occasionally found
in carriers of this gene, is Zero expressivity.
14. Methods of studying role of genes
Twin Studies:
The classic way to determine to what extent a
characteristic is determined by inheritance is to
compare monozygotic (identical) with dizygotic
(fraternal) twins.
Familial studies: Pedigree Studies
15. Twin Studies
Monozygotic twins occur because of the early division
of a fertilized egg, so each individual has the same
chromosomal DNA and the two are genetically
identical. (have identical genotypes)
Any differences between them should be solely the
result of environmental influences
.
16. ⚫Dizygotic twins occur when two eggs are released at
the same time and fertilized by different spermatozoa.
These dizygotic twins are not more similar than
ordinary siblings except that they have shared the
same intrauterine and family environment.
⚫The procedure of study is based on the principle that
observed differences within a pair of monozygotic
to environmental
twins which
influence and
will be only due
in dizygotic twins due to both
environment and genotype
17. If condition has no genetic component, e.g. trauma,
concordance rates would be similar for both types of
twins.
For single gene trait monozygotic concordance will be
100%.whereas dizygotic rate will be less than this and
equal to the rate in siblings.
For discontinuous multifactorial traits with both
genetic and environmental contributions, the rate in
monozygotic twins, although less than 100%, will
exceed the rate in dizygotic twins.
18. In cleft studies, the monozygotic twin concordance
rate for CL(P) and for CP is 35 and 26 per cent,
respectively, and for dizygotic twins 5 and 6 per cent,
respectively (Connor and Ferguson-Smith, 1993)
Greater the difference between two twin categories
greater is genetic effect in variability of trait, so higher
is heritability of trait.
19. Familial studies: Pedigree Studies
Definite trait studied along family tree.
Based on the recurrence of some easily seen trait in
different generations of the same family. e.g Hapsburg
jaw.
20. Genetic Mutation
⚫Gene alleles are usually transmitted unaltered from one
generation to the next, rare events occur that cause changes
within them -these events are called mutations
⚫If it occurs during gametogenesis the mutant allele will
appear in a gamete and, consequently, in cells throughout
the body of any resulting individual.
⚫If it occurs after fertilization, as a somatic mutation, only a
proportion of cells will be affected.
21. Mutations of DNA
⚫Length mutations - gain or loss of genetic material
⚫Point mutations - alteration of the genetic code, but no gain
or loss of genetic material.
Chemicals which cause DNAmutations:
1. Base analogues which mimic standard bases, but pair
improperly (e.g. 5-bromouracil);
2. Alkylating agents which add alkyl groups to bases and so
hamper correct pairing (e.g. nitrogen mustard or ethyl
methanesulphonate);
3. Intercalating agents which intercalate with DNA and
distort its structure (e.g. deamination by hydroxylamine).
22. Homeobox Genes
⚫Homeobox genes are genes
which are highly conserved
throughout evolution of
diverse organisms and are now
known to play a role in
the embryonic
patterning
development
Master genes for the development of
Craniofacial complex
23. Homeobox genes in craniofacial development :
Hox group
Msx1 and Msx2 (muscle segment)
Dlx (distalless)
Otx (orthodontical)
Gsc (goosecoid), and
Shh (sonic hedgehog).
24. Vehicles through which homeobox gene information
is expressed in the co-ordination of cell migration and
subsequent cell interactions that regulate growth
(Johnston and Bronsky, 1995).
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF),
Epidermal growth factor (EGF),
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF ),
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF ),
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
25. Control of tooth development.
⚫Homeobox genes have particular implications in tooth
development and, therefore, on Orthodontics.
⚫Muscle specific homeobox genes
⚫Msx-1 and Msx-2 appear to be involved in epithelial
mesenchymal interactions, and are implicated in
craniofacial development, and in particular in the
initiation of developmental position (Msx-1) and
further development of the tooth buds (Msx-2)
(MacKenzie et al., 1991; Jowett et al., 1993)
26. Further evidence of the role of Msx1 comes from gene
knock-out experiments which results in disruption of
tooth morphogenesis among other defects (Satokata
and Maas, 1994).
Pax9 is also transcription factor necessary for tooth
morphogenesis (Neubuser et al.,1997).
27. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of
the transforming growth factor family (TGF ) and they
function in many aspects of craniofacial development
with tissue specific functions.
BMPs have been found to have multiple roles not only
in bone morphogenesis, (BMP 5 for example induces
endochondral osteogenesis in vivo), but BMP 7
appears to induce dentinogenesis (Thesleff, 1995).
28. Disorders in tooth morphogenesis.
imperfecta (AI): Group of genetically
disorders affecting enamel formation.
hypoplastic, hypocalcified and
⚫Amelogenesis
heterogeneous
Heterogeneous,
hypomaturation
In humans, two amelogenin AMGX and AMGYhave been
cloned and mapped to the X and Y chromosomes, respectively
29. Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI): Brownish
discolouration of the teeth, crowns susceptible to
rapid attrition, fragile roots and pulp chamber
obliteration due to abnormal production of dentine
matrix (Shields, 1973).
Mutations of DSPP gene in locus 4q21 substitutions in
genes with encode for sub-units of type 1 collagen
(Ganguly et al., 1991; Nicholls et al., 1996).
30. ⚫Hypodontia: muscle specific homeobox gene (MSX1) ON 4p
is strongly expressed in the dental mesenchyme throughout
the bud, cap and bell stages of odontogenesis
⚫Satokata and Maas (1994) found that mice with the Msx1
gene knocked out had amongst other defects, complete
failure of tooth development at the bud stage.
31. Ectodermal dysplasia (EDA): Heterogeneous disorder
with many clinically distinct types, and is characterized
by the triad of hypotrichosis (sparse hair), hypohydrosis
(lack of sweat glands), and hypodontia (reduced number
of teeth).
Kere and his colleagues (1996) identified the EDA gene
X linked recessive.
32. Influence of Genetics in Malocclusion
The Nature of Malocclusion
Malocclusion may be defined as a significant deviation from
what is defined as normal or ‘ideal’ occlusion (Andrews,
1972).
Population groups that are genetically homogeneous tend to
have normal occlusion.
In pure racial stocks, such as the Melanesians of the
Philippine islands, malocclusion is almost non-existent.
In heterogeneous populations, the incidence of jaw
discrepancies and occlusal disharmonies is significantly
greater
33. ⚫Corruccini RS. An epidemiologic transition in dental
occlusion in world populations. Am J Orthod.
1984;86:419–426..
⚫ Chung CS, Niswander JD, Runck DW, Bilben SE, Kau
MC. Genetic and epidemiologic studies of oral
characteristics in Hawaii’s schoolchildren. II.
Malocclusion. Am J Hum Genet. 1971;23:471–495
34. Class II Division 1 Malocclusion
⚫Harris, 1963,1975: mandible is significantly more retruded than
in Class I patients, with the body of the mandible smaller and
overall mandibular length reduced
⚫showed a higher correlation between the patient and his
immediate family than data from random pairings of unrelated
siblings, thus supporting the concept of polygenic inheritance for
Class II division 1 malocclusions.
Family Studies of Heritability of Dentofacial Types
35. Class II Division 2 Malocclusion
⚫Familial occurrence of Class II division 2 has been
documented in several published reports including twin
and triplet studies (e.g. Kloeppel, 1953; Markovic,
1992) and in family pedigrees from Korkhaus
(1930).
Studies point to autosomal dominant with incomplete
penetrance and variable expressivity.
36. Class III Malocclusion
⚫Most famous example of a genetic trait in humans passing
through several generations is the pedigree of the Hapsburg
jaw.
⚫Strohmayer (1937) concluded from his detailed pedigree
analysis of the Hapsburg family line that the mandibular
prognathism was transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait
with incomplete penetrance.
⚫Suzuki 1961 studied 1362 persons in 243 Japanese families
which had mandibular prognathism and showed higher
incidence of trait in the members of family(34.3%) than
families of individuals with normal occlusion (7.5%).
37. Genetic Influence on Tooth Number, Size,
Morphology, Position, and Eruption
⚫Twin studies have shown that tooth crown dimensions are
strongly determined by heredity (Osborne et al., 1958).
⚫Molecular genetics of tooth morphogenesis with the Hox7
and Hox8 (now referred to as MSX1 and MSX2) genes
being responsible for stability in dental patterning
(Mackenzie et al., 1992)
38. Abnormal shape
Alvesalo and Portin 1969 supported that malformed and missing
lateral incisors maybe result of common gene defect.
Peg lateral , microdontia ,missing teeth all have familial trends,
female preponderance, association with other dental anomalies.
So polygenic aetiology is suggested.
39. Ectopic maxillary canines
Peck et al in 1994 concluded that palatally ectopic
canines were inherited trait along other anomalies.
Mossey et al in 1994 showed association between
ectopic canine and classII div 2 malocclusion.
40. Hypodontia
Maybe part of syndrome e.g ectodermal dysplasia.
Msx1 and Pax9 genes involved in non syndromic
autosomal dominant hypodontia.
Associated with Missing maxillary lateral incisor –
polygenic model with autosomal dominant and
incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.
Markovic 1982 found high rate of concordance for
hypodontia in monozygotic twins.
41. Submerged primary molar
In monozygotic twins there is high concordance rate
providing evidence for genetically determined failure of
eruption (Helpin and Duncan 1986)
Variety of anomalies are associated with tooth
submergence.
Taurodontism may form a part of this syndrome(Winter et
al 1997)
Reduced coronal dimensions in the molar dentition of
human subjects identified with pathogenic mutations
in GAS1 gene.
42. Genetic factors in external apical root resorption
External apical root resorption (EARR) is a common
clinical complication of orthodontic treatment.
The analysis of 35 families indicated that the IL-1B
polymorphism accounts for 15% of the total variation
seen for EARR seen in the maxillary central incisor in
the sample studied. (Ciurla A, Marruganti C, Doldo T,
Szymańska J. Association between Polymorphisms in
the IL-1β, TNFRSF11B, CASP1, and IL-6 Genes and
Orthodontic-Induced External Apical Root
Resorption. J Clin Med. 2021 Sep 15;10(18):4166..)
43. Practical and Clinical Implications
and malocclusion of
Skeletal jaw discrepancies
genetic origin
orthodontically,
can
except
be successfully
in extreme cases
treated
where
surgical intervention is required.
It is possible to modify the direction of dentofacial
growth using orthopedic appliances and therefore
change or forestall morphogenetic abnormalities
(Graber, 1969; Harvold et al., 1981; Moss and
Salentijn, 1997)
44. Orthodontic correction of a malocclusion is in
of a
effect altering the phenotypic expression
particular morphogenetic pattern.
The degree to which this can be successfully achieved
depends on
(a) the relative contribution of each factor to the
existing problem, and
(b) the extent to which skeletal pattern can be
influenced by orthodontic and orthopaedic appliances.
45. Diagnostic goal
To determine the relative contribution of genetics and the
environment.
The greater the genetic component,
prognosis for a successful outcome
the worse the
by means of
orthodontic intervention.
46. Conclusion
Multiple factors and processes contribute to the
response to orthodontic treatment. Some patients will
exhibit unusual outcomes linked to polymorphic genes.
The influence of genetic factors on treatment outcome
must be studied and understood in quantitative terms.
Conclusions from retrospective studies must be
evaluated by prospective testing to truly evaluate their
value in practice.
47. References
1. Graber, T.M., Vanarsdall, R.L. and L., V.K.W. (2005) Orthodontics: Current
principles and techniques. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
2. Seppala M, Thivichon-Prince B, Xavier GM, Shaffie N, Sangani I, Birjandi
AA, Rooney J, Lau JNS, Dhaliwal R, Rossi O, Riaz MA, Stonehouse-Smith D,
Wang Y, Papageorgiou SN, Viriot L, Cobourne MT. Gas1 Regulates Patterning
of the Murine and Human Dentitions through Sonic Hedgehog. J Dent Res.
2022 Apr;101(4):473-482
3. The Heritability of Malocclusion: Part 1—Genetics, Principles and
Terminology. P. A. M O S S E Y, British Journal of Orthodontics/ Vol.
26/1999/103–113
4. The Heritability of Malocclusion: Part 2- Influence of Genetics in
Malocclusion. P. A. M O S S E Y, British Journal of Orthodontics/ Vol.
26/1999/195–203
5. Personalized Orthodontics, The Future of Genetics in Practice, James
K. Hartsfield, Jr., Seminars in Orthodontics, Vol 14, No 2 (June), 2008: pp
166-171
it is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms . The science of genetics is concerned with the inheritance of traits, whether normal or abnormal, and with the interaction of genes and the environment. The study of genes and heredity. Heredity is the passing of genetic information
organism’s genome is defined as the complete set of genetic instructions for that organism
The modern science of genetics, which seeks to understand the process of inheritance, only began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century. human genome is made up of a double helix of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) comprised of ∼3.2billion chemical nucleotide base pairs.
Started in 1990, as international effort to sequence entire human genome and genomes of several other model organisms as Escherichia coli, Drosophila melanogaster. Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health
1. The molecular basis for genes is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).DNA has a double helix structure which composed of
sugar molecule
phosphate group and
a base (A,C,G,T)
DNA is composed of a chain of four types of nucleotides, :
Purines: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Pyramidines: Thymine (T).Cytosine (C)
DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape known as a double helix. Each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups. Attached to each sugar is one of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) or thymine (T).
2. . Gene is a piece of DNA that has the necessary information to code for a protein.
The solenoid model explains the compaction of the eukaryotic genome within the small spherical nucleus. Firstly, the free DNA condenses into less-compressed chromatin fibres. A chromatin fibre holds the DNA-helix through repeating globular units or histone proteins. Later, the chromatin fibres condense to a higher degree and transform into a highly compressed structure called a chromosome. (ranging in length from ∼50 to 250million base pairs each)
we each inherit a total of 46 chromosomes; 22 homologous pairs of chromosomes called autosomes that are numbered by size and other characteristics, along with one pair of sex chromosomes that are homologous (X,X) in females and only partly homologous (X,Y) in males
A gene can be defined as the complete DNA sequence that codes for the synthesis of a specific polypeptide via a messenger RNA intermediate (mRNA) or the synthesis of a pecific RNA molecule e.g., transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA.
Each person normally inherits two copies of every gene within the genome: one gene copy on the autosome or sex chromosome of maternal origin and the other gene copy on the autosome or sex chromosome of paternal origin.
An illustration of how protein is synthesized from DNA. A gene contains all of the instructions in the DNA code to make a protein. Within our cells, the DNA instructions are transcribed (copied) into a primary RNA transcript by an enzyme called RNA polymerase II. The RNA transcript is processed to form a messenger RNA (mRNA) template that contains only the information that was originally coded in the genes’ exon sequences (i.e., removal of the intron information). Then the code for the mRNA template is read (translated) by ribosome complexes in our cells, and protein is synthesized out of amino acids based on the information found in the mRNA
Within the human genome, every gene resides in a specific location referred to as a locus. Genes at the same locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes are called alleles. One allele would be a copy of the maternal allele and the other a copy of the paternal allele. If these alleles are not identical, they can produce different polypeptide sequences and possibly diverse effects. When a pair of alleles are identical in DNA sequence (e.g., allele A and allele A), the individual is said to be homozygous for that locus. However, when the two alleles have one or more differences in the DNA sequence (e.g., allele A and allele a), the individ ual is said to be heterozygous for that locus.
(1) the trait occurs in successive generations (2) on average, 50% of the offspring of each parent who has the trait will also have the trait; (3) if an individual has the gene allele that results in the trait, each of his or her children has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene allele that leads to the expression of the trait; (4) males and females are equally likely to inherit the trait; and (5) parents who do not have the trait have offspring who do not have the trait. An exception to this occurs when the trait shows nonpenetrance in a particular offspring.
Autosomal recessive trait1. Appears in both sexes with equal frequency. 2. Tends to skip generations.3. Affected offspring are usually born to unaffected parents. 4. When both parents are heterozygous, approximately 1/4rth of the offspring will be affected.5. Appears more frequently among the children of consanguine marriages.
Some characteristics of X-linked recessive inheritance:a. Affected fathers transmit the recessive allele to all daughters (who are therefore carriers), and to none of their sons.b. Father-to-son transmission of X-linked alleles generally does not occur.c. Many more males than females exhibit the trait. d. All sons of affected (homozygous recessive) mothers are expected to show the trait.e. With a carrier mother, about 1/2 of her sons will show the trait and 1/2 will be free of the allele.f. A carrier female crossed with a normal male will have 1/2 carrier and 1/2 normal daughters.
Study of the family members observing similarities and differences between -mother and child ,father and child and among siblings.
A homeobox is a DNA sequence, around 180 base pairs long, that regulates large-scale anatomical features in the early stages of embryonic development. Mutations in a homeobox may change large-scale anatomical features of the full-grown organism.
Homeoboxes are found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development (morphogenesis) in animals, fungi, plants, and numerous single cell eukaryotes.[2] Homeobox genes encode homeodomain protein products that are transcription factors sharing a characteristic protein fold structure that binds DNA to regulate expression of target genes.[3][4][2] Homeodomain proteins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation during early embryonic development, thus mutations in homeobox genes can cause developmental disorders.[5]
Homeosis is a term coined by William Bateson to describe the outright replacement of a discrete body part with another body part, e.g. antennapedia—replacement of the antenna on the head of a fruit fly with legs.[6] The "homeo-" prefix in the words "homeobox" and "homeodomain" stems from this mutational phenotype, which is observed when some of these genes are mutated in animals. The homeobox domain was first identified in a number of Drosophila homeotic and segmentation proteins, but is now known to be well-conserved in many other animals, including vertebrates.[3][7][8]
The proteins encoded by these homeobox genes are transcription factors which control the transcription of RNA from the DNA template within the cell nucleus
Amelogennin amg
dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP)
Vastardis et al. (1996) demonstrated that a mutation in MSX, the human counterpart of murine msx1, caused familial tooth agenesis, and genetic linkage analysis of a family with autosomal dominant agenesis of second premolars and third molars identified a locus on chromosome 4p as the site of the MSX1 gene
The most likely explanation for the observed increase in the occurrence of malocclusion in “civilization” is environmental change, such as the types of foods being consumed and airway effect
), Rubbrecht (1930) Trauner (1968) and Peck et al. (1998). Markovic (1992)
This was the famous mandibular prognathism demonstrated by several generations of the Hungarian/Austrian dual monarchy