IRQ lines allow devices to send interrupt signals to the CPU. IRQ conflicts used to be common when adding devices but plug-and-play specifications have reduced manual configuration. DMA allows hardware subsystems to access memory independently of the CPU to transfer data faster. Modern computers use DMA for devices like hard drives, graphics cards, and sound cards. Firewalls provide security for private networks connected to the internet by allowing only authorized data to pass through based on administrator rules.
This document lists various trademarks and licenses associated with software and technologies. It provides trademarks and registered trademarks for products from Sony Creative Software Inc. It also lists licenses and copyright information for technologies including Boost Software, OFX, OpenCV, CineForm, Dolby, Gracenote, JPEG, Main Concept, Microsoft DirectX, and Windows Media. The document attributes trademarks, patents, and licenses to their respective owners.
The document discusses demonstrative adjectives in Spanish. It notes that demonstrative adjectives point out people, places, or things relative to the speaker's position and distance. They agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify and always come before the noun. It provides the Spanish terms for singular and plural demonstrative adjectives meaning "this," "that," and "those over there." Examples are given to illustrate the use of the different terms depending on distance from the speaker.
R407C Air Conditioning system simulation with numenGo|FL - SimulationXnumenGo
The document discusses an air conditioning loop simulation using numenGo software. The numenGo software contains libraries for modeling thermal fluids and two-phase mixtures. It allows modeling an air conditioning loop including a condenser with multiple plate passes, an evaporator, and studying refrigerant properties, heat exchanger performance, and air flow profiles. The software provides components for system-level modeling of HVAC and other applications involving two-phase mixtures and heat exchangers.
The document summarizes information about the Si Serra de Noet high school. It includes details about the location in Berga, Catalonia, the size of around 220 students and 22 teachers split into two groups, and that the school was built in 2006 and expanded with mobile homes. It also lists the 11 subjects taught and provides an overview of the daily timetable and some current projects focused on mathematics, English, and citizenship.
IRQ lines allow devices to send interrupt signals to the CPU. IRQ conflicts used to be common when adding devices but plug-and-play specifications have reduced manual configuration. DMA allows hardware subsystems to access memory independently of the CPU to transfer data faster. Modern computers use DMA for devices like hard drives, graphics cards, and sound cards. Firewalls provide security for private networks connected to the internet by allowing only authorized data to pass through based on administrator rules.
This document lists various trademarks and licenses associated with software and technologies. It provides trademarks and registered trademarks for products from Sony Creative Software Inc. It also lists licenses and copyright information for technologies including Boost Software, OFX, OpenCV, CineForm, Dolby, Gracenote, JPEG, Main Concept, Microsoft DirectX, and Windows Media. The document attributes trademarks, patents, and licenses to their respective owners.
The document discusses demonstrative adjectives in Spanish. It notes that demonstrative adjectives point out people, places, or things relative to the speaker's position and distance. They agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify and always come before the noun. It provides the Spanish terms for singular and plural demonstrative adjectives meaning "this," "that," and "those over there." Examples are given to illustrate the use of the different terms depending on distance from the speaker.
R407C Air Conditioning system simulation with numenGo|FL - SimulationXnumenGo
The document discusses an air conditioning loop simulation using numenGo software. The numenGo software contains libraries for modeling thermal fluids and two-phase mixtures. It allows modeling an air conditioning loop including a condenser with multiple plate passes, an evaporator, and studying refrigerant properties, heat exchanger performance, and air flow profiles. The software provides components for system-level modeling of HVAC and other applications involving two-phase mixtures and heat exchangers.
The document summarizes information about the Si Serra de Noet high school. It includes details about the location in Berga, Catalonia, the size of around 220 students and 22 teachers split into two groups, and that the school was built in 2006 and expanded with mobile homes. It also lists the 11 subjects taught and provides an overview of the daily timetable and some current projects focused on mathematics, English, and citizenship.
This document discusses virtual local area networks (VLANs). It defines a VLAN as a logical segmentation of a local area network (LAN) that allows workstations to be grouped together virtually regardless of their physical location. VLANs reduce traffic by containing broadcasts within groups, improve performance by reducing routers needed, and simplify administration by allowing easy reassignment of devices to groups when moved. The document explains that VLANs work by tagging frames with VLAN identifiers to direct traffic only to relevant groups.
This document discusses different stages of investing including putting money in savings accounts, beginning investing in low-risk stocks, systematic monthly investing, strategic portfolio management, and speculative investing. It also covers reasons for investing such as beating inflation, increasing wealth, the fun and challenge of investing, and diversifying risk. Finally, it outlines characteristics of stocks, different types of stocks, factors that influence stock prices, and short-term and long-term investment techniques.
Mayur barochiya's corporate governance and the public interestMayur Patel
This document discusses governance of strategic decision-making in corporations. It argues that governance in the public interest requires more than just free market processes, as control over strategic decisions typically rests with a small subset of shareholders and managers, rather than all stakeholders. The paper advocates for increasing participation in strategic decision-making through more democratic governance structures. This could involve reforming corporate laws to give more consideration to the interests of employees, creditors, and other stakeholders impacted by corporate decisions. The overall goal is to ensure strategic decision-making and corporate governance serves the broader public interest.
Australian mobile usage is very high, with over half the population using smartphones and nearly 20% using tablets. Mobile devices have become an integral part of everyday life for Australians, who use their phones for a variety of tasks like taking photos, browsing the web, searching for information, emailing, and using apps. Australians also frequently use their mobile devices for short bursts of activity throughout the day and often have their phones with them while doing other activities like watching television or using another device.
Our school is located in Berga, Catalonia, Spain. It has 250 students and 25 teachers. When the school first opened in 2006, there were only two classrooms and 55 students. The school facilities consist of five mobile homes used as classrooms and a laboratory, as well as a small playground. The school day runs from 8:15 am to 2:45 pm, with classes lasting one hour and two break times. Students take subjects such as Catalan, Spanish, English, math, geography, science, technology, PE, music, art, religion and electives. The school participates in three projects focused on education, mathematics and addressing gender violence.
Succession process among africa owned business in ukJohn Johari
1) The document discusses succession planning in family-owned businesses in Malaysia, focusing on retailing and manufacturing SMEs. It examines succession issues, planning, and developing a model for succession.
2) A survey was conducted of 126 family business owners in the East Coast region of Malaysia. The majority were middle-aged, married women with secondary education and 10-20 years of experience. Most businesses were first-generation family firms.
3) The study aims to understand succession challenges, attributes important for successors, and the current status of succession planning. A correlation analysis and regression model were developed to understand factors influencing successful succession planning.
A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Simian by Monkey Poet (SAMPLE)Burning Eye
Monkey Poet experiences a strange encounter in a San Francisco bar. He is transported to a magical realm where he meets famous poets like Dylan Thomas and Charles Bukowski. They invite him to a poetry reading. At the reading, Monkey Poet shares a controversial poem about shooting a baby, to silence from the group. The piece is a exploration of war and the evolution of the concept of genocide over history told through poetry and music. It references many genocides and mass killings of the 20th century.
The document outlines the speaker's plans with their family, work, health, and holidays over the next period. They plan to spend Christmas with family, travel with family to a coffee growing region, and go to the beach to play volleyball. At work, they are waiting for a response on a transfer request and intend to travel with coworkers. For health, they are feeling well but will start going to the gym next week. With holidays, they will celebrate their son's seventh birthday with a party, cook Christmas dinner, and visit the beach with their family.
The document summarizes a report from conservation groups that warns the planet is headed toward an "ecological credit crunch" as demands on natural resources exceed what the Earth can sustain by almost a third. The report shows the average decline in populations of over 1,000 species from 1970 to 2005 was 30%, and as much as 51% in tropical regions. It concludes that reckless consumption of natural resources is endangering future prosperity and that if demands continue to increase at the same rate, two planets' worth of resources would be needed by 2030s to sustain current lifestyles.
This document provides a collection of prayers, materials, and resources for inclusion in worship services or events focusing on creation and the environment. It is divided into 15 sections covering items such as calls to worship, statements of faith, music, and children's resources. Many of the items are reproduced directly, while some are referenced with web links to find the full resource. The materials can be used as long as the original sources are accredited. The document seeks to offer ideas and inspiration for services without being definitive.
Churches in Ireland are encouraged to celebrate Creation Time from September 1st to October 4th, focusing on the theme "Creation Flourishing - A Time for Celebration and Care". Eco Congregation Ireland provides resources to help churches consider human impact on the environment and promote sustainable lifestyles. Churches are urged to enjoy creation, seek forgiveness for environmental degradation, and commit to protecting the planet.
For Creed and Creation A Simple Guidebook for running a Greener ChurchP4X
This document provides suggestions for making a church building and grounds more environmentally friendly. It begins with getting to know the building to identify areas for improvement, such as sealing drafts around doors, windows, and other openings. Upgrades like installing insulation in attics, walls and around pipes and water heaters can significantly increase energy efficiency. Maintaining systems properly and adjusting heating practices can also reduce costs. The document provides other tips for utilizing grounds and purchasing renewable energy technologies. The overall goal is to lower utility bills and carbon footprint through low-cost steps.
How can we Reduce the Carbon Emissions from our ChurchP4X
This document provides guidance on reducing energy use and carbon emissions from Church of England buildings and properties, including churches, cathedrals, clergy homes, schools, and offices. It discusses evaluating energy use and emissions, identifying areas for improvement through energy audits, and implementing efficiency upgrades and renewable energy systems. Recommendations include setting an energy saving routine, calculating emissions using provided factors, prioritizing low-cost measures, and exploring grants for larger projects. The goal is to help Church properties lower their carbon footprints through conservation and sustainable practices.
Part of the Problem, Part of the Solution Christian Response to the Environme...P4X
This document discusses the Christian response to the environmental crisis. It argues that Western Christianity bears responsibility for environmental degradation due to its interpretations of scripture that emphasize human domination over nature. However, Western Christians also have power and resources to enact positive change. The document examines how Christian theology and ethics must reform to incorporate care for the environment based on concepts of stewardship, interdependence, and extending rights to nature. Ecofeminist theologians offer a model of seeing environmental and social justice as intertwined. Overall, the document argues Christians must rethink their relationship with nature through reinterpreting scripture with ecological consciousness.
Patriarch Bartholomew adamantly Opposes the use of Dangerous NuclearP4X
The document discusses Patriarch Bartholomew's opposition to nuclear power and advocacy for green energy. He has called for global prayers for victims of the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan and stated that nuclear power is very dangerous to humanity. He proposes replacing nuclear power with various forms of green energy that are harmless to both the environment and humanity. The Patriarch advocates for environmental protection and sees the situation in Japan as cause to rethink the use of nuclear power.
This document discusses virtual local area networks (VLANs). It defines a VLAN as a logical segmentation of a local area network (LAN) that allows workstations to be grouped together virtually regardless of their physical location. VLANs reduce traffic by containing broadcasts within groups, improve performance by reducing routers needed, and simplify administration by allowing easy reassignment of devices to groups when moved. The document explains that VLANs work by tagging frames with VLAN identifiers to direct traffic only to relevant groups.
This document discusses different stages of investing including putting money in savings accounts, beginning investing in low-risk stocks, systematic monthly investing, strategic portfolio management, and speculative investing. It also covers reasons for investing such as beating inflation, increasing wealth, the fun and challenge of investing, and diversifying risk. Finally, it outlines characteristics of stocks, different types of stocks, factors that influence stock prices, and short-term and long-term investment techniques.
Mayur barochiya's corporate governance and the public interestMayur Patel
This document discusses governance of strategic decision-making in corporations. It argues that governance in the public interest requires more than just free market processes, as control over strategic decisions typically rests with a small subset of shareholders and managers, rather than all stakeholders. The paper advocates for increasing participation in strategic decision-making through more democratic governance structures. This could involve reforming corporate laws to give more consideration to the interests of employees, creditors, and other stakeholders impacted by corporate decisions. The overall goal is to ensure strategic decision-making and corporate governance serves the broader public interest.
Australian mobile usage is very high, with over half the population using smartphones and nearly 20% using tablets. Mobile devices have become an integral part of everyday life for Australians, who use their phones for a variety of tasks like taking photos, browsing the web, searching for information, emailing, and using apps. Australians also frequently use their mobile devices for short bursts of activity throughout the day and often have their phones with them while doing other activities like watching television or using another device.
Our school is located in Berga, Catalonia, Spain. It has 250 students and 25 teachers. When the school first opened in 2006, there were only two classrooms and 55 students. The school facilities consist of five mobile homes used as classrooms and a laboratory, as well as a small playground. The school day runs from 8:15 am to 2:45 pm, with classes lasting one hour and two break times. Students take subjects such as Catalan, Spanish, English, math, geography, science, technology, PE, music, art, religion and electives. The school participates in three projects focused on education, mathematics and addressing gender violence.
Succession process among africa owned business in ukJohn Johari
1) The document discusses succession planning in family-owned businesses in Malaysia, focusing on retailing and manufacturing SMEs. It examines succession issues, planning, and developing a model for succession.
2) A survey was conducted of 126 family business owners in the East Coast region of Malaysia. The majority were middle-aged, married women with secondary education and 10-20 years of experience. Most businesses were first-generation family firms.
3) The study aims to understand succession challenges, attributes important for successors, and the current status of succession planning. A correlation analysis and regression model were developed to understand factors influencing successful succession planning.
A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Simian by Monkey Poet (SAMPLE)Burning Eye
Monkey Poet experiences a strange encounter in a San Francisco bar. He is transported to a magical realm where he meets famous poets like Dylan Thomas and Charles Bukowski. They invite him to a poetry reading. At the reading, Monkey Poet shares a controversial poem about shooting a baby, to silence from the group. The piece is a exploration of war and the evolution of the concept of genocide over history told through poetry and music. It references many genocides and mass killings of the 20th century.
The document outlines the speaker's plans with their family, work, health, and holidays over the next period. They plan to spend Christmas with family, travel with family to a coffee growing region, and go to the beach to play volleyball. At work, they are waiting for a response on a transfer request and intend to travel with coworkers. For health, they are feeling well but will start going to the gym next week. With holidays, they will celebrate their son's seventh birthday with a party, cook Christmas dinner, and visit the beach with their family.
The document summarizes a report from conservation groups that warns the planet is headed toward an "ecological credit crunch" as demands on natural resources exceed what the Earth can sustain by almost a third. The report shows the average decline in populations of over 1,000 species from 1970 to 2005 was 30%, and as much as 51% in tropical regions. It concludes that reckless consumption of natural resources is endangering future prosperity and that if demands continue to increase at the same rate, two planets' worth of resources would be needed by 2030s to sustain current lifestyles.
This document provides a collection of prayers, materials, and resources for inclusion in worship services or events focusing on creation and the environment. It is divided into 15 sections covering items such as calls to worship, statements of faith, music, and children's resources. Many of the items are reproduced directly, while some are referenced with web links to find the full resource. The materials can be used as long as the original sources are accredited. The document seeks to offer ideas and inspiration for services without being definitive.
Churches in Ireland are encouraged to celebrate Creation Time from September 1st to October 4th, focusing on the theme "Creation Flourishing - A Time for Celebration and Care". Eco Congregation Ireland provides resources to help churches consider human impact on the environment and promote sustainable lifestyles. Churches are urged to enjoy creation, seek forgiveness for environmental degradation, and commit to protecting the planet.
For Creed and Creation A Simple Guidebook for running a Greener ChurchP4X
This document provides suggestions for making a church building and grounds more environmentally friendly. It begins with getting to know the building to identify areas for improvement, such as sealing drafts around doors, windows, and other openings. Upgrades like installing insulation in attics, walls and around pipes and water heaters can significantly increase energy efficiency. Maintaining systems properly and adjusting heating practices can also reduce costs. The document provides other tips for utilizing grounds and purchasing renewable energy technologies. The overall goal is to lower utility bills and carbon footprint through low-cost steps.
How can we Reduce the Carbon Emissions from our ChurchP4X
This document provides guidance on reducing energy use and carbon emissions from Church of England buildings and properties, including churches, cathedrals, clergy homes, schools, and offices. It discusses evaluating energy use and emissions, identifying areas for improvement through energy audits, and implementing efficiency upgrades and renewable energy systems. Recommendations include setting an energy saving routine, calculating emissions using provided factors, prioritizing low-cost measures, and exploring grants for larger projects. The goal is to help Church properties lower their carbon footprints through conservation and sustainable practices.
Part of the Problem, Part of the Solution Christian Response to the Environme...P4X
This document discusses the Christian response to the environmental crisis. It argues that Western Christianity bears responsibility for environmental degradation due to its interpretations of scripture that emphasize human domination over nature. However, Western Christians also have power and resources to enact positive change. The document examines how Christian theology and ethics must reform to incorporate care for the environment based on concepts of stewardship, interdependence, and extending rights to nature. Ecofeminist theologians offer a model of seeing environmental and social justice as intertwined. Overall, the document argues Christians must rethink their relationship with nature through reinterpreting scripture with ecological consciousness.
Patriarch Bartholomew adamantly Opposes the use of Dangerous NuclearP4X
The document discusses Patriarch Bartholomew's opposition to nuclear power and advocacy for green energy. He has called for global prayers for victims of the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan and stated that nuclear power is very dangerous to humanity. He proposes replacing nuclear power with various forms of green energy that are harmless to both the environment and humanity. The Patriarch advocates for environmental protection and sees the situation in Japan as cause to rethink the use of nuclear power.
This document discusses the International Year of Forests in 2011 and efforts to promote sustainable forest management. The key points are:
- 2011 was declared the International Year of Forests by the UN to raise awareness about sustainably managing, conserving, and developing all types of forests.
- At the 2010 Cancun climate conference, governments agreed on plans to protect forests, which are responsible for 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change.
- The UN says conserving and sustainably managing forests can help mitigate climate impacts, increase resilience, and slow biodiversity loss.
This document provides a sermon for Creation Time that makes three main points:
1. God has designed creation to flourish with biodiversity as seen in Job 38, but human activity is negatively impacting creation's flourishing through pollution, deforestation, and species extinction.
2. Creation's flourishing reveals characteristics of God as architect, parent, wisdom-giver and provider.
3. Christians are called to enhance creation's flourishing by caring for the environment based on biblical teachings, and to celebrate God's presence in nature.
This document provides sermon notes for 5 weeks of Creation Time 2010 based on readings from the Common Lectionary. It includes summaries of biblical passages and suggestions for how they relate to ecological concerns. The notes are intended to help preachers relate the Christian message to environmental issues, which are described as the most urgent facing the world. Each week focuses on a different theme: God's sovereignty and human responsibility, the community of all creation, the consequences of greed and injustice, the love of money and its consequences, and St. Francis' Day/Harvest Thanksgiving.
Sharing God's Planet - a Christian vision for a sustainable futureP4X
This document provides a summary of a report on creating a Christian vision for environmental sustainability. It discusses:
1) How human activity has significantly impacted the environment in the last 100 years by affecting the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, pedosphere, and biosphere.
2) A biblical and theological reflection on humanity's role as stewards of creation in line with God's covenant with creation, viewing creation as a sacrament, and the importance of Sabbath and moderation.
3) A practical Christian response including sustainable consumption, development, and groups discussions on connecting with nature.
This document contains 10 prayers for the environment that address various environmental issues and concerns. The prayers ask God to help humanity respect creation, care for the land, end famine and hunger, support scientific research, heal the earth, change consumer culture, make people aware of their impact, lift up those in need, and guide representatives at a biodiversity conference to make wise decisions to preserve the world.
1. THEMA
Amser i ddathlu a gofalu
Pregeth
Jake Khuon, Justin Beck, Moni Sertel, Isidro Vila Verde
ar gyfer Amser y Greadigaeth 2010
Paratowyd gan y Parchg Dave Bookless ar gyfer Eglwysi Ynghyd ym Mhrydain ac Iwerddon
Darlleniadau
Job 38:1-27 (neu Job 38:1-11, 22-27 i gael darn byrrach)
Luc 6:43-49
“Yr amgylchedd… o, HEN stori yw honno…!” Yn oes y cyfryngau, a’n hobsesiwn gyda’r newyddion 24 awr
diweddara, mae’n hawdd rhoi materion tymor hir hollbwysig o’r neilltu fel ‘hen newyddion’, neu – yn enwedig pan
fyddant yn herio delwau ein diwylliant – eu hanghofio’n dawel. Dyna pam, yn ôl arolygon barn, mae’r Newid yn yr
Hinsawdd yn isel iawn bellach ym mlaenoriaethau pobl – ac yn 2010 mae mwy o’r cyhoedd yn ‘amheus am y
dystiolaeth wyddonol’ na’r llynedd. Mae’r trafodaethau trychinebus ar yr hinsawdd yn Copenhagen ym mis Rhagfyr
2009 a’r storm ynghylch ‘tystiolaeth amheus’ wedi drysu a dadrithio llawer. Yn wyneb newid barn mor sylfaenol,
mae rhai yn sôn am oes amgylcheddol newydd: CC = cyn Copenhagen ac AD = ar ôl dadrithio. Beth sy’n digwydd
fan hyn, a sut dylai Cristnogion ymateb i’r tueddiadau hyn?
Yn gyntaf, mae’n hanfodol bod Cristnogion yn darllen arwyddion yr amserau, heb adael i rai amheuwyr sy’n cael
eu hariannu’n dda lygru’r dystiolaeth. Er gwaethaf rhai enghreifftiau truenus o ymchwil wael neu ddryslyd, mae’n
dal yn wir bod y darlun cyffredinol o anhrefn amgylcheddol a achosir i raddau helaeth gan losgi tanwydd ffosil yn
cael ei dderbyn yn ddiamwys gan yr holl brif academïau gwyddonol, gan y Cenhedloedd Unedig, a chan
lywodraethau pwysig o bob lliw gwleidyddol. Mater mwy brys yw bod mwy o dystiolaeth yn dod i’r amlwg o hyd
ynghylch effaith gynyddol hinsawdd newidiol ar dlodion y byd ac ar fywyd gwyllt agored i niwed (creigresi cwrel,
fforestydd glaw). Os yw dweud hynny’n amhoblogaidd yn sydyn, oni ddylai Cristnogion fod yn barod i sefyll a chael
eu cyfri, yn hytrach na dilyn ein diwylliant ac osgoi gwirionedd anghyfleus?
Ond yn ail, un rhan yn unig o’n galwad amgylcheddol yw’r Newid yn yr Hinsawdd i Gristnogion, yn sicr, ac mae’n
deg i bobl ein cyhuddo o fod yn rhagrithiol os na fyddwn ond yn ymuno â’r ymgyrchu pan fo hynny’n wleidyddol
gyfleus. Beth bynnag yw ein barn ynghylch cynhesu byd-eang, nid mympwy’r cyfryngau sy’n ein sbarduno, ond
Duw digyfnewid a gwirioneddau tragwyddol y ffydd Gristnogol, a ddatgelir yn yr ysgrythurau ac yn noethineb torfol
yr eglwys drwy’r oesau.
Beth bynnag mae’r arolygon barn yn ei ddweud am newid yn yr hinsawdd, mae’n dal yn wir mai creadigaeth hardd
Duw a ymddiriedwyd i’n gofal yw planed y ddaear. Gwirionedd llai dymunol, beth bynnag yw ein barn ar gynhesu
byd-eang, yw bod gweithgaredd dynol yn dal i ddisbyddu a difrodi byd Duw. Boed hynny trwy golli bioamrywiaeth,
dadgoedwigo, llygru cemegol, pysgota gormodol, gwastraff neu’n syml dreuliant gormodol cenhedloedd y
gorllewin, does neb yn dadlau ynghylch y dystiolaeth … y cyfan rydym ni’n ei wneud yw anwybyddu’r ffeithiau.
Gelwir ar Gristnogion i fod yn amgylcheddwyr oherwydd mai creadigaeth werthfawr Duw yw’r ‘amgylchedd’, a
luniwyd gan Iesu ac ar ei gyfer.
www.ctbi.org.uk/creationtime
2. Eglwysi Ynghyd ym Mhrydain ac Iwerddon Adnoddau Amser y Greadigaeth 2010 Tud. 2
Dyna pam mae’r holl eglwysi sy’n aelodau o Eglwysi Ynghyd ym Mhrydain ac Iwerddon, a’u partneriaid ledled
Ewrop, wedi datgan bod 1 Medi – 4 Hydref yn Amser y Greadigaeth, nid eleni yn unig, ond bob blwyddyn – i’n
hatgoffa am wirioneddau digyfnewid cariad Duw at y greadigaeth gyfan a’n cyfrifoldeb ni i ddathlu ac i ofalu.
Dewiswyd teitl eleni ar gyfer Amser y Greadigaeth: “Creadigaeth yn Ffynnu – Amser i Ddathlu a Gofalu” oherwydd
mai 2010 yw Blwyddyn Fioamrywiaeth Ryngwladol y Cenhedloedd Unedig (www.biodiversityislife.net). Fodd
bynnag, yng ngoleuni’r swm aruthrol o olew BP a arllwyswyd i’r gwlff a thrychinebau eraill ar draws y byd, efallai
bod ‘creadigaeth yn ffynnu’ yn ymddangos yn deitl rhyfedd i’w ddewis. Sut gallwn ni sôn am y greadigaeth yn
ffynnu pan fo’r holl dystiolaeth yn dangos bod ecosystemau’r blaned yn cael trafferth ymdopi â’r hyn a alwyd gan y
diwinydd mawr Jurgen Moltmann yn “the wounds we inflict on the body of the earth”1? Gadewch i ni droi at ein
darlleniadau o’r Beibl i weld beth gallwn ni ei ddysgu am y greadigaeth a’i ffyniant…
Mae Duw wedi llunio’r greadigaeth i ffynnu
Mae Job 38-42 yn cynnwys trosolwg gwych o harddwch ac amrywiaeth natur,
gan osod Job a phob bod dynol arall yn eu lle. Mae Duw wedi pennu ffiniau a
therfynau ar gyfer y greadigaeth – yr wybren, y ddaear, y moroedd, yr hinsawdd
a phatrymau’r tywydd. Duw hefyd yw awdur bioamrywiaeth – mae Job yn sôn am
Lewod a Brain, Estrysod a Cheffylau, Hebogiaid ac Asynnod – pob un
ohonynt yn unigryw, yn wahanol ac, i lygaid dynol, rywfaint yn ddirgel neu hyd yn
oed yn abswrd, ond bob un wedi’i lunio gan Dduw ac yn derbyn gofal ganddo.
Mae’r ddaear yn llawn creaduriaid rhyfeddol – yn lluosog a ffyniannus, wedi’u
haddasu’n anhygoel ar gyfer amgylcheddau o’r anialwch sychaf i’r cefnforoedd
dyfnaf i bellafoedd y fforestydd glaw. Ymhobman ar y ddaear mae’r greadigaeth
yn ffynnu, yn newid ac yn addasu.
Yn ystod 2009 gofynnwyd i’r sefydliad amgylcheddol Cristnogol A Rocha gydlynu
Richard Ling
ymchwil ar fioamrywiaeth mewn rhannau pellennig o Bapwa Gini Newydd – gan
weithio mewn partneriaeth â Christnogion llwythol lleol, sef y rhan fwyaf o’r
boblogaeth. Mae’r canlyniadau cychwynnol yn awgrymu bod nifer sylweddol o
rywogaethau nad oedd gwyddoniaeth wedi dod ar eu traws o’r blaen wedi cael
eu darganfod. Hyd yn oed yn yr 21ain ganrif, mae darganfyddiadau newydd yn digwydd wrth i ni ddeall mwy am
fioamrywiaeth rhyfeddol y blaned hon.
Yn ei lyfr diweddaraf “The Greatest show on Earth”, mae Richard Dawkins yn canolbwyntio fel gwyddonydd ar
stori ryfeddol bioamrywiaeth a sut daeth i fodolaeth ar y blaned hon. Os ydych chi’n barod i anwybyddu ei ergydion
yn erbyn Cristnogaeth, mae’r llyfr wedi’i ysgrifennu’n dda iawn, ac
yn aml yn trafod harddwch ac amrywiaeth bywyd mewn iaith delynegol
iawn. Wrth gwrs nid yw Job 38 a darnau eraill yn ceisio ymdrin â’r
cwestiynau mae gwyddoniaeth fodern yn ceisio’u hateb – am y
prosesau a ddefnyddiwyd gan Dduw i greu’r fath fioamrywiaeth helaeth
ac anhygoel. Canolbwyntir yn hytrach ar y ffaith bod hon yn blaned
wirioneddol wyrthiol, yn llawn creaduriaid rhyfeddol. Ni all hyd yn oed
yr anffyddiwr Dawkins osgoi camu nôl mewn rhyfeddod yn wyneb
ffrwythlondeb ac amrywiaeth bywyd. Efallai y gall gwyddoniaeth ddeall
rhai o’r prosesau dan sylw, ond mae rhywbeth y tu hwnt i gwmpas
gwyddoniaeth yn yr harddwch, y cymhlethdod a’r dychymyg a ddatgelir
wrth i’r greadigaeth ffynnu. Eddy Van 3000
Mae Ffyniant y Greadigaeth yn Llifo o Gymeriad Duw
Nid dim ond cefnlen ar gyfer ein perthynas ni â Duw yw’r byd hwn llawn bioamrywiaeth yr ydym ni’n ei alw’n
amgylchedd. Mae’n rhan o’n perthynas â Duw. Yn Rhufeiniaid 1.20, mae Paul yn ein hatgoffa “er pan greodd Duw
y byd, y mae ei briodoleddau anweledig ef – ei dragwyddol allu a’i dduwdod – i’w gweld yn eglur gan y deall yn y
1pethau Moltmann, 20Mewn geiriau eraill, trwy astudio in the Power of therydym yn Holy Trinity Brompton,Duw ar waith.
Jurgen a greodd.” Mai 2010, yn ei ddarlith “The Church bioamrywiaeth Spirit” yn astudio cymeriad Llundain
Cangen o ddiwinyddiaeth yw Bioleg!
3. Eglwysi Ynghyd ym Mhrydain ac Iwerddon Adnoddau Amser y Greadigaeth 2010 Tud. 3
Gwelwn hyn yn eglur yn Job 38. Yma mae’r greadigaeth yn datgelu Duw fel:
• Pensaer a dylunydd – yr un sy’n creu trefn o anhrefn, sy’n rhoi eglurder a strwythur i fydysawd a fyddai fel
arall yn fater o siawns ac yn ddiystyr. Yn iaith farddonol Job 38, Duw yw’r adeiladydd sy’n gosod y sylfeini,
yn rhoi drysau a ffenestri yn eu lle, y crochennydd sy’n rhoi siâp i’r clai, y dylunydd sy’n torri brethyn y
greadigaeth. Mae Duw yn eithriadol, annirnadwy o greadigol.
• Rhiant – dywed adnodau 28-29 “A oes tad i’r glaw? Pwy a genhedlodd y defnynnau gwlith? O groth pwy y
daw’r rhew? A phwy a genhedlodd y llwydrew?” Nid perthynas artist a phrosiect yn unig sydd rhwng Duw a
natur. Mae’n llawer mwy personol – mae Duw yn rhoi
genedigaeth i’r cread. Yn union fel mae tad yn ymfalchïo yn ei
blentyn, ac mae mam wedi’i chlymu’n llythrennol at ei phlentyn
adeg ei eni – felly mae Duw ynghlwm yn ei gariad at y
greadigaeth. Y peth allweddol yma yw sylweddoli nad eiddo’r
ddynoliaeth yn unig yw’r cariad hwn, y berthynas hynod bersonol
hon. Nid ni yw’r unig greaduriaid y mae Duw wedi llunio’r byd ar
eu cyfer. Mae Job 38:25-27 yn sôn yn benodol am Dduw yn
dyfrhau a darparu glaswellt “ar dir heb neb ynddo, a diffeithwch
heb ddyn yn byw ynddo”. Mewn geiriau eraill, nid yw byd Duw
yma i’r ddynoliaeth ei fwynhau a’i ecsbloetio yn unig. Rydym yn
byw mewn oes pan yw trefoli a’n bywydau cynyddol rithwir
ar-lein yn peri i ni deimlo ein bod wedi colli cysylltiad â natur.
Mae angen i ni gofio nid yn unig ein bod yn rhan o fioamrywiaeth, Andy Melton
ond hefyd ddysgu o’r newydd nad ni yw’r unig ran sy’n bwysig i Dduw!
Mae Duw yn ymddiddori yn amrywiaeth llawnaf bywyd – ei fioamrywiaeth – a dylai hynny fod yn wir
amdanom ninnau hefyd.
• Rhoddwr doethineb – mae adnodau 36-38 yn dangos Duw fel ffynhonnell pob doethineb naturiol. “Pwy a
rydd ddoethineb i’r cymylau, a deall i’r niwl? Gan bwy y mae digon o ddoethineb i gyfrif y cymylau?” Dyna
pam mae’r gwyddorau naturiol yn wir yn ymwneud ag efelychu meddyliau Duw. Sylweddolodd y dyn doethaf
erioed, y Brenin Solomon, hyn: yn 1 Brenhinoedd 4:33 darllenwn fod doethineb Solomon yn cynnwys
disgrifio planhigion, o gedrwydd Libanus i’r isop sy’n tyfu o’r waliau, a dysgu am anifeiliaid ac adar,
ymlusgiaid a physgod. Heddiw, ychydig iawn o ddealltwriaeth sydd gan lawer o bobl am elfennau mwyaf
sylfaenol y byd naturiol – sut mae tyfu tatws neu foron, pa adar sydd yn eu gardd, pa lysiau a ffrwythau sy’n
dymhorol. Pan gollwn yr wybodaeth hon, rydym yn colli peth o ddoethineb Duw.
• Yn olaf, Darparwr – mae Job 38 yn disgrifio Duw yn dod o hyd i fwyd i’r llewod a’r brain (adnodau 39-41).
Soniodd Iesu am ein tad nefol yn darparu ar gyfer y blodau a’r adar. Yn y syniad hwn bod creadigaeth Duw
yn ffynnu oherwydd bod Duw yn mynd ati’n fwriadol i ddarparu ar gyfer ei greaduriaid cawn gliwiau pwysig i
helpu ein hagweddau heddiw, ar adeg pan fo bioamrywiaeth o dan y fath fygythiad.
Felly rydym wedi dysgu bod Duw wedi llunio’r greadigaeth i ffynnu a bod ein byd bioamrywiol yn dangos cymeriad
Duw. Yn drydydd mae’n rhaid i ni edrych ar ein lle ninnau, y ddynoliaeth, ym myd ffyniannus Duw.
Gallwn ni atal y greadigaeth rhag ffynnu
Does dim amheuaeth heddiw bod gweithgaredd dynol
ar draws y blaned yn cael effaith negyddol ar ffyniant y
greadigaeth. Mae amrywiol ffyrdd o fesur hyn. O ran
difodiant, derbynnir yn gyffredinol fod cyfraddau heddiw
ryw 1,000 gwaith yn uwch na lefel waelodol naturiol
difodiant. Mae’r biolegydd enwog o America, E O
Wilson, yn amcangyfrif bod rhyw 27,000 rhywogaeth
o bob math yn mynd i ddifodiant bob blwyddyn, a fydd
yn golygu bod rhyw 22% o’r holl fywyd ar y ddaear wedi
mynd i ddifodiant erbyn 2020.2 Ffordd arall o edrych ar
y data yw nodi’r cyflenwad o rywogaethau penodol –
yma mae’r WWF wedi cadw ‘Mynegai Planed Fyw’ ers 1970
ac erbyn y flwyddyn 2000 roedd ganddynt 30 mlynedd o Seiliwyd ar fodel mathemategol gan E O
wybodaeth. Yn ôl eu hamcangyfrifon hwy, bu gostyngiad o 40% Wilson et al. 3World Wide Fund for Nature
yn y cyflenwad o organebau ar y tir, mewn dŵr croyw ac yn y môr (WWF), cyhoeddwyd yn Asesiad
Ecosystemau’r Mileniwm.
yn ystod y cyfnod hwnnw o 30 mlynedd yn unig.3
(http://www.millenniumassessment.org)
2
http://www.whole-systems.org/extinctions.html
4. Eglwysi Ynghyd ym Mhrydain ac Iwerddon Adnoddau Amser y Greadigaeth 2010 Tud. 4
Hyd yn oed pe na bai bioamrywiaeth o bwys i Dduw
byddai’r ystadegau yma’n destun pryder mawr oherwydd
bod ein lles a’n goroesiad tymor hir ninnau’n dibynnu ar
iechyd byd natur a’i wasanaethau ecosystem – aer ffres
i’w anadlu, dŵr glân i’w yfed, tir heb ei lygru i dyfu cnydau
ac yn y blaen. Fodd bynnag, y gwir amdani yw bod Duw
yn gofalu am bob rhywogaeth unigol ar y blaned –
edrychwch ar stori arch Noa i weld y dystiolaeth – ac mae
anfon hyd yn oed un rhywogaeth i ddifodiant yn ddiangen
yn cymylu eglurder cymeriad Duw fel y’i gwelir ym myd
natur.
Y gwir trist amdani yw os byddwn ni, fel bodau dynol, yn
methu gadael i’r greadigaeth ffynnu, byddwn yn bwrw cysgod
dros oleuni hunan-ddatguddiad Duw ym myd natur, ac yn Graff o http://www.greenfacts.org a seiliwyd ar
Asesiad Ecosystemau’r Mileniwm
tywyllu’n synhwyrau i’r ddoethineb mae Duw wedi’i datguddio’n
unigryw ym mhob rhywogaeth unigol. Yn y pen draw byddwn yn gwneud ein dyfodol ein hunain yn amhosib. Ond
nid dyna ddiwedd y stori. Yn olaf,
Gallwn ychwanegu at ffyniant y greadigaeth trwy weithio yn nerth Duw
Mae ein darlleniad o’r Efengyl, Luc 6, yn cynnwys hanes adnabyddus y ddau adeiladwr – y naill yn codi ei dŷ ar y graig
a’r llall ar y tywod. Rydym yn aml yn clywed dehongliadau eitha ysbrydol o’r darn hwn, ond mewn gwirionedd, mae
Iesu’n egluro bod y stori yn syml yn trafod a yw’r rhai sy’n clywed geiriau Duw yn ufuddhau iddynt neu beidio. Mae’n
ymwneud â bywyd yn ei gyfanrwydd a sut rydym ni’n ei fyw – nid dim ond y rhannau ysbrydol, ond sut rydym yn trin y
byd o’n cwmpas – sut rydym ni’n defnyddio adnoddau, beth yw ein ffordd o fyw, sut rydym ni’n dewis teithio, siopa, ac
ymwneud â’n cyd-greaduriaid.
Ble mae ein sylfeini? Ydyn ni’n adeiladu ar orlifdir tywodlyd materoliaeth, gyda’i sylfeini bas sy’n arwain at hunan-
foddhad a bywyd defnyddiwr sy’n gaeth i nwyddau traul? Neu ydyn ni’n cyrraedd lefel ddyfnach – ac yn adeiladu ar graig
gadarn gair Duw, sy’n eglur ynghylch gwerth pob bywyd, nid bywyd dynol yn unig?
Fe ddywedwyd bod angen mwy na mudiad ecolegol arnom heddiw. Mae angen Pentecost ecolegol – tywalltiad o Ysbryd
Duw ar bob cnawd, i ailgyfeirio’n meddwl a’n byw yn llwyr. Fel Cristnogion mae angen i ni ailddarganfod a dathlu
harddwch natur – y ffyniant sydd eisoes yn y greadigaeth. Mae’n sicr yn drychineb bod y mwyafrif o eglwysi’n addoli o
dan do yn unig, ac weithiau’n gweithio’n galed i gadw creadigaeth Duw allan – yn brwydro yn erbyn ystlumod yn y to neu
golomennod yn y pulpud, er y gallai Duw fod yn ceisio dweud rhywbeth wrthym trwy ei greadigaeth!! Nid yw Duw yn bell
oddi wrthym, mae’n weithredol yn anfon yr Ysbryd Glân ac yn adnewyddu wyneb y ddaear (fel mae Salm 104:30 yn
dweud), ac yn darparu ar gyfer pob bywyd, yn cynnwys y ddynoliaeth. Mae gweledigaeth y Beibl – yn Genesis, Job, y
Salmau ac yn nysgeidiaeth Iesu yn eithriadol o berthynol – creadigaeth yn byw mewn cydbwysedd cynaliadwy oherwydd
bod Duw yn creu, yn gofalu, yn anfon, yn cynnal ac yn llawenhau. Mae angen i ni ailddarganfod yr ymdeimlad hwnnw o
bresenoldeb gweddnewidiol Duw yn y greadigaeth gyfan – ei enwi pan fyddwn yn ei synhwyro, a cheisio annog natur i
ffynnu fel bod pawb yn gallu canfod presenoldeb Duw.
Mae pobl sy’n gweithio gydag elusennau amgylcheddol Cristnogol yn aml yn canfod bod gweld Cristnogion yn mynd ati i
ofalu am y cread yn sbarduno ymateb dwfn. Mae llawer iawn o bobl yn canfod rhywbeth o bresenoldeb Duw yn y
greadigaeth, ond fydden nhw byth yn mynd yn agos at eglwys. Fodd bynnag, pan fydd Cristnogion yn cysylltu’r cread â
Christ, mae’r geiniog yn dechrau disgyn. Pan welwn fachlud godidog, eirlys yn gwthio drwy bridd y gaeaf, neu aderyn
pitw sydd newydd fudo filoedd o filltiroedd o Affrica – rydym yn cael cipolwg ar waith creadigol, cynhaliol, gweddnewidiol
Duw yn y greadigaeth.
Mae Duw wedi creu’r byd rhyfeddol o amrywiol hwn mewn cariad, ac mae’n datgelu ei gymeriad. Nid creawdwr yn unig
ydyw, ond cynhaliwr – rhywbeth y mae arnom angen dybrid amdano wrth i ni chwilio am gynaliadwyedd – ac felly gelwir
arnom i fod yn gydweithwyr iddo drwy amddiffyn, diogelu a gwella ffyniant y greadigaeth. Os gwnawn hynny, gallwn
ninnau ddechrau ffynnu mewn ffyrdd newydd wrth i Ysbryd Duw ein llenwi ac wrth i ni weld mwy o gymeriad Duw yn
dod i’r amlwg yn ffyniant y greadigaeth.