gender and development

1. GENDER and
DEVELOPMENT MAINSTREAMING

2. THE RATIONALE BEHIND
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
SEX AND GENDER
GENDER NEEDS (USE OF GENDER-FAIR LANGUAGE)
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
GENDER MAINSTREAMING (WHAT HAVE WE DONE
SO FAR?)

3. OBJECTIVES
• 1.Deepen the awareness and knowledge of
participants on gender issues;
• 2. Identify the differing situations and needs
of women and men and consider them in
every action or decision they make;

4. • 3. Develop skills in using gender-fair
language in the workplace; and,
• 4. Advocate gender equality and equity in
every programs and projects of their
respective office/agency

5. MAIN PREMISES
• 1. That, this is not a WAR OF THE SEXES;
• 2. That, we are not ANTI-MALE;
• 3. That, both WOMEN and MEN are victims,
although WOMEN are usually/oftentimes the
victims than MEN;
• 4. That, both MEN and WOMEN have a
stake in the struggle from Gender Equality.

6. • Any Discussion On GAD
Starts With The Difference Between
SEX And GENDER
• SEX Is a natural distinguishing variables based
on biological characteristics of being a woman
or man. It refers to physical attributes
pertaining to a persons body contours,
chromosomes and reproductive organs.

7. • GENDER - Refers to the socially
differentiated roles, characteristics and
expectations attributed by culture to
women and men. It is set of
characteristics that identifies the social
behavior of women and men and the
relationships between them.

8. • Gender roles, expectations and
perceptions both women and men into
situations that constrain their capacity
to do and capacity to be, hindering, in
turn, their potentials to attain a full and
satisfying life.

9. - Draw the first image (s) that come to
your mind when you hear the word
“Woman”;
- When you hear the word “Man”

10. • INSTITUTIONS OF SOCIALIZATION
• A. FAMILY/PARENTS IMPLICATIONS
- Boys should be While boys should
aggressive, go out; have the privilege
trained to be decision- to go to school since
makers and leaders they will be future
breadwinners.
• Girls are trained in house When there are limited
work. resources, girls should
stay at home.

11.  B. FAMILY/HUSBAND IMPLICATIONS
AND WIFE
- Husband who consults his “Under de saya”;
wife for decision; husband Ridiculed by pals
who goes home early; and relatives;
husband who does not Restrictions affect
go out on “nights out” w/ men’s self esteem
friends; no vices

12. C. SCHOOL IMPLICATIONS
Courses for boys: Not an opportunity
Engineering; Medicine to choose but an
Architecture imposition.
Courses for girls:
Nursing, Social Work;
Secretarial; Education.

13. On out-of-wedlock A girl who gets pregnant
Pregnancy while studying, gets
kicked out, but a boy who
gets a girl pregnant does
not receive any sanction

14. D. CHURCH IMPLICATIONS
Wedding rites Misinterpretation of rite:
WIFE, submit to your husband
MAN, love your wife (forgets
the line. . As you love GOD)
> used by some to justify why
women should stay with a
batterer.

15. E. GOVERNMENT IMPLICATIONS
- Men in general get Less opportunities for
higher pay at work women to take leader-
ship positions

16. A COMPARISON (CSC 2008)
- Senate:
Male - 20
Female - 3
- Congress:
Male - 214
Female - 54

17. - Supreme Court Justices (2010)
Male - 12
Female - 3

18. -Governors
Male - 52
Female - 15
- -Mayors
Male - 1,083
Female - 258

19. F. WORKPLACE IMPLICATIONS
- Women in general, “TRABAHO NA,
work in service BAHAY PA”
industries (an
extension of their
expected role at home)

20. G. MEDIA IMPLICATIONS
-Women in Advertisements: Women should always
Cosmetic ads- Convey that be YOUNG and BEAU
for a woman to be loved, TIFUL (a self-worth
dapat maganda, makinis based on men’s
sexy perceptions)

21. -Other product ads: WOMEN ARE
SEX OBJECTS
BUY THIS BEER/LIQUOR (pangkama,
CAR – and this woman will pampagana, pam
be yours pasaya)

22. MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS
♂ ECONOMIC MARGINALIZATION
- Under or non- violation/recognition of
women’s work
- Unequal pay for work of equal value
- Last to be hired, first to be fired
- Limited opportunities
- Exacting sex favours

23. • POLITICAL SUBORDINATION
• Position - Women always attend PTA meetings, but
when a man attends one, he even gets elected as
president.
• Status - Women have no identity, when they get
married, they usually carry the names of their
husbands.
• Decision Making - Women cannot make decisions
by themselves. They still have to consult their
husbands.
• Process Of Socialization- Women are accepted as
second class citizen next to men. Even in dancing it is
the man who directs the woman.

24. ♂MULTIPLE BURDEN
Parenting or child rearing
Housework
Women work outside their homes but they are
still expected to perform domestic responsibilities and
take care of the children.

25. • GENDER STEREOTYPING
• Child Rearing - Expected To Take Care Of The Children
• Religion - Does not allow women to be free with what
they wear, or are merely subordinates
• Occupation - Nurses, teachers, Maids, Social Workers
• Education - “Pambahay Lang, Hindi Na Pag – Aaralin Sa
High School o College”
• Language - Language used in our culture is a man thing-
humanity, manhole, policeman, postman,
utility man, chairman.
• Behavior - Women Are Weak
• Media - Women are often portrayed as virgin or
“vamp” and as sex object.

26. ♂ VIOLATION AGAINST WOMEN
 Verbal, psychological and physical abuse
forms of violence: jokes, wolf whistles, peeping,”
tsansing”, making sexual passes, sexual harassment,
domestic rape, prostitution.
♂ PERSONAL ( Epekto Sa Pagkatao)
 Low Self – Esteem
No Control Over One’s Body

27. THE USE OF GENDER-FAIR
LANGUAGE
• Gender-fair language is needed when
language is sexist, devalues members of one
sex, fosters gender inequality and discriminates
women by rendering them invisible, at the
same time, perpetuates notion of male
supremacy.
“The way we speak and the way we write
affects the way we think.”

28. Activity
• Eliminate the generic use of HE, HIS or HIM
unless the antecedent is obviously male by:
a. Using plural noun;
b. Deleting he, his & him altogether;
c. Reword if necessary;
d. Using one, we or you
e. Using the passive voice;
f. Eliminate the use of MAN. Instead use
people, person (s).

29. 1. The lawyer uses his brief to guide him.
2. The architect uses his blue print to guide
him.
3. The manager must submit his proposal
today.
4. Ordinary man; the brotherhood of man;
5. The administrator requires every nurse to
sterilize her hands before entering the
intensive care unit.
6. Each supervisor will be at his workstation by
8:00a.m.

30. DEVELOPMENT MUST BENEFIT BOTH
WOMEN AND MEN
What is development?
Development Means
- Market growth, modernization, infrastructure improvement,
trade and employment.
- It promotes people participation and empowerment and
strives to meet basic needs and interests.
- Provides opportunities to broaden an individuals
Capacity to do and Capacity to be.

31. CAPACITY TO DO
Do productive and
satisfying work
Have control over one’s
income and benefit from
it.
Enjoy nature and the
natural environment
Procreate and rear
children
Care for others
Travel in search of
opportunities
CAPACITY TO BE
Being knowledgeable and
skillful
Being well nourished
Being confident of one’s
own abilities
Being comfortable with
one’s achievements,
independence and power

32. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
Employment
Education and training
Nutrition
Health
Fertility
Migration
CAPACITIES
To do productive and
satisfying work
To be knowledgeable and
skillful
To be well nourished
To be physically and mentally
healthy
To bear and rear children
To travel in search of
opportunities

33. GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Is about removing explicit, implicit,
actual and potential gender biases
within organizations and programs,
projects and activities of those who
are concerned with development.

34. EXPLICIT CULTURE
Policies
Statements
Procedures
Dress code
Publicised image
IMPLICIT CULTURE
Unstated beliefs
Shared gossip
Traditions
Norms

35. Gender mainstreaming is an approach to
development that looks more comprehensively
at the relationships between women and men
in their access to and control over resources,
decision making, benefits and rewards in
society.

36. GENDER MAINSTREAMING
May Include The Following:
♂ The directions that government
follows in terms of resource
distribution among social and
economic programs;
♂The views about gender roles
promoted by culture and religion;
♂The Agenda Of Political Groups;

37. • The hiring and pay practices in the private
sector and global trade relations; and
• Practices And Activities Of Multilateral
Financial Institutions, such as, World Bank
And The International Monetary Fund,
• And Bilateral assistance agencies.

38. INTERNATIONAL MANDATES:
♂ The united nations convention on the
Elimination of all forms of discrimination
Against women (UN- CEDAW) which promotes
Equality in all fields, affirmative action for
Women and protection of women from violence;
♂Beijing platform for action (PFA) of the
Fourth world conference on women (FWFW)
Which calls for actions on 12 areas of concern
Affecting women; and

39. Commitments made in such global
meetings as, the UN Conference on
Women, International Conference
on Population and Development,
the World Summit for Social
Development and Habitat
Conference.

40. NATIONAL MANDATES FOR GENDER MAINSTREAMING ARE:
♂ SECTION 14, ARTICLE II OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION WHICH STATES THAT “THE STATE
RECOGNIZES THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN NATION BUILDING
AND SHALL ENSURE THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUALITY BEFORE
THE LAW OF WOMEN AND MEN;
♂REPUBLIC ACT 7192 OR THE WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT
AND
NATION BUILDING ACT WHICH PROMOTES THE INTEGRATION
OF WOMEN AS FULL AND EQUAL PARTNERS OF MEN IN
DEVELOPMENT AND NATION BUILDING;

41. • [W]e support societies that empower
women -- because no country will reach its
potential unless it draws on the talents of
our wives and our mothers, and our sisters
and our daughters… You can measure
how well a country does by how it treats its
women.” – President Obama, Cape Town,
South Africa, June 30, 2013

42. • SECTION 28 OF THE GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS
ACT (GAA) FROM 1995 TO 2000 DIRECTING
GOVERNMENT ENTITIES TO FORMULATE A GAD
PLAN, THE COST OF WHICH SHALL NOT BE LESS
THAN FIVE PERCENT(5%) OF THEIR YEARLY
BUDGET, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS GAD BUDGET;
• EXECUTIVE ORDER 273 DIRECTING ALL
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND LOCAL LEVELS TO
“INSTITUTIONALIZE(GAD) EFFORTS IN
GOVERNMENT BY INCORPORATING GAD
CONCERNS IN THEIR PLANNING, PROGRAMMING
AND BUDGETING PROCESSES; AND

43. ♂ LOCAL BUDGET MEMORANDUM 28 WHICH
DIRECTS LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS TO
MOBILIZE RESOURCES TO MAINSTREAM AND
IMPLEMENT GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMS USING THE 5% DEVELOPMENT FUND.

44. The Gender Mainstreaming Evaluation
Framework
• Will individuals in the bureaucracy perform
better on the job after gender
mainstreaming?
• Will government services improve?
• Will agencies perform better?

45. Stages of Gender Mainstreaming
• Stage 1. Foundation Formation
• Stage 2. Installation of Strategic
Mechanisms
• Stage 3. GAD Application
• Stage 4. Commitment Enhancement and
Institutionalization

46. Stage 1 Foundation formation
• Issuing broad statements by top management
expressing support for GAD and its concepts;
• Reviewing existing policies, both addressing the
agency’s personnel and its clients, to determine
their gender responsiveness;
• Allocating budget to fund GAD-related activities;
and
• Evaluating and analyzing the organization’s
potentials for incorporating GAD in its programs
and projects.

47. Stage 2 Installation of strategic
mechanisms
• GAD Focal System and TWGs who serve as the
planners and implementers of gender
mainstreaming;
• GAD plans that spell out the agency’s vision and
goals with regard to gender mainstreaming, and
incorporate GAD into actual programs and projects;
• Identification of institutional mechanisms, such as
funding and staff, to be tapped in implementing GAD
programs and projects; and

48. Stage 3 GAD application
• Integration of the interventions in the Balance
Scorecard of the agency and in the performance
contracts of its officials;
• Ensuring that the agency’s flagship programs
address gender issues;
• GAD training programs that are more focused and
particular to the needs of the sponsors, advocates
and targets of change;
• GAD intervention are undertaken not only by the
central offices but by regional offices and attached
agencies; and

49. Stage 4 Commitment enhancement
and institutionalization
• Policies and procedures are constantly modified
and improved to make them gender responsive;
• GAD programs and projects are constantly
introduced, evaluated and enhanced to sustain
the mainstreaming effort; and
• The accountability of sustaining the gains of
mainstreaming is accepted and claimed as a
commitment of everyone in the agency.

50. FOR EVERY WOMAN
NANCY SMITH
For every woman who is tired of acting weak when she
knows she is strong. There is a man who is tired of appearing
strong when he feels vulnerable.
For every woman who is tired of acting dumb. There is a man
who is burdened with the constant expectations of “ knowing
everything”.
For every woman who is tired of being called an “ emotional
female”. There is a man who is denied of the right to weep and
be gentle.

51. For every woman who feels “tied-down” by
her children. There is a man who is denied the
full pleasure of shared parenthood.
For every woman who is denied meaningful
employment and equal pay. There is a man
who must bear responsibility for another
human being.

52. For every woman who was not taught the
intricacies of the automobile. There is a
man who was not taught the satisfaction of
cooking.
For every woman who take a step toward
her own liberation. There is a man who
finds that the way to freedom has been
made a little easier.