This document provides information on growth and development in infants from birth to one year. It discusses patterns of physical development including weight, height, proportions and soft spots in the head. It also covers visual, auditory, motor and language development. Feeding methods such as breastfeeding and bottle feeding are described. The document also discusses gentle handling, bathing, dressing and diapering infants.

1. Growth and
Development of Infants
PREPARED BY
DR.SHALI B.S
PROFESSOR
MAMATA COLLEGE OF
NURSING.KHAMMAM

2. Baby Pictures
 Baby Polar Bear  Adult Polar Bear

3. Baby Pictures
 Puppy  Adult Dog

4. Patterns of Physical Development
 Head to toe
 Lift head to see object
 Muscle control: pick up
 Walk towards
 Near to far: trunk outward
 Wave arms
 Grab with palm of hand
 Pick up with thumb and fingers
 Simple to complex
 Eating with fingers
 Spoon and fork

5. Weight
 Lose some after birth
 1-2 lbs/month 1st 6 months
 1 pound/month in 2nd 6 months
 Birth weight:
• Doubled by 6 month
• Tripled by 1 yr
 20-22 lbs: avg wt of 1 yr old
 Heredity, feeding habits, and physical
activity

6. Height
 Avg newborn =20 inches
 Avg 1 year =30 inches
 Heredity: influences height more than
weight

7. Proportion
 Large: head and abdomen
 Short/small: arms and legs
 Head grows rapidly b/c brain
development
 Soft spots allow head to grow and close

8. Soft Spots

9. 1st Year Physical
Developments

10. Sight: Improves Rapidly
 Blurry at first, within week can focus on
object 7-10 inches away
 1 month, focus on objects 3 feet away
 By 3 ½ months, vision almost as good as an
adult
 Prefer patterns with high contrast and faces
 alternating stripes, bull’s eyes
 Prefer color red

11. Depth Perception
2nd month: recognize that
object is three-dimensional,
not flat

12. Hand-Eye Coordination
 Develop hand-eye coordination:
 Move hands and fingers in relation to what
is seen
 3-4 months: reach for what they see
 Essential for:
• Eating
• Catching a ball
• Coloring
• Tying shoes

13. Hearing
 develops before birth
 At birth, can tell general direction sound is
coming from
 Prefer human voice
 soothing voice calms
 loud voice alarms

14. Smell and Taste
 Within 10 days can tell mom’s smell
 Can distinguish taste by 2 weeks old
 show preference for sweet taste
 Learn about world by using mouth

15. Voice
 Cry becomes softer as lungs mature
 Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue,
lips, teeth, and vocal cords
 Tongue and mouth interior change making
speech development possible

16. Teeth
 Begin to develop in 6th week of pregnancy
 Primary teeth begin to appear between 6-7 months of
age
 Complete set by 20 months (1 year, 8 months)
 Teething can be painful process
 Can refuse food or drool a lot, increased desire for
liquid, coughing, and fever
 how to help minor teething pain:
 teething biscuits or rubber teething rings
 rub ice cube on gums to ease pain temporarily
 teething medication

17. Motor Skills
 Abilities that depend on use and control of
muscles
 Mastering motor skills requires intellectual,
social, emotional, and physical
development
 Control head by 1 month
 2-3 months can lift their chest
 By 9 months crawling- adds opportunity for
learning

18. Activity
 Make a list of 3-5 toys and/or activities that
help develop hand-eye coordination for
infants up to 1 year old.
 Provide colored illustrations for each toy or
activity.
 3-5 colored illustrations

19. The Developing Brain

20. Structure of the Brain
 The brain receives and interprets
messages from the body, so it is key for
intellectual development
 The brain is divided into different sections
that control specific functions of the body

21. Parts of the Brain
 Cerebrum- receives information from
senses, directs motor activities
 Speech, memory, and problem solving
 Occur in outer layer called cortex
 Thalamus- connect spinal cord and
cerebrum
 Expressions and emotions
 Cerebellum- controls muscular
coordination and balance

22. Parts of the Brain continued
 Spinal Cord- transmits info from the body
to the brain; vice versa
 Brain Stem- controls involuntary activities
such as breathing, heart rate, and blood
pressure
 Pituitary Gland- secretes hormones that
regulate growth, metabolism, and sexual
development

23. How the Brain Works
 Neurons sprout arms called dendrites and axons
 Reach toward other neurons, but never touch
 Tiny gaps called synapses; this is where messages
are sent from one neuron to another
 Neurotransmitters are released by axons to attach to
other dendrites
 The more times the same axon and dendrite connect,
the stronger the connection grows and messages are
sent more quickly

24. How the Brain Becomes Organized
 The more arms neurons grow and the
more links that develop between different
neurons, the more paths the brain has
 More paths equal more power and flexibility
 Organization of brain grow’s on child’s
experiences
 The group of neurons becomes linked
together and controls a particular task

25. How the Brain Becomes Organized
continued
 Connections of neurons can be broken
 Connections can be lost and others added at
the same time
 Developments have an impact on the
appearance of the brain

26. Speeding the Brain’s Work
 Myelin makes it easier for axons to
transmit signals, it speeds their work
 All axons are not coated when a baby is
born, only those that control basic instincts
 Axons become coated as a child grows
 Axons that control motor abilities, vision,
and hearing receive coating first

27. Rules to Build a Brain By
 Keep it simple and natural
 Rich environment- lots of loving interaction
and talking
 Match experiences to the child’s mental
capacities
 Learn by physical experiences
 Practice makes perfect
 Repetition

28. Rules to Build a Brain By continued
 Make sure the child is actively involved
 Learn by doing
 Provide variety, but avoid overloading
 Give range of experiences, avoid being
overwhelmed
 Avoid pushing the child
 Learn better if emotionally involved

29. Is the Brain Only Organized Once?
 1st year of life is not the only time that the
brain can become organized
 Children who have suffered brain damage
can learn to speak
 Older people who have a stroke- where
neurons die in one part of the brain- can
relearn skills by using another part of the
brain

30. Brainstorming Activity
 Name some activities that promote the
growth of connections in the brain of
infants.
 Next, draw a picture of the brain using
page 261. Label each part of the brain
and their function.

31. Handling and Feeding
Infants

32. Gentle Handling of an Infant
 Never shake a baby
 Shaken baby syndrome- when someone
severely shakes the baby usually to make them
stop crying
 Damages the brain
 Learning problems
 Mental retardation
 Blindness
 Deafness
 death

33. Gentle Handling of an Infant
continued
 Safe ways to handle a stressful situation
with crying:
 Put baby down in a safe place and calm down
 Ask a friend or relative to care for the baby
 Take deep breaths
 Talk out your problems

34. How to Handle a Newborn Safely
 Refer to diagram on page 269 of “The
Developing Child”

35. Feeding Methods

36. Feeding a Baby
 First few weeks, 6-8 times a day
 Breastfed babies tend to eat more often
 2nd or 3rd month, once every 3-4 hours
 When a baby reaches 12 pounds, he will
sleep through the night because the
stomach can hold more food

37. Feeding Methods
 Breast milk or formula during the 1st year
 No cow’s milk until 1 year

38. How to Feed with a Bottle
 Hold baby is semi-upright position
 Support neck and head with the head held
above the stomach
 Hold the bottle at an angle
 Prevents swallowing air
 Never prop a bottle
 Choking hazard, tooth decay, digestive
problems

39. Bottle Warming
 Formula does not have to be served warm
 Never heat a bottle in the microwave
 Can cause hot spots
 Heat bottle in a pan of water on the stove
 Run under hot water
 Use a bottle warmer
 Check the temperature by shaking a few
drops on your wrist

40. Sanitation
 Throw left over formula in the bottle away
 Wash and sterilize all bottles and bottle
parts after each use
 Boiling water
 Dishwasher
 Both eliminate bacteria contamination

41. Burping a Baby
 Burping helps expel air the baby
swallowed
 You should burp a baby once during
feeding and once after

42. Types of Formula
 Powder, concentrate, ready to feed (RTF)

43. Powder
 Mix with water
 1 scoop per 2 oz water
 Make on needed basis

44. Concentrate
 Dilute with water
 1 can formula with 1 can water
 Use within 24 hours

45. RTF
 No mixing required
 More expensive
 Use within 24 hours

46. How much formula?
 55 calories/pound each day
 Standard formula: 20 calories per ounce
 Example: How many ounces does a 12
pound baby need each day?

47. Breastfeeding Basics
http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breastfeeding.htm

48. Why Breastfeed?
 Healthy
 Free
 Bonding
 Natural
 Builds immune system
 Mom burns more calories and loses
weight quicker

49. How long should you breastfeed?
 Recommend 1st 6 months
 First milk- colostrum
 High in fat, protein, antibodies
 20 minutes on each breast
 Feed on demand
 5-6 wet diapers
 3-4 dirty diapers
 http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breast-
Feeding-Positions.htm

50. Nutrition
 Avoid gassy foods:
 Broccoli, green leafy vegetables, spicy foods
 Avoid alcohol
 “pump and dump”
 Mom’s diet becomes baby’s diet

51. Video Clips and Pictures
 http://www.ameda.com/breastpumping/videos/po
pup_video.aspx?id=LatchOnEnglish
 http://www.breastfeeding.com/helpme/helpme_vi
deo_4_bf_positions.html
 http://www.breastfeeding.com/helpme/helpme_vi
deos/18_how_baby_sounds_bfing.html
 http://similac.com/feeding-nutrition/diaper-
decoder

52. Breastfeeding vs Breast Pump
http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breast-Feeding-Positions.htm
 Pumping is an alternative to breast feeding
 Use manual or electric pump
 Hand express
 Some babies cannot latch on
 Mother feels uncomfortable

53. Storage
 Room temp 6-10 hrs
 Refrigerator 5-7 days
 Freezer 3-6 months
 http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Stori
ng-Breast-Milk.htm

54. Sanitation
 Clean breasts with warm water and dry
towel after feeding
 Soap will remove natural oils
 Cause drying or cracking
 Can use a breast cream

55. How to stop breastfeeding
 Slowly wean the baby
 Milk will eventually dry up
 Could experience engorgement
 Hand express to relieve discomfort

56. New Foods

57. Weaning
 Introduce sippy cup around 6 months
 Put fruit juice in a cup, never in a bottle

58. Introducing New Foods
 Introduce solids around 4-6 months
 Cereal first
 Mix with breast milk or formula to make it runny
 Feed with a spoon, never in a bottle
 Vegetables, then fruits
 1 new food at a time for at least 3 days
 Feed with a spoon, never in a bottle
 Never feed straight from the jar
 8-10 months, start using fingers; eventually
move to spoons

59. What Infants Need to Stay Healthy
 Enough calories to provide rapid growth
 Protein, iron, vitamins B, C, and D
 Food that is easy to digest
 Adequate amounts of liquid

60. Other Infant Care Skills

61. Bathing a Baby
 Sponge baths for the first two weeks while
the navel heals
 Soft bath towels
 Soft washcloth
 Diaper
 Mild soap
 Baby shampoo
 Warm room for the bath
 Lukewarm water; test with elbow

62. Bathing a Baby continued
 Support the baby with your hand and
begin washing the face
 Never rub, the face is very tender
 Wash each part of the body one at a time
 Creases of skin should be thoroughly dried
after washing

63. Bathing a Baby continued
 Wash the scalp using tear-free baby
shampoo once or twice a week
 Can just use water other days
 Cradle cap- patches of yellowish crusty scales
• Apply baby oil or lanolin at night
• Gently loosen scales with washcloth or soft
hairbrush and shampoo the hair in the morning

64. Bathing a Baby continued
 Baby powder and lotion are not necessary
 Powder safety- apply to your own hands and
rub together then rub on baby’s skin
 Baby can be bathed in a tub once the
navel heals
 Never leave a baby unattended in the bath

65. Dressing a Baby
 Sleeper- one piece stretchy garment with
feet
 Cotton clothing helps skin breathe
 More durable clothes for crawlers
 Pants, padded knees, cotton shirts
 Pants with snaps for easy diaper change

66. Dressing a Baby continued
 Shoes are not needed until the baby is walking
outside
 Best to learn walking barefoot so baby can grip floor
with toes
 Nonskid socks are good for hard floors
 Clothes should be flame retardant
 Clothes are sized by age and weight
 Babies grow rapid
 Avoid loose strings and long ties on clothing

67. Diapering a Baby
 Cloth diapers- least expensive
 Wash separately in hot water
 Disposable diapers offer more
convenience
 Babies need about 12-15 diaper changes
a day
 Newborn wets several times an hour, but not
enough to be changed each time
 Older babies will let you know

68. Supplies Needed to Diaper a Baby
 Changing table or sturdy surface
 Wet washcloth or wipes
 Powder

69. How to Diaper a Baby
 Remove the diaper and clean the baby
 Put on a fresh diaper
 Slide under bottom
 Bring diaper up between legs and fasten
 Dispose of used supplies
 Wash hands
 Diaper rash- change more frequently,
expose infected area to air as much as
possible, special creams

70. Sleep
 Newborns sleep 12-20 hours a day
 By 1 year has 2-3 sleep periods including
naps
 Preparation for sleep:
 Change diaper and clothes, wash face/hands
 Rock to calm the baby
 Put the baby in the bed on it’s back
 Follow the same routine to provide comfort
each time