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Your Logo & Colors  Economy – Markets – Investment Strategy February 2011
Important Information The views and opinions expressed are those of the speaker and are subject to change based on factors such as market and economic conditions. These views and opinions are not an offer to buy a particular security and should not be relied upon as investment advice. Past performance cannot guarantee comparable future results. Performance quoted is past performance and cannot guarantee comparable future results; current performance may be higher or lower.  Results shown assume the reinvestment of dividends. An investment cannot be made directly in an index. Investments with higher return potential carry greater risk for loss.  Investing in small companies involves greater risks not associated with investing in more established companies, such as business risk, significant stock price fluctuations and illiquidity.  Foreign securities have additional risks, including exchange rate changes, political and economic upheaval, the relative lack of information about these companies, relatively low market liquidity and the potential lack of strict financial and accounting controls and standards. Investing in emerging markets involves greater risk than investing in more established markets such as risks relating to the relatively smaller size and lesser liquidity of these markets, high inflation rates, adverse political developments and lack of timely information.  Fluctuations in the price of gold and precious metals often dramatically affect the profitability of the companies in the gold and precious metals sector. Changes in political or economic climate for the two largest gold producers, South Africa and the former Soviet Union, may have a direct effect on the price of gold worldwide. Asset allocation/diversification does not guarantee a profit or eliminate the risk of loss. The S&P 500® Index is an unmanaged index considered representative of the U.S. stock market. The MSCI EAFE Index is an unmanaged index considered representative of stocks of Europe, Australasia and the Far East. The Vanguard 500 Index is an unmanaged index considered representative of the companies in the S&P 500 Index. The Vanguard Balanced Index is representative of the standard 60% equity, 40% fixed income allocation. The S&P/Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price Index is an unmanaged index considered representative of single-family home prices for the nine U.S. Census divisions. The S&P GSCI Total Return Index is world-production weighted; the quantity of each commodity in the index is determined by the average quantity of production in the last five years of available data. The Barclays Capital Long-Term Treasury Bond Total Return Index is an unmanaged index considered representative of long-term treasury bonds. The Dow Jones Total Stock Market Index is an unmanaged index that measures all U.S. equity securities that have readily available prices. Government securities, such as U.S. Treasury bills, notes and bonds offer a high degree of safety and they guarantee the timely payment of principal and interest if held to maturity.  U.S. Treasury bills are short-term securities with maturities of one year or less.  Long-term government bonds used in this illustration have a maturity of approximately 20 years.  The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change in consumer prices, as determined by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2
3 Point of ViewContents Economic  Data ,[object Object]
GDP
Labor market
Housing & autos
Consumers
Demographics
Inflation
Federal budget deficitMarket Data ,[object Object]
Bonds
U.S. dollar
Commodities
Gold
Crude oilInvestment Strategy ,[object Object]
Modern Portfolio Theory
Asset Allocation,[object Object]
5 Economic Data        ISM Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index  “The continuing strong performance is highlighted as January is also the sixth consecutive month of month-over-month growth in the sector. New orders and production continue to be strong, and employment rose above 60 percent for the first time since May 2004.” Institute for Supply Management (ISM) Feb. 1, 2011 Source: Copyright 2011, Institute for Supply Management; data as of Jan. 31, 2011.
6 Economic Data        Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth Sources: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010; Wall Street Journal survey taken Feb. 4-11, 2011.
7 Economic Data        GDP = C + I + G + Net Exports  Contributions to Percent Change in Quarterly GDP  Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010
8 Economic Data        Gross Domestic Product Growth Fed’s latest central tendency forecast Accelerating rate of recovery through 2013 +2.5% to +2.8% longer run Source: Minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee meeting, Jan. 25-26, 2011.
9 Economic Data        World GDP Growth Forecasts Healthy global recovery expected Source: World Bank, Global Economic Prospects, published Jan. 12, 2011
10 Economic Data        Improvement in jobs picture Sources: National Bureau of Economic Research, Bureau of Labor Statistics; data as of Jan. 31, 2011.
11 Economic Data        Weekly unemployment claims Weekly unemployment claims have tumbled following summer uptick.  Source: U.S. Department of Labor, data through the week of Jan. 29, 2011.
12 Economic Data        Unemployment is a lagging indicator Sources: National Bureau of Economic Research, Bureau of Labor Statistics; data as of Jan. 31, 2011.
13 Economic Data        Where will the jobs come from? Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, data as of Dec. 31, 2010
14 Economic Data        Where will the “good jobs” come from? All Civilian Workers Private Industry Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, data as of September 2010.
15 Economic Data        Housing starts gradually recovering Housing Starts (estimated) Housing Starts (actual) Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, data through Jan. 31, 2010; Mortgage Bankers Association’s housing starts forecast dated Jan. 14, 2011
16 Economic Data        Housing starts - the big picture Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Actual population data through 2008; projections 2009-2020. Actual annual housing starts through 2010.
17 Economic Data        Housing affordability Source: National Association of Realtors, data through November 2010 1	The affordability index measures whether a typical family could qualify for a mortgage loan on a typical home. A typical home is defined as the national median-priced, existing single-family home as calculated by NAR. The typical family is defined as one earning the median family income as reported by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The prevailing mortgage interest rate is the effective rate on loans closed on existing homes from the Federal Housing Finance Board. A value of 100 means that a family with the median income has exactly enough income to qualify for a mortgage on a median-priced home. An index above 100 signifies that family earning the median income has more than enough income to qualify for a mortgage loan on a median-priced home, assuming a 20% down payment.
18 Economic Data        Vehicle sales … a long way to recover The recession took vehicle sales far below the run-rate of recent years. It looks like a recovery is underway ... and has a long way to go.  Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data as of Nov. 30, 2010
19 Economic Data        Construction and vehicles combined share of GDP The recession cut construction plus vehicles combined share of GDP by about three percentage points, from 12% to 9%. Vehicles Structures Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data as of Sept. 30, 2010.
20 Economic Data        Consumer spending “I think the economy’s turning around. That guy looked as if he were about to give me something.”
21 Economic Data        Consumer income, spending and saving are up December savings rate = 5.3% Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010
22 Economic Data        Consumer income by source Rising hours worked, average wages and meager, but positive, payroll gains are driving employee compensation. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010
23 Economic Data        Consumer liquidity is at a record high Aggregate household spendable cash equals 75% of annual disposable personal income … or, approximately nine months’ income.  M2 = cash, checking, savings and retail money market funds Sources: Federal Reserve, Bureau of Economics Analysis; data through Sept. 30, 2010
24 Economic Data        Consumer Spending Versus Household Net Worth       How significant is the negative wealth effect on consumer spending? “Declining household wealth has a relatively small implied negative impact on aggregate consumption expenditures.” Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Paper No. 09-9, Nov. 13, 2009 Sources: Federal Reserve, Bureau of Economic Analysis; data through Sept. 30, 2010
25 Economic Data Household Debt      By this often-cited measure consumers are near-record leveraged Source: Federal Reserve, data as of Sept 30, 2010; released Dec. 8, 2010
26 Economic Data Consumers’ Financial Obligations Ratio Major improvement in consumers’ ability to carry their debt burden The financial obligations ratio consists of estimated required payments on outstanding mortgage and consumer debt plus automobile lease payments, rental payments on tenant-occupied property, homeowners’ insurance and property tax payments divided by disposable personal income. Source: Federal Reserve, data as of Sept. 30, 2010; released Dec. 17, 2010
27 Economic Data Personal income and spending by quintile Most consumers don’t appear to be tapped out Because income and spending are skewed to the upper brackets, the recovery in spending growth rides significantly on spending behavior in the higher brackets.  Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2008, table 45 Note: In the NBER’s Working Paper 15408 published October 2009, the top income decile (10%) accounted for 50% of 2007 total income, using a definition of income somewhat broader than the BLS’s.
28 Economic Data Consumers’ Financial Obligations Ratio Major improvement in consumers’ ability to carry their debt burden CAGR1 3/09-1/11 = 7.1% 1 CAGR: Compound annual growth rate Source: U.S. Census Bureau; data as of Jan. 31, 2011
29 Economic Data GDP Growth Potential = ∆ Productivity + ∆ Labor ForceLabor force to grow 0.8% per year through 2016 U.S. Live Births 1909–2008 Birth Wave 2 (echo boomers) (1977–2008) 125 million Birth Wave 1 (1946–1976) 117 million Sources: 1909 to 2004: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 Statistical Abstract; 2005 to 2007: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics; 2008: Bureau of Labor Statistics
30 Economic Data Labor Force Growth — Forecasts Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, constant-fertility scenario
Economic Data Benign Inflation Expected to Continue Federal Reserve’s personal consumption expenditures (PCE) inflation forecast1 1	From the minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee meeting, Nov. 2-3, 2010; released Nov. 23, 2010 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics; data as of Jan. 31, 2011. 31
32 Economic Data      What about food and energy inflation? Food and energy constitute 13% of total personal consumption expenditures (PCE) ... substantially less than housing and health care. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010
Economic Data      What about food and energy inflation? 33 1	Personal consumption expenditures Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010
Economic Data      Money Supply versus Monetary Base The Federal Reserve has engineered an explosion in the Monetary Base — reserves that commercial banks keep on deposit at the Fed — in an effort to restore confidence in banks and stimulate the economy. M2 — which is a function of both supply and demand for funds — has not surged. Source: Federal Reserve, data as of Dec. 31, 2010  34
35 Economic Data      Inflation versus capacity use “Currently, the unemployment rate is elevated, and measures of underlying inflation are somewhat low, relative to levels that the Committee judges to be consistent, over the longer run, with its dual mandate. Although the Committee anticipates a gradual return to higher levels of resource utilization in a context of price stability, progress toward its objectives has been disappointingly slow.”1 1	Source: Federal Open Market Committee’s statement released Jan. 26, 2011 Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Federal Reserve; data as of Dec. 31, 2010
36 Economic Data      Inflation versus money supply growth The monetarist explanation of inflation operates through the Quantity Theory of Money, which states MV = PT. M is money supply, V is velocity of circulation, P is price level and T is transactions or output. Because monetarists assume that V and T are determined, in the long run, by real variables such as the productive capacity of the economy, there is a direct relationship between the growth of the money supply and inflation.1 1	Source: Wikipedia Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Federal Reserve; data as of Dec. 31, 2010
37 Economic Data “TIPS Spread” implied inflation expectations The difference between the Treasury Inflation (TIPS) yield and the U.S. Treasury bond yield of the same maturity provides a market–based theoretical measure of investors’ expected rate of annual inflation over the period to maturity. Investors are not anticipating a surge in inflation. Source: Copyright 2011© B0596A. Ned Davis Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Data as of Jan. 27, 2011. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained.
38 Economic Data      Federal budget deficit “You’re in luck, in a way. Now is the time to be sick — while Medicare still has some money.”
39 Economic Data Actual and projected federal budget deficit Baseline scenario  Projected (dotted line)      2010 Deficit = $1.3 trillion 2011 Deficit (E) = $1.5 trillion Sources: Actual: Bureau of Economic Analysis through Dec. 31, 2010; Projected: Congressional Budget Office (CBO), Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update, January 2011, Baseline Projection
40 Economic Data Actual and projected federal debt as a percent of GDPBaseline scenario Projected (dotted line) Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget data through Dec. 31, 2010; Congressional Budget Office’s (CBO) Budget and Economic Outlook, January 2011, Baseline Projection
41 Economic Data Projected federal debt as a percent of GDP Note the CBO’s important qualifying explanation “The projected deficits over the latter part of the coming decade are much smaller relative to GDP than is the current deficit, mostly because, under (the baseline) assumptions and with a continuing economic expansion, revenues as a share of GDP are projected to rise steadily — from about 15% of GDP in 2011 to 21% by 2021. As a result, the baseline projections understate the budget deficits that would arise if many policies currently in place were extended, rather than allowed to expire as scheduled under current law. For example, if most of the provisions in the 2010 tax act that were originally enacted in 2001, 2003 and 2009 or that modified estate and gift taxation were extended (rather than allowed to expire on Dec. 31, 2012), and the alternative minimum tax was indexed for inflation, annual revenues would average about 18% of GDP through 2021 (which is equal to their 40-year average), rather than the 19.9% shown in CBO’s baseline projections. If Medicare’s payment rates for physicians’ services were held constant as well, then deficits from 2012 through 2021 would average about 6% of GDP, compared with 3.6% in the baseline. By 2021, the budget deficit would be about double the baseline projection, and with cumulative deficits totaling nearly $12 trillion over the 2012–2021 period, debt held by the public would reach 97% of GDP, the highest level since 1946.”  (underline added) Source: Congressional Budget Office’s (CBO) Budget and Economic Outlook, January 2011; baseline projection
42 Economic Data Congressional Budget Office long-term spending projections Actual Projected Medicare and Medicaid Social Security Other Federal Noninterest Spending Sources: Congressional Budget Office (CBO), The Long-Term Budget Outlook; June 2010. Alternative fiscal scenario.
43         Market Data “This stock market situation — what are the military options?”
44         Market Data S&P 500 —  earnings drive stock prices, estimates rising 20121 20111 1	Estimated 2011 and 2012 bottom-up S&P 500 earnings per share (left scale): for 2011, $96.33; for 2012, $109.98; as of Jan. 14, 2011. Sources: Thomson Baseline; data through Jan 27, 2011. Reuters and Thomson Financial survey of consensus estimates.
45      Market Data S&P 500 — 10-year total returns   Source: Copyright© Thechartstore.com, with permission; monthly data through Dec. 31, 2010
46      Market Data S&P 500 P/E ratio versus inflation Sources: Standard & Poor’s Corporation, BLS; data through Nov. 30, 2010
47      Market Data Still-high cash stash versus stocks Money market assets compared to total stock market value1 1	The NDR Total Market Value proxies the market value of all U.S.-domiciled companies traded on U.S. exchanges. Source: Copyright 2010© S423. Ned Davis Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Data as of Dec. 31, 2010. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained.
48      Market Data 10-Year U.S. Treasury bond yield forecasts   Economists1have been raising their bond yield forecasts Forecast for year-end 2011 1	Average forecasts from the Wall Street Journal’s survey of 56 economists taken Jan. 7-11, 2011
49      Market Data 10-Year U.S. Treasury bond yieldViewed from the long-term perspective, bond yields could remain low Source: Copyright© Thechartstore.com, with permission; monthly data through Dec. 31, 2010
50    Market Data Stock market versus U.S. Treasury bond yieldsCan stocks rally as bond yields rise? Rising bond yields have accompanied bull markets.  Sources: Standard & Poor’s, Baseline; data as of Dec. 14, 2010
      Market Data Municipal bonds A tidal wave of selling Far more muni selling recently than the surge associated with the 2008 auction-rate fiasco.   Source: Copyright 2011© B303. Ned Davis Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Data as of Jan. 21, 2011. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained.  51
52       Market Data Municipal bonds Yields have surged with panic selling 20-year muni bond yield is approaching the peak associated with the 2008 auction-rate fiasco.   Source: Copyright 2011© B470. Ned Davis Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Data as of Jan. 21, 2011. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained.
53       Market Data Municipal bonds      Moody’s description of the “general obligation” pledge Source: Copyright 2002 © Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. B470. Special Comment, November 2002, page 4.
      Market Data Agency, mortgage-backed and corporate bond yieldsUp from recent lows Investment-grade corporate yields 4%. High yield bonds yield 7%. Emerging markets yield 6%. Commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS) yield 4%.  Source: Copyright 2011© B158A. Ned Davis Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Data as of Jan. 27, 2011. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained.  54
55       Market Data U.S. Dollar Broad Dollar Index1 Index  1	See Broad Dollar Index definition, next page Source: Copyright© Thechartstore.com, with permission, monthly data through Dec. 31, 2010
56       Market Data U.S. Dollar Source: Copyright© Thechartstore.com, with permission; data as of Dec. 31, 2010
57       Market Data      Commodities, stocks and inflation Commodities have historically provided long-term returns comparable to stocks.  Commodities have historically outperformed during periods of rising inflation. Source: Copyright© Ned Davis Research, Inc. B0705B. Data as of Dec. 31, 2010. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained.
58        Market Data      Gold Source: Baseline; data as of Dec. 31, 2010
59        Market Data Crude Oil Rising post-recession demand forecast Actual Estimated Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency, International Energy Outlook, May 2010, reference case 1	BRIC = Brazil, Russia, India and China

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Your Logo & Colors: Economic Recovery Gains Momentum

  • 1. Your Logo & Colors Economy – Markets – Investment Strategy February 2011
  • 2. Important Information The views and opinions expressed are those of the speaker and are subject to change based on factors such as market and economic conditions. These views and opinions are not an offer to buy a particular security and should not be relied upon as investment advice. Past performance cannot guarantee comparable future results. Performance quoted is past performance and cannot guarantee comparable future results; current performance may be higher or lower. Results shown assume the reinvestment of dividends. An investment cannot be made directly in an index. Investments with higher return potential carry greater risk for loss. Investing in small companies involves greater risks not associated with investing in more established companies, such as business risk, significant stock price fluctuations and illiquidity. Foreign securities have additional risks, including exchange rate changes, political and economic upheaval, the relative lack of information about these companies, relatively low market liquidity and the potential lack of strict financial and accounting controls and standards. Investing in emerging markets involves greater risk than investing in more established markets such as risks relating to the relatively smaller size and lesser liquidity of these markets, high inflation rates, adverse political developments and lack of timely information. Fluctuations in the price of gold and precious metals often dramatically affect the profitability of the companies in the gold and precious metals sector. Changes in political or economic climate for the two largest gold producers, South Africa and the former Soviet Union, may have a direct effect on the price of gold worldwide. Asset allocation/diversification does not guarantee a profit or eliminate the risk of loss. The S&P 500® Index is an unmanaged index considered representative of the U.S. stock market. The MSCI EAFE Index is an unmanaged index considered representative of stocks of Europe, Australasia and the Far East. The Vanguard 500 Index is an unmanaged index considered representative of the companies in the S&P 500 Index. The Vanguard Balanced Index is representative of the standard 60% equity, 40% fixed income allocation. The S&P/Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price Index is an unmanaged index considered representative of single-family home prices for the nine U.S. Census divisions. The S&P GSCI Total Return Index is world-production weighted; the quantity of each commodity in the index is determined by the average quantity of production in the last five years of available data. The Barclays Capital Long-Term Treasury Bond Total Return Index is an unmanaged index considered representative of long-term treasury bonds. The Dow Jones Total Stock Market Index is an unmanaged index that measures all U.S. equity securities that have readily available prices. Government securities, such as U.S. Treasury bills, notes and bonds offer a high degree of safety and they guarantee the timely payment of principal and interest if held to maturity. U.S. Treasury bills are short-term securities with maturities of one year or less. Long-term government bonds used in this illustration have a maturity of approximately 20 years. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of change in consumer prices, as determined by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2
  • 3.
  • 4. GDP
  • 10.
  • 11. Bonds
  • 14. Gold
  • 15.
  • 17.
  • 18. 5 Economic Data ISM Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index “The continuing strong performance is highlighted as January is also the sixth consecutive month of month-over-month growth in the sector. New orders and production continue to be strong, and employment rose above 60 percent for the first time since May 2004.” Institute for Supply Management (ISM) Feb. 1, 2011 Source: Copyright 2011, Institute for Supply Management; data as of Jan. 31, 2011.
  • 19. 6 Economic Data Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth Sources: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010; Wall Street Journal survey taken Feb. 4-11, 2011.
  • 20. 7 Economic Data GDP = C + I + G + Net Exports Contributions to Percent Change in Quarterly GDP Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010
  • 21. 8 Economic Data Gross Domestic Product Growth Fed’s latest central tendency forecast Accelerating rate of recovery through 2013 +2.5% to +2.8% longer run Source: Minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee meeting, Jan. 25-26, 2011.
  • 22. 9 Economic Data World GDP Growth Forecasts Healthy global recovery expected Source: World Bank, Global Economic Prospects, published Jan. 12, 2011
  • 23. 10 Economic Data Improvement in jobs picture Sources: National Bureau of Economic Research, Bureau of Labor Statistics; data as of Jan. 31, 2011.
  • 24. 11 Economic Data Weekly unemployment claims Weekly unemployment claims have tumbled following summer uptick. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, data through the week of Jan. 29, 2011.
  • 25. 12 Economic Data Unemployment is a lagging indicator Sources: National Bureau of Economic Research, Bureau of Labor Statistics; data as of Jan. 31, 2011.
  • 26. 13 Economic Data Where will the jobs come from? Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, data as of Dec. 31, 2010
  • 27. 14 Economic Data Where will the “good jobs” come from? All Civilian Workers Private Industry Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, data as of September 2010.
  • 28. 15 Economic Data Housing starts gradually recovering Housing Starts (estimated) Housing Starts (actual) Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, data through Jan. 31, 2010; Mortgage Bankers Association’s housing starts forecast dated Jan. 14, 2011
  • 29. 16 Economic Data Housing starts - the big picture Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Actual population data through 2008; projections 2009-2020. Actual annual housing starts through 2010.
  • 30. 17 Economic Data Housing affordability Source: National Association of Realtors, data through November 2010 1 The affordability index measures whether a typical family could qualify for a mortgage loan on a typical home. A typical home is defined as the national median-priced, existing single-family home as calculated by NAR. The typical family is defined as one earning the median family income as reported by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The prevailing mortgage interest rate is the effective rate on loans closed on existing homes from the Federal Housing Finance Board. A value of 100 means that a family with the median income has exactly enough income to qualify for a mortgage on a median-priced home. An index above 100 signifies that family earning the median income has more than enough income to qualify for a mortgage loan on a median-priced home, assuming a 20% down payment.
  • 31. 18 Economic Data Vehicle sales … a long way to recover The recession took vehicle sales far below the run-rate of recent years. It looks like a recovery is underway ... and has a long way to go. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data as of Nov. 30, 2010
  • 32. 19 Economic Data Construction and vehicles combined share of GDP The recession cut construction plus vehicles combined share of GDP by about three percentage points, from 12% to 9%. Vehicles Structures Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data as of Sept. 30, 2010.
  • 33. 20 Economic Data Consumer spending “I think the economy’s turning around. That guy looked as if he were about to give me something.”
  • 34. 21 Economic Data Consumer income, spending and saving are up December savings rate = 5.3% Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010
  • 35. 22 Economic Data Consumer income by source Rising hours worked, average wages and meager, but positive, payroll gains are driving employee compensation. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010
  • 36. 23 Economic Data Consumer liquidity is at a record high Aggregate household spendable cash equals 75% of annual disposable personal income … or, approximately nine months’ income. M2 = cash, checking, savings and retail money market funds Sources: Federal Reserve, Bureau of Economics Analysis; data through Sept. 30, 2010
  • 37. 24 Economic Data Consumer Spending Versus Household Net Worth How significant is the negative wealth effect on consumer spending? “Declining household wealth has a relatively small implied negative impact on aggregate consumption expenditures.” Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Paper No. 09-9, Nov. 13, 2009 Sources: Federal Reserve, Bureau of Economic Analysis; data through Sept. 30, 2010
  • 38. 25 Economic Data Household Debt By this often-cited measure consumers are near-record leveraged Source: Federal Reserve, data as of Sept 30, 2010; released Dec. 8, 2010
  • 39. 26 Economic Data Consumers’ Financial Obligations Ratio Major improvement in consumers’ ability to carry their debt burden The financial obligations ratio consists of estimated required payments on outstanding mortgage and consumer debt plus automobile lease payments, rental payments on tenant-occupied property, homeowners’ insurance and property tax payments divided by disposable personal income. Source: Federal Reserve, data as of Sept. 30, 2010; released Dec. 17, 2010
  • 40. 27 Economic Data Personal income and spending by quintile Most consumers don’t appear to be tapped out Because income and spending are skewed to the upper brackets, the recovery in spending growth rides significantly on spending behavior in the higher brackets. Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2008, table 45 Note: In the NBER’s Working Paper 15408 published October 2009, the top income decile (10%) accounted for 50% of 2007 total income, using a definition of income somewhat broader than the BLS’s.
  • 41. 28 Economic Data Consumers’ Financial Obligations Ratio Major improvement in consumers’ ability to carry their debt burden CAGR1 3/09-1/11 = 7.1% 1 CAGR: Compound annual growth rate Source: U.S. Census Bureau; data as of Jan. 31, 2011
  • 42. 29 Economic Data GDP Growth Potential = ∆ Productivity + ∆ Labor ForceLabor force to grow 0.8% per year through 2016 U.S. Live Births 1909–2008 Birth Wave 2 (echo boomers) (1977–2008) 125 million Birth Wave 1 (1946–1976) 117 million Sources: 1909 to 2004: U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 Statistical Abstract; 2005 to 2007: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics; 2008: Bureau of Labor Statistics
  • 43. 30 Economic Data Labor Force Growth — Forecasts Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, constant-fertility scenario
  • 44. Economic Data Benign Inflation Expected to Continue Federal Reserve’s personal consumption expenditures (PCE) inflation forecast1 1 From the minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee meeting, Nov. 2-3, 2010; released Nov. 23, 2010 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics; data as of Jan. 31, 2011. 31
  • 45. 32 Economic Data What about food and energy inflation? Food and energy constitute 13% of total personal consumption expenditures (PCE) ... substantially less than housing and health care. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010
  • 46. Economic Data What about food and energy inflation? 33 1 Personal consumption expenditures Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, data through Dec. 31, 2010
  • 47. Economic Data Money Supply versus Monetary Base The Federal Reserve has engineered an explosion in the Monetary Base — reserves that commercial banks keep on deposit at the Fed — in an effort to restore confidence in banks and stimulate the economy. M2 — which is a function of both supply and demand for funds — has not surged. Source: Federal Reserve, data as of Dec. 31, 2010 34
  • 48. 35 Economic Data Inflation versus capacity use “Currently, the unemployment rate is elevated, and measures of underlying inflation are somewhat low, relative to levels that the Committee judges to be consistent, over the longer run, with its dual mandate. Although the Committee anticipates a gradual return to higher levels of resource utilization in a context of price stability, progress toward its objectives has been disappointingly slow.”1 1 Source: Federal Open Market Committee’s statement released Jan. 26, 2011 Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Federal Reserve; data as of Dec. 31, 2010
  • 49. 36 Economic Data Inflation versus money supply growth The monetarist explanation of inflation operates through the Quantity Theory of Money, which states MV = PT. M is money supply, V is velocity of circulation, P is price level and T is transactions or output. Because monetarists assume that V and T are determined, in the long run, by real variables such as the productive capacity of the economy, there is a direct relationship between the growth of the money supply and inflation.1 1 Source: Wikipedia Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Federal Reserve; data as of Dec. 31, 2010
  • 50. 37 Economic Data “TIPS Spread” implied inflation expectations The difference between the Treasury Inflation (TIPS) yield and the U.S. Treasury bond yield of the same maturity provides a market–based theoretical measure of investors’ expected rate of annual inflation over the period to maturity. Investors are not anticipating a surge in inflation. Source: Copyright 2011© B0596A. Ned Davis Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Data as of Jan. 27, 2011. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained.
  • 51. 38 Economic Data Federal budget deficit “You’re in luck, in a way. Now is the time to be sick — while Medicare still has some money.”
  • 52. 39 Economic Data Actual and projected federal budget deficit Baseline scenario Projected (dotted line) 2010 Deficit = $1.3 trillion 2011 Deficit (E) = $1.5 trillion Sources: Actual: Bureau of Economic Analysis through Dec. 31, 2010; Projected: Congressional Budget Office (CBO), Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update, January 2011, Baseline Projection
  • 53. 40 Economic Data Actual and projected federal debt as a percent of GDPBaseline scenario Projected (dotted line) Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget data through Dec. 31, 2010; Congressional Budget Office’s (CBO) Budget and Economic Outlook, January 2011, Baseline Projection
  • 54. 41 Economic Data Projected federal debt as a percent of GDP Note the CBO’s important qualifying explanation “The projected deficits over the latter part of the coming decade are much smaller relative to GDP than is the current deficit, mostly because, under (the baseline) assumptions and with a continuing economic expansion, revenues as a share of GDP are projected to rise steadily — from about 15% of GDP in 2011 to 21% by 2021. As a result, the baseline projections understate the budget deficits that would arise if many policies currently in place were extended, rather than allowed to expire as scheduled under current law. For example, if most of the provisions in the 2010 tax act that were originally enacted in 2001, 2003 and 2009 or that modified estate and gift taxation were extended (rather than allowed to expire on Dec. 31, 2012), and the alternative minimum tax was indexed for inflation, annual revenues would average about 18% of GDP through 2021 (which is equal to their 40-year average), rather than the 19.9% shown in CBO’s baseline projections. If Medicare’s payment rates for physicians’ services were held constant as well, then deficits from 2012 through 2021 would average about 6% of GDP, compared with 3.6% in the baseline. By 2021, the budget deficit would be about double the baseline projection, and with cumulative deficits totaling nearly $12 trillion over the 2012–2021 period, debt held by the public would reach 97% of GDP, the highest level since 1946.” (underline added) Source: Congressional Budget Office’s (CBO) Budget and Economic Outlook, January 2011; baseline projection
  • 55. 42 Economic Data Congressional Budget Office long-term spending projections Actual Projected Medicare and Medicaid Social Security Other Federal Noninterest Spending Sources: Congressional Budget Office (CBO), The Long-Term Budget Outlook; June 2010. Alternative fiscal scenario.
  • 56. 43 Market Data “This stock market situation — what are the military options?”
  • 57. 44 Market Data S&P 500 — earnings drive stock prices, estimates rising 20121 20111 1 Estimated 2011 and 2012 bottom-up S&P 500 earnings per share (left scale): for 2011, $96.33; for 2012, $109.98; as of Jan. 14, 2011. Sources: Thomson Baseline; data through Jan 27, 2011. Reuters and Thomson Financial survey of consensus estimates.
  • 58. 45 Market Data S&P 500 — 10-year total returns Source: Copyright© Thechartstore.com, with permission; monthly data through Dec. 31, 2010
  • 59. 46 Market Data S&P 500 P/E ratio versus inflation Sources: Standard & Poor’s Corporation, BLS; data through Nov. 30, 2010
  • 60. 47 Market Data Still-high cash stash versus stocks Money market assets compared to total stock market value1 1 The NDR Total Market Value proxies the market value of all U.S.-domiciled companies traded on U.S. exchanges. Source: Copyright 2010© S423. Ned Davis Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Data as of Dec. 31, 2010. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained.
  • 61. 48 Market Data 10-Year U.S. Treasury bond yield forecasts Economists1have been raising their bond yield forecasts Forecast for year-end 2011 1 Average forecasts from the Wall Street Journal’s survey of 56 economists taken Jan. 7-11, 2011
  • 62. 49 Market Data 10-Year U.S. Treasury bond yieldViewed from the long-term perspective, bond yields could remain low Source: Copyright© Thechartstore.com, with permission; monthly data through Dec. 31, 2010
  • 63. 50 Market Data Stock market versus U.S. Treasury bond yieldsCan stocks rally as bond yields rise? Rising bond yields have accompanied bull markets. Sources: Standard & Poor’s, Baseline; data as of Dec. 14, 2010
  • 64. Market Data Municipal bonds A tidal wave of selling Far more muni selling recently than the surge associated with the 2008 auction-rate fiasco. Source: Copyright 2011© B303. Ned Davis Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Data as of Jan. 21, 2011. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained. 51
  • 65. 52 Market Data Municipal bonds Yields have surged with panic selling 20-year muni bond yield is approaching the peak associated with the 2008 auction-rate fiasco. Source: Copyright 2011© B470. Ned Davis Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Data as of Jan. 21, 2011. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained.
  • 66. 53 Market Data Municipal bonds Moody’s description of the “general obligation” pledge Source: Copyright 2002 © Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. B470. Special Comment, November 2002, page 4.
  • 67. Market Data Agency, mortgage-backed and corporate bond yieldsUp from recent lows Investment-grade corporate yields 4%. High yield bonds yield 7%. Emerging markets yield 6%. Commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS) yield 4%. Source: Copyright 2011© B158A. Ned Davis Research, Inc. All rights reserved. Data as of Jan. 27, 2011. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained. 54
  • 68. 55 Market Data U.S. Dollar Broad Dollar Index1 Index 1 See Broad Dollar Index definition, next page Source: Copyright© Thechartstore.com, with permission, monthly data through Dec. 31, 2010
  • 69. 56 Market Data U.S. Dollar Source: Copyright© Thechartstore.com, with permission; data as of Dec. 31, 2010
  • 70. 57 Market Data Commodities, stocks and inflation Commodities have historically provided long-term returns comparable to stocks. Commodities have historically outperformed during periods of rising inflation. Source: Copyright© Ned Davis Research, Inc. B0705B. Data as of Dec. 31, 2010. The data and analysis shown are provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Ned Davis Research, Inc. (NDR), any NDR affiliates or employees, or any third-party data provider, shall not have any liability for any loss sustained by anyone who has relied on this information contained.
  • 71. 58 Market Data Gold Source: Baseline; data as of Dec. 31, 2010
  • 72. 59 Market Data Crude Oil Rising post-recession demand forecast Actual Estimated Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency, International Energy Outlook, May 2010, reference case 1 BRIC = Brazil, Russia, India and China
  • 73. 60 Market Data Crude Oil Historically inversely correlated to the $USD; reflecting rising global demand outlook Source: Baseline; data as of Dec. 31, 2010
  • 74. 61 Conclusions Economic data: Most economists believe that global economic recovery will gain momentum, including in the U.S. “New normal” isn’t playing out as advertised. The unemployment rate might trail economic recovery. Consumers’ savings and liquidity have risen substantially. The “negative wealth effect” may be overestimated. Significant skew in income, spending is relevant to economic recovery. The U.S. economy is positioned to continue its +2½% to +3% long-term trend rate of growth. Inflation is subdued and has the potential to remain so for at least a few years. The CBO’s “baseline projection” projects massive budget deficits lasting at least two years. Market data: Still significant cash on the sidelines. Stocks are attractively valued on estimated earnings. Municipal bonds may be presenting a buying opportunity. The U.S. dollar is holding up. Commodities have historically provided equity-like returns. Gold and crude oil both rising. “It’s just a correction.The fundamentals are still good.”
  • 75. 62 Investment Strategy “Winning is crucial to my retirement plans.”
  • 76. 63 Investment Strategy Wall Street’s Call for 2010 Barron’s 2010 Forecast1 Survey of 12 stock market strategists’ sector picks and pans for 2010 Good call Big mistake Good call Good call Big miss 1 Published Dec. 21, 2009 2 Media 3 These are S&P 500 sector returns for calendar 2010. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. For Illustrative purposes only.
  • 77. 64 Investment Strategy Wall Street’s Call for 2011 Barron’s 2011 Forecast1 Survey of 10 stock market strategists’ sector picks and pans for 2011 1 Published Dec. 20, 2010 2 Oil services 3 Railroads For Illustrative purposes only.
  • 78. 65 Investment Strategy Modern Portfolio Theory “Your mother called to remind you to diversify.”
  • 79. 66 Investment Strategy Modern Portfolio Theory = Asset Allocation Modern portfolio theory was introduced by Harry Markowitz with his paper “Portfolio Selection,” which appeared in the 1952 Journal of Finance. Thirty-eight years later, he shared a Nobel Prize with Merton Miller and William Sharpe for what has become a broad theory for portfolio selection. Modern Portfolio Theory Diversify Optimize Rebalance Asset allocation and diversification do not guarantee a profit or eliminate the risk of loss. Source: Riskglossary.com
  • 80. 67 Investment Strategy Asset Allocation — An Example Let’s construct a global balanced portfolio using 12 asset classes … Commodities Real Estate Bonds Stocks This hypothetical portfolio is approximately 50% stocks, 33% bonds, 8% real estate and 8% commodities. For a detailed analysis of a similar approach to asset allocation, refer to 7Twelve – A Diversified Investment Portfolio With A Plan, ©2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Author Craig L. Israelsen is an associate professor at Brigham Young University and a contributor to Financial Planning, Journal of Indexes, Bank Investment Consultant Magazine, Financial Advisor and other publications.
  • 81. Investment Strategy Asset Allocation — An Example… and see how it would have performed from Dec. 31, 1999 – Dec. 31, 2010 CAGR3 = +8.4% 12-Index Global Balanced Portfolio1 CAGR3 = +3.4% 60/40 Portfolio2 CAGR3 = +0.4% S&P 500 Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. An investment cannot be made directly in an index. 1 This hypothetical portfolio is composed of the 12 indexes referred to on the previous page, rebalanced to 1/12th of the portfolio at the end of each year. 2 This hypothetical portfolio is composed of the S&P 500 and Barclays US Aggregate Bond indexes referred to on the previous page, rebalanced to 60%/40%, respectively, at the end of each year. 3 Compound annual growth rate. 68
  • 82. 69 Investment Strategy FundQuest BNP Paribas Study1 73 Fund Categories Analyzed “Out of the 73 categories in our study, we recommend a bias to active management in 23 categories and a bias to passive management in 22 categories. Twenty-eight (28) categories were deemed neutral.” Bank Loan, Bear Market Commodities Broad Basket, Communications Conservative Allocation Consumer Discretionary, Consumer Staples Convertibles, Currency, Diversified Emerging Mkts Diversified Pacific/Asia, Emerging Markets Bond Equity Energy, Equity Precious Metals Europe Stock, Financial Foreign Large Blend, Foreign Large Growth Foreign Large Value, Foreign Small/Mid Growth Foreign Small/Mid Value, Global Real Estate Health, High Yield Bond, High Yield Muni Industrials, Inflation-Protected Bond Intermediate Govt’ Bond Intermediate-Term Bond, Japan Stock, Large Blend Large Growth, Large Value, Latin America Stock Long Government, Long-Short, Long-Term Bond Mid-Cap Blend, Mid-Cap Growth, Mid-Cap Value Miscellaneous Sector, Moderate Allocation Multisector Bond Muni National Interm, Muni National Long Muni National Short, Muni Single State Interm Muni Single State Long, Muni Single State Short Natural Resources, Pacific/Asia ex-Japan Stk, Real Estate Retirement Income, Short Government Bond Short-Term Bond, Small Blend, Small Growth Small Value Target Date 2000-2010 Target Date 2011-2015; 2016-2020; 2021-2025 Target Date 2026-2030; 2031-2035; 2036-2040 Target Date 2041-2045; Target Date 2050+ Technology, Ultrashort Bond, Utilities, World Allocation, World Bond, World Stock 1 ©FundQuest BNP Paribas Group study dated June 2010, Jane Li, author. “When Active Management Shines vs. Passive – Examining Real Alpha in 5 full market cycles over the past 30 years.”
  • 83. 70 Investment Strategy Conclusions Wall Street strategists don’t, generally speaking, systematically add value. Global diversification with rebalancing provides support for modern portfolio theory (MPT). “I’m looking for a hedge against my hedge funds.”
  • 84. 71 And Don’t Believe Everything You Hear A study by Media Research Center of a year’s worth of economic coverage on ABC, CBS and NBC found more than twice as many stories and briefs focused on negative aspects of the economy (62%) compared to good news (31%). Source: Media Research Center, “Bad News Bears,” October 2006. “We were wondering if now would be a good time to panic?”
  • 85. 72 Important Information All material presented is compiled from sources believed to be reliable and current, but accuracy cannot be guaranteed. This is not to be construed as an offer to buy or sell any financial instruments and should not be relied upon as the sole factor in an investment making decision. As with all investments there are associated inherent risks. Please obtain and review all financial material carefully before investing. The opinions expressed are those of the author, are based on current market conditions and are subject to change without notice. These materials may contain statements that are not purely historical in nature but are “forward-looking statements.” These include, among other things, projections, forecasts, estimates of income, yield or return or future performance targets. These forward-looking statements are based upon certain assumptions, some of which are described herein. Actual events are difficult to predict and may substantially differ from those assumed. All forward-looking statements included herein are based on information available on the date hereof and Fritz Meyer assumes no duty to update any forward-looking statement. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that estimated returns or projections can be realized, that forward-looking statements will materialize or that actual returns or results will not be materially lower than those presented. Note: Not all products, materials or services available at all firms. Advisers, please contact your home office.

Editor's Notes

  1. Please take a moment to read this important information.
  2. Before we get started, I would like to call your attention to our cautionary statements on the following slides. I will give you a moment to read it. It basically tells you that we are going to share opinions and estimates with you and that these should not be construed to be fact or any type of guarantee against market loss.
  3. And some additional important information.
  4. Here’s a quick preview of our discussion.
  5. Most Americans likely share the same sentiment.
  6. The LEI’s sharp recovery suggests that “double dip” in the U.S. is improbable.
  7. It’s important to watch the LEI’s six-month rate of change in gauging the onset of a significant slowdown. This measure would have to move below zero to signal another slide into recession ahead — and it’s still well above that level.
  8. August’s manufacturing purchasing managers index ticked up — a surprise compared to the consensus forecast for a decline. Historically, this measure has slumped below 50 prior to recession.
  9. The consensus opinion of the 55 economists surveyed by the Wall Street Journal in its August poll was for a sustained, though restrained, economic recovery. Not a double-dip and not the “new normal” idea of very anemic GDP growth.
  10. The Federal Reserve in its June “central tendency” GDP forecast sees a return to above-average growth in 2011 and 2012. (GDP growth has averaged around 3% in the decades since WWII).
  11. The most recent data in these graphs show the percentage contributors to the +1.6% gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the second quarter of 2010. Consumer spending has held up; private investment has snapped back strongly; government spending has recovered; and, net imports have surged, subtracting significantly from GDP growth.
  12. New job formation is recovering — but slowly.
  13. Employment is the key to sustained expansion. Coming out of the last recession, the household survey — which provides information on the labor force, employment and unemployment — led the establishment survey — which is more often reported and provides information on employment, hours and earnings — and it may be doing so again. Putting numbers to it, the household survey has reported an average of 185,000 jobs/mo. created YTD, compared to the establishment payroll figure averaging 90,000 jobs/mo. New job formation is recovering — but slowly.
  14. The unemployment rate is probably the highest-profile of economic statistics and it surges during recessions. Remember, however, that it has a history of peaking at the end of recession, or later, while the stock market has a history of bottoming before the end of recession.
  15. Weekly initial claims for unemployment insurance have ticked higher in recent months, following a post-recession plunge. This trend of some “give-back” is typical of previous recoveries.
  16. July housing starts ticked up after the slump that followed the termination of the government’s stimulus program that ended in April. The underlying trend since the March 2009 bottom is modestly encouraging. Homebuilding is presently running substantially below estimated new household formation.
  17. The crux of the debate as to whether the economic recovery is sustainable or not revolves around consumer spending. That’s because consumer spending constitutes 70% of GDP. Following the post-recession bounce, will consumer spending revival continue? A common refrain heard in the media is that consumers are “feeling poorer.” This, and other arguments against a sustained recovery in consumer spending, are the subjects addressed in the next seven slides.
  18. The simple observation here is that personal income and spending have been in recovery for two years — at approximately the pre-recession growth rate — following the sharp, recession-related correction of 2008. Because personal spending accounts for 70% of GDP, the rate of change in personal spending is key to the rate of change in GDP. Personal savings have surged from the lows of recent years. Restored household liquidity will drive spending, and, U.S. savers are providing, once again, a significant source of demand for U.S. Treasury bonds.
  19. What’s driving the rising trend in consumer income? Rising wages and salaries, increasing hours worked and payroll gains, though modest, have driven rising aggregate employee compensation. A significant increase in government transfer payments — Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid and unemployment insurance payments — has also been a significant driver of rising personal income. Interest and dividend income and proprietors’ income have not recovered.
  20. Rising savings and asset sales are reflected in this measure, which shows record high consumer cash balances compared to annual income in the last 15 years. It is simply not true that American households are “tapped out.”
  21. Growth in consumer spending has principally been a function of income growth, which, in turn, is driven by job growth and wage gains. Whereas, historically, the wealth effect does not appear to have significantly affected growth in consumer spending.
  22. Household debt compared to income is near record-high. However, this statistic is misleading. Because interest rates have declined so dramatically since the peak in 1980, households have the ability to service far more debt than they did in 1980. See next slide.
  23. The Federal Reserve’s financial obligation ratio measures consumers’ fixed expenses compared to disposable income. This is a good all-in measure of the extent to which consumer debt drags on all other consumer spending. It has declined recently and, at 17.4%, means that households have 82.6% of after-tax income with which to make all other monthly purchases, including discretionary spending. This measure gives a very different and, in my opinion, a more accurate picture of consumers’ degree of leverage than the household debt-to-income measure presented in the preceding chart.
  24. A recovery in consumer spending will depend heavily on higher-income consumers. In the higher income brackets spending behavior is less a function of consumers’ having the wherewithal to spend more — they do. It’s more a function of their willingness and desire to spend.
  25. July retail sales ticked up. The retail spending recovery remains intact.
  26. While the first birth wave generation (broadly defined) is 117 million strong, their children’s generation — the echo boomers — are 125 million in number. This generation is still expanding. The leading edge of this generation has only recently begun entering the labor force. With each passing year, a greater number will be applying for jobs than the year before. This is significant because by comparison to most of the other developed economies — Europe and Japan — the U.S. is in an enviable position. Growth in the working population drives gross domestic product (GDP) growth. The U.S. has this large echo boomer population coming behind us — and they don’t. This fact is one reason why the U.S. will likely continue to be a magnet attracting foreign investment capital. And the echo boomers are the reason to anticipate a potential recovery in demand for new housing and autos.
  27. In the top panel, you see actual measured Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation. Note how food and energy have whipped the headline figure higher and lower over recent years, a direct result of crude oil’s wild ride from $20 to $140, back to $40 early last year and other changes in the last 10 years. On the other hand, note how the core figure has been in steady decline. The Fed focuses its attention on core. That takes me to the lower panel: the Federal Reserve’s latest “central tendency” forecast for core inflation measured by the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) deflator. Note that the Fed sees stable, low core inflation through 2012. By comparison to the trend rate over recent years, this outlook centered on less than 2% is, indeed, “subdued”, to use the Fed’s latest language.
  28. First note the sentence from the Fed’s committee statement released on June 23, 2010, where they refer to resource slack. This is a reference to the “output gap” argument that inflation can’t return until actual demand for goods and services has reapproached productive supply limitations. Only at that point, states the theory, can companies hope to raise prices and can employees hope to get a bump in wages. How exactly to calculate the output gap is the subject of great debate among economists. The Fed’s capacity utilization statistic presented here is probably not a bad proxy, however. In the chart, note how inflation has, indeed, historically correlated with rising and falling capacity levels. The inflation “doves,” today, argue that because this recession resulted in record low capacity use, it’s highly unlikely that inflation will revive for quite some time — particularly since the prevailing view on the economy is for a slow, protracted recovery.
  29. This chart is an analysis of the monetarist view that inflation is always a monetary phenomenon. Lagging money growth by three years results in the best fit with inflation, i.e., surges in money have resulted in inflation three years later. What’s interesting about this chart, though, is the link has been tight in certain periods, historically, but has been inconsistent in recent decades. And the relationship seemed to invert during the 1980s. The concern looking ahead, as you can see in the chart, is that year-over-year money supply growth hit 10% recently, which, according to the monetarist view, would drive inflation skyward. If it’s any comfort, the last episode you see here in which M2, a broad measure of household’s monetary holding, growth hit 10% (2004), the consumer price index (CPI) hit only 4%, and the core CPI remained stable at not much over 2%.
  30. It’s important to distinguish between the Monetary Base and Money Supply. The Federal Reserve engineered an explosion in the former in order to restore confidence in the banking system and stimulate an economic recovery. For this policy action to result in inflation, a crucial next step is required: that banks actually start lending this newly available cash to households and businesses, whereupon it would start to show up in the Money Supply aggregates. In fact, this is the Fed’s desired outcome in order to stimulate spending. Thus far, this has not happened. The rate of year/year M2 growth, in fact, has declined in recent months.
  31. This market-based measure of inflation expectations is not reflecting a general concern that prices will actually decline in the foreseeable future.
  32. It looks like everyone’s budget might need some balancing.
  33. The federal budget deficit as a percent of gross domestic product (GDP) has increased sharply from what had been a favorable position, but is forecast to subside in 2012 and 2013, according to the Congressional Budget Office’s (CBO’s) August 2010 10-year budget outlook update. Deficit reduction will depend critically on the strength of economic recovery. CBO is projecting a healthy recovery.
  34. With the surge in federal budget deficits, the stock of outstanding federal debt compared to gross domestic product (GDP) is set to rise substantially, then stabilize, under the CBO’s August 2010 “baseline scenario.”
  35. Under the CBO’s August 2010 “alternative fiscal scenario”, Federal debt rises radically.
  36. This slide shows the Congressional Budget Office’s June 2009 long-term projections for total federal spending. Significantly, Social Security is not the problem, long-term, health care is.
  37. Historically, the U.S. has had much higher top marginal tax rates than at present. The correlation between top tax rates and economic growth is not so clear. The U.S. has posted a 3% trend line GDP growth for many decades despite periods of very high marginal tax rates.
  38. Since the 1960’s, total taxes paid as a percent of GDP has remained fairly constant under a wide range of top marginal tax rates.
  39. Investors are looking for returns they grew accustomed to during past years.
  40. Stocks still have a long way to recover just to re-take the pre-Lehman level.
  41. Investors sold stocks and accumulated a record amount of cash. In the past, a surge in cash above normal levels has coincided with opportune market buy points. While a substantial amount of cash has flowed back out of money market funds over the past year, as of July 31, 2010, cash in money market accounts is still at a historically high level.
  42. Earnings drive stock prices. Here you see the latest consensus 2010 and 2011 earnings forecasts (left axis) plotted against the S&P 500 (right axis).
  43. Ned Davis Research, Inc. has created a stock market “cycle composite” based on daily stock prices going back to 1928. This pattern suggests a strong fourth quarter 2010 for the stock market.
  44. With the plunge in bond yields (rise on bond prices), investors are wondering if we’re in a “bond bubble.” Here you see the record cash flows into bond mutual funds in recent months.
  45. Ned Davis Research, Inc.’s 10-year Treasury bond price model suggests modest over-valuation of that bond as a result of the flood of cash into bonds.
  46. Economists’ median forecasts are for rising bond yields over the next year and one-half. However, the distribution of their forecasts is wide for both 2009 and 2010. If the consensus view does play out it means there’s risk in long-dated bond prices as interest rates rise.
  47. While the overwhelming sentiment among economists has been for higher bond yields, in the long-term context it appears that yields could drop even further.
  48. Corporate, mortgage-backed, emerging market and CMBS bond yields have all declined in concert with the decline in U.S. Treasury bond yields.
  49. This chart suggests that the U.S. dollar measured against a broad-based trade-weighted basket of currencies is in a gradual secular decline — which makes sense insofar as some of our trading partners’ economies, i.e. China, India, Brazil, are growing so rapidly. Our view is that continued strong U.S. economic growth by comparison to the rest of the developed economies will likely continue to attract large sums of foreign investment from those developing-economy investors.
  50. Commodities have historically provided long-term returns comparable to stocks. Commodities have historically outperformed stocks during periods of rising inflation. In this example, commodities are represented by the S&P GSCI Total Return Index; stocks are represented by the S&P 500 Total Return Index; and bonds are represented by Barclays Capital Long-Term Treasury Bond Total Return Index.
  51. Gold has trended steadily higher despite a higher $USD, as investors relentlessly seek a safe haven.
  52. The U.S. DOE forecasts a resumption in demand growth for crude oil with global economic recovery.
  53. Crude and the $USD have historically been inversely correlated, although crude has remained firm this year even as the $USD rallied, reflecting an expected continued healthy recovery in global demand.
  54. To summarize, these are the key points.
  55. Though many investors may share this sentiment, there are better investment strategies.
  56. Here are the strategists’ 2009 sector recommendations from the Barron’s survey. They got more wrong than right.
  57. Here are the strategists’ 2010 sector recommendations from the Barron’s survey. They favor the tech, industrials, materials and energy sectors — the sectors that outperformed in 2009. They least favor the utilities, consumer staples and telecom sectors.
  58. Mother knows best.
  59. The term asset allocation is our industry’s shorthand to describe the application of modern portfolio theory — diversify, optimize, rebalance. If getting this job done properly across a broad book of clients turns out to be too big of a job, then use an asset allocation fund — wherein you’re simply paying the manager to diversify, optimize and rebalance. The tactical asset allocation ideas that investors frequently hear from Wall Street “experts” have sometimes proven to be poor advice. In 2006, for example, the most favored recommendation among Wall Street strategists was that large-cap growth would outperform, led by the information technology and health care sectors. These turned out to be the laggards. In 2007, a similar story. In 2008, information technology missed again, while health care was one of the better performing sectors. Their calls in 2009 were, again, misguided.
  60. Brigham Young Professor Israelsen has constructed a broadly diversified global balanced asset allocation model, the 7Twelve™ portfolio. How would this portfolio have performed through the stock market’s twin boom/busts of the last 10 years, assuming monthly rebalancing? See next page.
  61. Professor Israelsen’s global balanced index, periodically rebalanced, suggests that MPT diligently applied over the past decade had the potential to produce strong results. The difference between his “Active” and “Passive” indexes is that the former is constructed using actively managed mutual funds, and the latter with index-based ETFs.
  62. FundQuest analyzed 31,991 U.S. domiciled non-index mutual funds, both active and obsolete, in 73 categories for the period 1/1/80 to 2/1/10. Their conclusion: “We believe investors should seek to utilize a blend of both active and passive investing with the goal of optimizing their portfolios,” based upon their finding that actively managed funds, on average, beat their benchmarks in some categories whereas passive indexes, on average, beat their benchmarks in other categories.
  63. The name refers to seven core asset classes with 12 underlying sub-assets. The 7Twelve Portfolio is constructed to generally follow the time-tested 60/40 guideline, but it uses eight sub-assets instead of one to create an overall equity exposure of about 65% and four fixed-income sub-assets instead of one to create a "bond" exposure of about 35%. All 12 sub-assets are index-based, exchange-traded funds and all are equally weighted. Each represents 8.3% of the 7Twelve portfolio. The fund is rebalanced annually to maintain the equal weighting.
  64. Looking out five years, the IMF anticipates continued strong economic growth in these emerging markets.
  65. The combined GDP of the four emerging markets, Brazil, Russia, India and China, has recently surpassed that of the U.S. and Europe, measured on purchasing power parity.
  66. GDP per capita in these four leading emerging markets is still very low, suggesting substantial, long-term growth potential.
  67. To summarize, these are the key points.
  68. In 2006, the media often reported economic and stock market news with a negative bias. My opinion is that this is a systematic tendency on their part.