The document lists details of various standard frequency and time signal stations that transmit on longwave and shortwave radio frequencies, including their call signs, locations, transmission modes, frequencies, and schedules. It provides station lists, details for individual stations, and notes on some former stations that are now closed. The lists include stations from numerous countries around the world that have been used for time signal and frequency standard transmissions.
This document provides an analysis and critique of two previous works on the gas chambers and crematoria at Auschwitz: Jean-Claude Pressac's "Criminal Traces" and Robert Jan van Pelt's "Convergence of Evidence". The author Carlo Mattogno examines Pressac and van Pelt's arguments and evidence regarding the alleged homicidal gas chambers and cremation of bodies at Auschwitz. Mattogno analyzes technical documents and plans related to the crematoria and questions Pressac and van Pelt's interpretations. The document is divided into two volumes, with the first volume focusing on Pressac's "Criminal Traces" and the second planned to analyze witness testimonies
This document provides an overview of cable fault finding and locating techniques. It describes characteristics of good and bad cable insulation, and various cable faults. Methods are presented for locating faults in buried and above-ground primary cable, including testing the cable, analyzing fault resistance and loop tests, using time domain reflectometry (TDR) and DC hipot testing. Cable route tracers and locators are also discussed. The document details how underground cable problems can be seen using TDR and differential TDR/radar. It presents various localizing and pinpointing methods, and concludes with solutions for cable fault locating equipment.
This thesis studied the use of UV-Vis spectroscopy and neural networks to monitor the destabilization of metalworking fluid (MWF) emulsions. MWF emulsions were artificially aged using CaCl2 to induce destabilization, and their droplet size distributions and spectra were measured over time. A wavelength exponent calculated from spectra was found to correlate with mean droplet size and could indicate emulsion stability. Neural networks were able to estimate droplet size distributions from spectra with good accuracy. The method was then applied to long-term monitoring of commercial MWFs in a machining facility. Neural networks discriminated stability status and estimated distributions, demonstrating the potential of the spectroscopic sensor for online monitoring of MWF emulsion quality and
This document is a guide to earth resistance testing. It discusses measuring earth resistance for electrical grounding systems and large ground systems. Key points covered include factors that influence earth resistance requirements, basic test methods, and challenges in accurately measuring earth resistance for large ground grids. The guide provides practical advice and considerations for safely and effectively performing earth resistance tests.
This document provides a compendium of methods for ecological monitoring of coral reefs that are commonly used or were contributed by coral reef managers and researchers. It describes various methods for mapping and monitoring benthic communities, macroinvertebrates, fishes, physical parameters, and full monitoring programs. The methods range from general qualitative observations to quantitative transect and quadrat sampling. Major global and regional monitoring programs are also overviewed.
The document discusses techniques for earthing systems and soil resistivity testing. It covers:
1. The principles and guidelines for soil resistivity testing, including test methods, traverse locations, and spacing ranges.
2. How to design lightning earth systems, including types of earth electrodes, common earthing systems, and calculating earth resistance.
3. The importance of measuring impulse impedance to assess the transient performance of an earthing system, and how to interpret impulse impedance measurements.
This document lists contact information for sending reception reports to radio stations around the world based on confirmations received by the QSL.window team. It includes addresses for stations in Afghanistan, Alaska, Albania, Algeria and more. Notes at the bottom provide details on the project and addresses used.
This document provides an analysis and critique of two previous works on the gas chambers and crematoria at Auschwitz: Jean-Claude Pressac's "Criminal Traces" and Robert Jan van Pelt's "Convergence of Evidence". The author Carlo Mattogno examines Pressac and van Pelt's arguments and evidence regarding the alleged homicidal gas chambers and cremation of bodies at Auschwitz. Mattogno analyzes technical documents and plans related to the crematoria and questions Pressac and van Pelt's interpretations. The document is divided into two volumes, with the first volume focusing on Pressac's "Criminal Traces" and the second planned to analyze witness testimonies
This document provides an overview of cable fault finding and locating techniques. It describes characteristics of good and bad cable insulation, and various cable faults. Methods are presented for locating faults in buried and above-ground primary cable, including testing the cable, analyzing fault resistance and loop tests, using time domain reflectometry (TDR) and DC hipot testing. Cable route tracers and locators are also discussed. The document details how underground cable problems can be seen using TDR and differential TDR/radar. It presents various localizing and pinpointing methods, and concludes with solutions for cable fault locating equipment.
This thesis studied the use of UV-Vis spectroscopy and neural networks to monitor the destabilization of metalworking fluid (MWF) emulsions. MWF emulsions were artificially aged using CaCl2 to induce destabilization, and their droplet size distributions and spectra were measured over time. A wavelength exponent calculated from spectra was found to correlate with mean droplet size and could indicate emulsion stability. Neural networks were able to estimate droplet size distributions from spectra with good accuracy. The method was then applied to long-term monitoring of commercial MWFs in a machining facility. Neural networks discriminated stability status and estimated distributions, demonstrating the potential of the spectroscopic sensor for online monitoring of MWF emulsion quality and
This document is a guide to earth resistance testing. It discusses measuring earth resistance for electrical grounding systems and large ground systems. Key points covered include factors that influence earth resistance requirements, basic test methods, and challenges in accurately measuring earth resistance for large ground grids. The guide provides practical advice and considerations for safely and effectively performing earth resistance tests.
This document provides a compendium of methods for ecological monitoring of coral reefs that are commonly used or were contributed by coral reef managers and researchers. It describes various methods for mapping and monitoring benthic communities, macroinvertebrates, fishes, physical parameters, and full monitoring programs. The methods range from general qualitative observations to quantitative transect and quadrat sampling. Major global and regional monitoring programs are also overviewed.
The document discusses techniques for earthing systems and soil resistivity testing. It covers:
1. The principles and guidelines for soil resistivity testing, including test methods, traverse locations, and spacing ranges.
2. How to design lightning earth systems, including types of earth electrodes, common earthing systems, and calculating earth resistance.
3. The importance of measuring impulse impedance to assess the transient performance of an earthing system, and how to interpret impulse impedance measurements.
This document lists contact information for sending reception reports to radio stations around the world based on confirmations received by the QSL.window team. It includes addresses for stations in Afghanistan, Alaska, Albania, Algeria and more. Notes at the bottom provide details on the project and addresses used.
Effective leaders maintain a positive attitude, see change as an opportunity, and have the perseverance to accomplish goals in the face of obstacles. They show creativity by thinking of new ideas and solutions to problems. To be effective, leaders display sincerity, integrity, candor, confidence, endurance, and take charge when needed. They also surround themselves with optimism and have the courage to begin new journeys with an opportunity to explore new horizons.
The document provides an overview of social media and digital marketing. It discusses how digital media is a language for conversation rather than a platform. It also contrasts the old model of marketing focused on impressions and static concepts with the new model focused on consumer evangelism through living organisms in the voice of consumers. Statistics on internet, mobile, and social media penetration and usage in the Philippines are presented. The objectives and measures of success for digital media campaigns in Asia are outlined. Data on Twitter usage in the Philippines and examples of brand campaigns on Twitter are shared. Information is also provided on Facebook usage in the Philippines.
V-Star Groups established Ask4Truck.com in 2015 to professionalize the trucking industry in India and improve the livelihoods of truck drivers. The company aims to provide optimal logistics solutions through operations research techniques like route optimization and networking. Ask4Truck.com allows customers to easily book transportation online and offers benefits like competitive prices, end-to-end distribution services, and real-time tracking of goods to both transporters and customers.
Este documento contém uma lista de títulos de filmes, documentários e palestras relacionados ao radioamadorismo, rádio e radiodifusão. A lista inclui detalhes como produtora, ano de produção e tema abordado. Há mais de 150 itens catalogados de acordo com esses detalhes.
This very short document contains 3 lines that do not provide much context. The first line says "Test", the second line says "Test this powerpoint", and the third line says "Paco is awesome".
SlideShare can be used in instructional settings by having students collaborate on assignments without needing to meet in person, allowing students to analyze effective visual elements in other presentations on SlideShare, and enabling teachers to post class presentations for students who missed class or want to review to access. SlideShare supports file formats like PowerPoint and PDFs, allows sharing to social media, and is easy to use.
The SP DX Contest is an international amateur radio contest organized by the Polish Amateur Radio Union and SP DX Club. It takes place over the first full weekend of April using CW and phone modes on HF bands from 160-10 meters. Participants exchange signal reports and serial numbers or Polish voivodeship identifiers to earn points for contacts with different stations and multipliers for working stations in different countries or voivodeships. There are several categories for single operator and multi-operator entries. Certificates are awarded to top scores and logs must be submitted by April 30th.
Social, Digital & Mobile Around The World (January 2014) BY We Are SocialJOSE LUIS ROQUEÑI
This report presents all the key statistics, data and behavioural indicators for social, digital and mobile channels around the world. Alongside regional pictures that capture the stats for every nation on Earth, we also present in-depth analyses for 24 of the world's largest economies: Argentina, Australia, Brazile, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, Thailand, the UAE, the UK, and the USA. For other reports in this series, please visit http://wearesocial.sg/tag/sdmw
Beyond Lead Generation: How to Close the Sale Online and Grow your B2B e-Comm...Joe Rawlinson
The document discusses strategies for closing sales online and growing B2B e-commerce revenue. It recommends simplifying product choices for customers by helping them understand preferences and tradeoffs. It also suggests matching the customer's buying process by offering multiple payment and purchase approval options online, and facilitating offline interactions like phone calls when needed. The goal is to create a virtual sales experience that reduces complexity and guides customers through the buying journey.
The document outlines the rules for the 2014 ARI International DX Contest. It describes the categories, dates, bands, exchange format, scoring, and log submission requirements. The contest will take place May 3-4, 2014 from 1200Z Saturday to 1159Z Sunday. Categories include single-operator and multi-operator for various power levels and modes. Stations exchange RST, serial number, or province to earn points and multipliers based on location. Logs must be submitted in Cabrillo format via web upload by May 9th.
The Amateur League of Radio Emissions from Distrito Federal (LABRE-DF) is hosting the BRASILIA YEAR 54 CONTEST from April 19-27 to celebrate the 54th anniversary of Brasilia. The contest involves multiple modes on various HF bands and aims to work stations in Brazil and internationally. Participants can compete in categories including national, QRP, youth, and field operation. Logs are due by August 31st and results will be announced on September 6th with an awards ceremony on November 1st.
This document provides an intercomparison of various thermodynamic databases used to construct Eh-pH diagrams. It describes 7 different databases from software programs like FACT/FACTSAGE, SUPCRT/FLASK-AQ, LLNL/GWB, and OECD/NEA. The document includes tables listing the chemical species considered for various elements in each database. It also discusses the methods used to construct the Eh-pH diagrams and notes uncertainties in the databases.
This document provides an intercomparison of various thermodynamic databases used to construct Eh-pH diagrams. It describes 7 different databases from software programs like FACT/FACTSAGE, SUPCRT/FLASK-AQ, LLNL/GWB, and OECD/NEA. The document contains tables listing the chemical species considered for various elements in each database. It also discusses the methods used to construct the Eh-pH diagrams and notes uncertainties in the databases.
This document is Francesco Volpe's 2003 PhD thesis from Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany. The thesis presents a novel diagnostic technique for measuring electron temperature profiles in the W7-AS stellarator plasma above the electron cyclotron emission cutoff density. The technique uses electron Bernstein waves, which are confined within the upper hybrid layers and converted to ordinary mode waves that propagate out of the plasma. An antenna and transmission line were designed and optimized using ray tracing calculations to maximize the conversion efficiency. Experimental results demonstrated measurements of electron temperature profiles, edge localized modes, confinement transitions, and radiative collapses using this diagnostic up to densities of 3.8×1020 m-3. The technique was also
The document provides an overview of atomic and nuclear physics concepts. It discusses the atomic structure of matter, including subatomic particles and the Bohr model of the atom. It also covers the chart of nuclides, mass defect and binding energy, modes of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma emission and electron capture. Additionally, it summarizes key topics in radioactivity such as decay rates, half-life and equilibrium. Neutron interactions like scattering and absorption reactions are also briefly described. The goal is to introduce fundamental physics principles relevant to nuclear processes and radiation.
This document reports on exploration results from the Cuale VMS project in Jalisco, Mexico. It summarizes the geology of the property and regional area, including the volcanic stratigraphy and presence of a VMS deposit type. Exploration methods are described including geochemical sampling, airborne and ground geophysics, and drilling. Assay results from drilling indicate mineralization at the Jesus Maria, Talpas, San Rafael and San Juan zones.
Multi-Wavelength Analysis of Active Galactic NucleiSameer Patel
This dissertation explores the current research methods and analysis adopted for the study of Active Galactic Nuclei in all wavelengths of the electromagnetic radiation. Being the most violent objects that one can see in the present Universe, AGNs have been attributed to emitting radiation in all wavelengths and still exhibit various unexplained phenomena, alongside with being the probes to the very early Universe. The unification of the AGN model is also included for completeness, albeit not confirmed in its entirety.
This thesis studies a novel heavy quark jet identification technique and incoherent production of mesons in ultra-peripheral collisions at ALICE. A unique jet identification algorithm is developed that substantially reduces the number of non-heavy flavor jets in a sample. Incoherently produced mesons are observed with a cross section between 1900 and 30600 μbarns, while coherently produced mesons are not observed in 2011 Pb-Pb collision data at the LHC.
This document contains lecture notes for a course on wireless communication systems. It covers topics such as cellular system fundamentals, frequency reuse techniques, methods for increasing network capacity and coverage like sectoring and microcells, propagation models including free space, two-ray ground reflection and indoor models, fading effects from multipath propagation, modulation schemes, error correction coding, and spread spectrum techniques. The notes are divided into chapters with sections on key concepts and mathematical details.
This document provides a training manual for shipboard sampling and laboratory analyses as part of the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem Project. The manual aims to build capacity for routine marine pollution monitoring. It covers topics such as safety, general notes on sampling at sea using equipment like Nansen bottles and grabs, measuring parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients. Procedures are described for sampling water and sediments, as well as analyzing samples for bacteria, heavy metals, hydrocarbons and other contaminants. The overall goal is to train scientists in monitoring, prevention and control of marine pollution in the Guinea Current region.
Effective leaders maintain a positive attitude, see change as an opportunity, and have the perseverance to accomplish goals in the face of obstacles. They show creativity by thinking of new ideas and solutions to problems. To be effective, leaders display sincerity, integrity, candor, confidence, endurance, and take charge when needed. They also surround themselves with optimism and have the courage to begin new journeys with an opportunity to explore new horizons.
The document provides an overview of social media and digital marketing. It discusses how digital media is a language for conversation rather than a platform. It also contrasts the old model of marketing focused on impressions and static concepts with the new model focused on consumer evangelism through living organisms in the voice of consumers. Statistics on internet, mobile, and social media penetration and usage in the Philippines are presented. The objectives and measures of success for digital media campaigns in Asia are outlined. Data on Twitter usage in the Philippines and examples of brand campaigns on Twitter are shared. Information is also provided on Facebook usage in the Philippines.
V-Star Groups established Ask4Truck.com in 2015 to professionalize the trucking industry in India and improve the livelihoods of truck drivers. The company aims to provide optimal logistics solutions through operations research techniques like route optimization and networking. Ask4Truck.com allows customers to easily book transportation online and offers benefits like competitive prices, end-to-end distribution services, and real-time tracking of goods to both transporters and customers.
Este documento contém uma lista de títulos de filmes, documentários e palestras relacionados ao radioamadorismo, rádio e radiodifusão. A lista inclui detalhes como produtora, ano de produção e tema abordado. Há mais de 150 itens catalogados de acordo com esses detalhes.
This very short document contains 3 lines that do not provide much context. The first line says "Test", the second line says "Test this powerpoint", and the third line says "Paco is awesome".
SlideShare can be used in instructional settings by having students collaborate on assignments without needing to meet in person, allowing students to analyze effective visual elements in other presentations on SlideShare, and enabling teachers to post class presentations for students who missed class or want to review to access. SlideShare supports file formats like PowerPoint and PDFs, allows sharing to social media, and is easy to use.
The SP DX Contest is an international amateur radio contest organized by the Polish Amateur Radio Union and SP DX Club. It takes place over the first full weekend of April using CW and phone modes on HF bands from 160-10 meters. Participants exchange signal reports and serial numbers or Polish voivodeship identifiers to earn points for contacts with different stations and multipliers for working stations in different countries or voivodeships. There are several categories for single operator and multi-operator entries. Certificates are awarded to top scores and logs must be submitted by April 30th.
Social, Digital & Mobile Around The World (January 2014) BY We Are SocialJOSE LUIS ROQUEÑI
This report presents all the key statistics, data and behavioural indicators for social, digital and mobile channels around the world. Alongside regional pictures that capture the stats for every nation on Earth, we also present in-depth analyses for 24 of the world's largest economies: Argentina, Australia, Brazile, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, Thailand, the UAE, the UK, and the USA. For other reports in this series, please visit http://wearesocial.sg/tag/sdmw
Beyond Lead Generation: How to Close the Sale Online and Grow your B2B e-Comm...Joe Rawlinson
The document discusses strategies for closing sales online and growing B2B e-commerce revenue. It recommends simplifying product choices for customers by helping them understand preferences and tradeoffs. It also suggests matching the customer's buying process by offering multiple payment and purchase approval options online, and facilitating offline interactions like phone calls when needed. The goal is to create a virtual sales experience that reduces complexity and guides customers through the buying journey.
The document outlines the rules for the 2014 ARI International DX Contest. It describes the categories, dates, bands, exchange format, scoring, and log submission requirements. The contest will take place May 3-4, 2014 from 1200Z Saturday to 1159Z Sunday. Categories include single-operator and multi-operator for various power levels and modes. Stations exchange RST, serial number, or province to earn points and multipliers based on location. Logs must be submitted in Cabrillo format via web upload by May 9th.
The Amateur League of Radio Emissions from Distrito Federal (LABRE-DF) is hosting the BRASILIA YEAR 54 CONTEST from April 19-27 to celebrate the 54th anniversary of Brasilia. The contest involves multiple modes on various HF bands and aims to work stations in Brazil and internationally. Participants can compete in categories including national, QRP, youth, and field operation. Logs are due by August 31st and results will be announced on September 6th with an awards ceremony on November 1st.
This document provides an intercomparison of various thermodynamic databases used to construct Eh-pH diagrams. It describes 7 different databases from software programs like FACT/FACTSAGE, SUPCRT/FLASK-AQ, LLNL/GWB, and OECD/NEA. The document includes tables listing the chemical species considered for various elements in each database. It also discusses the methods used to construct the Eh-pH diagrams and notes uncertainties in the databases.
This document provides an intercomparison of various thermodynamic databases used to construct Eh-pH diagrams. It describes 7 different databases from software programs like FACT/FACTSAGE, SUPCRT/FLASK-AQ, LLNL/GWB, and OECD/NEA. The document contains tables listing the chemical species considered for various elements in each database. It also discusses the methods used to construct the Eh-pH diagrams and notes uncertainties in the databases.
This document is Francesco Volpe's 2003 PhD thesis from Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany. The thesis presents a novel diagnostic technique for measuring electron temperature profiles in the W7-AS stellarator plasma above the electron cyclotron emission cutoff density. The technique uses electron Bernstein waves, which are confined within the upper hybrid layers and converted to ordinary mode waves that propagate out of the plasma. An antenna and transmission line were designed and optimized using ray tracing calculations to maximize the conversion efficiency. Experimental results demonstrated measurements of electron temperature profiles, edge localized modes, confinement transitions, and radiative collapses using this diagnostic up to densities of 3.8×1020 m-3. The technique was also
The document provides an overview of atomic and nuclear physics concepts. It discusses the atomic structure of matter, including subatomic particles and the Bohr model of the atom. It also covers the chart of nuclides, mass defect and binding energy, modes of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma emission and electron capture. Additionally, it summarizes key topics in radioactivity such as decay rates, half-life and equilibrium. Neutron interactions like scattering and absorption reactions are also briefly described. The goal is to introduce fundamental physics principles relevant to nuclear processes and radiation.
This document reports on exploration results from the Cuale VMS project in Jalisco, Mexico. It summarizes the geology of the property and regional area, including the volcanic stratigraphy and presence of a VMS deposit type. Exploration methods are described including geochemical sampling, airborne and ground geophysics, and drilling. Assay results from drilling indicate mineralization at the Jesus Maria, Talpas, San Rafael and San Juan zones.
Multi-Wavelength Analysis of Active Galactic NucleiSameer Patel
This dissertation explores the current research methods and analysis adopted for the study of Active Galactic Nuclei in all wavelengths of the electromagnetic radiation. Being the most violent objects that one can see in the present Universe, AGNs have been attributed to emitting radiation in all wavelengths and still exhibit various unexplained phenomena, alongside with being the probes to the very early Universe. The unification of the AGN model is also included for completeness, albeit not confirmed in its entirety.
This thesis studies a novel heavy quark jet identification technique and incoherent production of mesons in ultra-peripheral collisions at ALICE. A unique jet identification algorithm is developed that substantially reduces the number of non-heavy flavor jets in a sample. Incoherently produced mesons are observed with a cross section between 1900 and 30600 μbarns, while coherently produced mesons are not observed in 2011 Pb-Pb collision data at the LHC.
This document contains lecture notes for a course on wireless communication systems. It covers topics such as cellular system fundamentals, frequency reuse techniques, methods for increasing network capacity and coverage like sectoring and microcells, propagation models including free space, two-ray ground reflection and indoor models, fading effects from multipath propagation, modulation schemes, error correction coding, and spread spectrum techniques. The notes are divided into chapters with sections on key concepts and mathematical details.
This document provides a training manual for shipboard sampling and laboratory analyses as part of the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem Project. The manual aims to build capacity for routine marine pollution monitoring. It covers topics such as safety, general notes on sampling at sea using equipment like Nansen bottles and grabs, measuring parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients. Procedures are described for sampling water and sediments, as well as analyzing samples for bacteria, heavy metals, hydrocarbons and other contaminants. The overall goal is to train scientists in monitoring, prevention and control of marine pollution in the Guinea Current region.
La Guía de Telecomunicaciones de Emergencia de IARU está ahora disponible en línea para capacitar a radioaficionados en comunicaciones de emergencia. Actualmente se está votando para la membresía de la Association Burundaise des Amateurs Radio et Télévision. El 18 de abril se celebrará el Día Mundial de la Radioafición para promover la ciencia, el servicio y la diversión de la radioafición.
O documento convida radioamadores a participarem de um acampamento escoteiro em janeiro de 2015 no Rio Grande do Norte, onde haverá uma estação de rádio operando para interagir com os escoteiros. A estação irá transmitir em várias frequências de HF e VHF e distribuir cartões QSL. O objetivo é promover o radioamadorismo entre os jovens.
Tabelas de repetidores nacionais a 01 agosto 2014Fmoreira4
This document provides a summary of continental VHF and UHF repeaters in Portugal. It lists 70 VHF repeaters and over 30 UHF repeaters with details such as transmitter and receiver frequencies, emission designator, location coordinates, callsign and license holder. The repeaters are located across Portugal, situated primarily on mountains and hills to provide better coverage. The list was last updated on specific dates and compiled by João Costa.
Este documento descreve o regulamento do 10o Concurso VHF/UHF de 2014 organizado pela ARAM, definindo as categorias, faixas, modos de operação, pontuação, procedimentos para envio de logs e critérios para atribuição de prémios. O concurso ocorrerá das 13h às 24h UTC de 12 de Julho de 2014 e será internacional, com contatos em 2m, 70cm e 23cm.
Radio amador.net pipermail-cluster_attachments_20140501_81ed7f60_programaacar...Fmoreira4
O documento descreve o programa de um evento de radioamadorismo e escutismo chamado ACARÁDIO que ocorrerá em 17 de maio de 2014 no Auditório do Pavilhão Municipal do Alto do Moinho em Corroios, Portugal. O programa inclui sessões sobre o radioamadorismo e sua relação com a sociedade, atividades radioescutistas, e o futuro do radioamadorismo, bem como um espaço prático e exposição de equipamentos.
Realese do livro historias que o radio nao contouFmoreira4
1) O livro conta a história da radiodifusão no Brasil e no mundo desde sua origem até a era digital, destacando figuras importantes como o Padre Roberto Landell de Moura, inventor do rádio, e Edgard Roquette-Pinto, fundador da primeira emissora de rádio no Brasil.
2) Reynaldo C. Tavares compilou dados sobre a história do rádio brasileiro após anos de pesquisa, incluindo informações sobre radiodifusoras, locutores, programas e gêneros musicais transmitidos.
Histórias que o_rádio_não_contou_-_realiseFmoreira4
O livro Histórias que o Rádio não contou irá ser lançado em breve pela editora PAULUS. O livro compila dados e histórias do rádio brasileiro e mundial através de anos de pesquisa, incluindo detalhes sobre os inventores do rádio e as primeiras transmissões de futebol. O livro também apresenta biografias de importantes personalidades e profissionais que trabalharam com rádio no Brasil.
O documento convida radioamadores a participarem do 54o Concurso Brasília organizado pela LABRE-DF para comemorar o aniversário de Brasília. O concurso ocorrerá em diferentes modalidades em abril e maio de 2014 e premiará os primeiros colocados de cada categoria.
O documento convida radioamadores a participarem do 54o Concurso Brasília organizado pela LABRE-DF para comemorar o aniversário de Brasília. O concurso ocorrerá em três modalidades (digital, fonia e CW) em várias faixas e categorias com pontuação e prêmios para os primeiros colocados de cada categoria.
Regulamento concurso braslia ano 54- Inglês Fmoreira4
O documento convida radioamadores a participarem do 54o Concurso Brasília organizado pela LABRE-DF para comemorar o aniversário de Brasília. O concurso ocorrerá em três modalidades (digital, fonia e CW) em várias faixas em abril e maio. Haverá premiação para as melhores estações em diferentes categorias.
O documento convida radioamadores a participarem do 54o Concurso Brasília organizado pela LABRE-DF para comemorar o aniversário de Brasília. O concurso ocorrerá em três modalidades (digital, fonia e CW) em várias faixas e categorias com pontuação e prêmios para os primeiros colocados de cada categoria.
Este boletín semanal del Radio Club Peruano OA4O proporciona información sobre las actividades del club, incluyendo la asamblea general ordinaria, el pago de cuotas anuales, un diploma para estaciones que se reporten regularmente al boletín, el lanzamiento del satélite peruano Chasqui 1, una expedición a la isla San Lorenzo, y noticias internacionales sobre el Radio Club Venezolano y una expedición a Mellish Reef.
A LIGA DE AMADORES BRASILEIROS DE RADIO EMISSÃO (LABRE) se reuniu com o Ministro das Comunicações e com o Presidente da Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (ANATEL) para discutir assuntos relacionados ao radioamadorismo no Brasil, como a renovação do Termo de Cooperação LABRE/ANATEL, a reformulação da norma do serviço de radioamador e a burocracia para emissão de indicativos especiais.
FRANÇA 1938 III COPA DO MUNDO: O RÁDIO BRASILEIRO ESTAVA LÁFmoreira4
O documento descreve a primeira transmissão de uma Copa do Mundo pelo rádio brasileiro em 1938 na França. O locutor Leonardo Gagliano Neto transmitiu os jogos do Brasil de forma pioneira, emocionando ouvintes em todo o país. Apesar de limitações técnicas, as transmissões foram um sucesso. O Brasil chegou às semifinais da Copa de 1938.
O documento fornece informações sobre as operações de radioamadores na faixa de 40 metros no Brasil, especificando que a Classe C pode operar entre 7.000-7.040 kHz apenas em CW, enquanto as Classes B e A podem operar entre 7.000-7.300 kHz em mais modos como dados SSB e teletipo SSB. O uso de frequências ou modos não permitidos pode levar a punições.
O documento discute as reuniões da LABRE (Liga de Amadores Brasileiros de Rádio Emissão) com a ANATEL para atualizar o plano de destinação de faixas de frequências do Brasil de acordo com as regulamentações internacionais e manter as faixas espectrais usadas por radioamadores. A LABRE defendeu a manutenção das faixas entre 5250-5450 kHz e entre 71-84 GHz para uso de radioamadores.
PARTICIPAÇÃO DO GDE/LABRE NA ASSEMBLÉIA GERAL DA IARU REGIÃO 2Fmoreira4
O documento resume a participação da LABRE na XVIII Assembleia Geral da IARU Região 2 no México, onde apresentaram propostas para o plano de bandas, incluindo novas faixas. A LABRE teve contribuições importantes aceitas, como a inclusão de bandas de 2200m e 550m pela primeira vez no plano continental. A nova diretoria da Região 2 para 2013-2016 também foi eleita.
O documento anuncia o 6o Mini Encontro do GEA em 21 de setembro de 2013 no Restaurante Aconchego em Cruzeiro-SP, com instruções de como chegar e cardápio completo. O almoço custará R$39 por pessoa sem cobrança de 10%, incluindo sobremesa, e bebidas serão à parte.
Este documento presenta una tabla de propagación que muestra los valores pronosticados del flujo solar e índices A y K para el período del 2 al 28 de septiembre de 2013. La tabla simplifica la tarea de escucha y comunicación al mostrar la evolución esperada de las condiciones de propagación. Valores más altos de flujo solar y más bajos de los índices A y K indican mejores condiciones para la escucha.
Explore Austin's dynamic history and cultural tapestry on a captivating journey. From its origins as Texas' capital to architectural marvels like the Texas State Capitol and cultural hubs such as the Driskill Hotel. Dive into its diverse heritage, legendary music scene, key historical moments, natural beauty, and vibrant culinary delights.
Experience the magic of bioluminescence at Puerto Rico's Bioluminescent Bay with our guide to optimal viewing. Plan your visit during the new moon phase for vibrant displays, and consider dry season from December to April. Book a guided tour, choose calm nights, and respect the environment for an unforgettable adventure.
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2. 2
Station list
Freq. Call
Station Mode Transmission time (UTC) Remarks
in kHz sign
Winter 1106 - 1140, summer 1006 - 1040.
No operation on the 3., 13. ,23.
At xx36-xx40 unknown FSK
xx06 - xx20: 25.0 kHz,
Krasnodar, mode on 20.5 kHz. 50 Baud,
RJH63 CW + FSK xx21 - xx23: 25.1 kHz,
RUS 100 Hz shift, 10 bit word
xx24 - xx26: 25.5 kHz,
length, 100 bit block length.
xx27 - xx31: 23.0 kHz,
xx32 - xx40: 20.5 kHz
Winter 0406-0447, 1006-047,
summer 0306-0347, 0906-0947.
No operation on the 6., 16., 26.
xx06-xx25: 25.0 kHz,
RJH66 Bishkek, KGZ CW
xx27-xx30: 25.1 kHz,
xx32-xx35: 25.5 kHz,
xx38-xx41: 23.0 kHz,
25
xx44-xx47: 20.5 kHz
Winter 0706-0747, summer 0606-0647.
Molodecno,
RJH69 CW No operation on the 2., 12., 22. of each
BLR
month. Details see RJH66
Winter 0906-0947, summer 0806-0847.
Arkhangelsk,
RJH77 CW No operation on the 4., 14., 24. of each
RUS
month. Details see RJH66
Winter 0506-0547, summer 0406-0447.
Nizhniy
RJH99 CW No operation on the 8., 18., 28. of each
Novgorod, RUS
month. Details see RJH66
Winter 0206-0240, 0606-0640, summer ???.
Khabarovsk,
RAB99 CW No operation on the 10., 20., 30. of each
RUS
month. Details see RJH63
Mt. Otakadoya,
40 JJY CW Continuous
Fukushima, J
50 RTZ Irkutsk, RUS CW 22-21h (01-24h Moscow Time; winter) No logs after early 2004
Mt. Hagane,
JJY CW Continuous
Kyushu Isl., J
60 MSF Rugby, G CW Continuous
Ft. Collins,
WWVB CW Continuous
CO, USA
66.67 RBU Moskva, RUS AM Continuous
Proprietary (commercial)
68.5 BPC Lintong, CHN ? 0800-1200, 2200-2330
time code
75 HBG Prangins, SUI CW Continuous
77.5 DCF77 Mainflingen, D CW + PSK Continuous
Loran-C navigation system.
100 Worldwide Continuous Some chains are synchronized
to UTC
Loran-C station for standard
100 BPL Lintong, CHN time-shared with BPC on 68.5 kHz time & frequency
dissemination. GRI = 6000
Radio France broadcast
162 Allouis, F PSK Continuous
station
BBC broadcast station.
198 Droitwich, G PSK Continuous
Commercial data & time code
1510 HD2IOA Guayaquil, EQA AM Continuous
BPM Lintong, CHN AM 0900-0100
Ft. Collins,
2500 WWV AM Continuous
CO, USA
WWVH Kekaha, HWA AM Continuous
3330 CHU Ottawa, CAN AM (USB) Continuous
3810 HD2IOA Guayaquil, EQA AM (LSB) 0000-1200
4996 RWM Moskva, RUS CW Continuous except minute 08 and 38
BPM Lintong, CHN AM Continuous
BSF Chung-Li, TWN AM Continuous except minutes 35-39 Status uncertain
5000
Status unknown. Closure "in
HLA Taejon, KOR AM Continuous?
the future" announced in 2003
LOL Buenos Aires, AM 1100-1200, 1400-1500, 1700-1800,
3. 3
ARG 2000-2100, 2300-2400
Ft. Collins,
WWV AM Continuous
CO, USA
WWVH Kekaha, HWA AM Continuous
YVTO Caracas, VEN AM Continuous
HD2IOA Guayaquil, EQA AM (LSB) 1200-1300
7335 CHU Ottawa, CAN AM (USB) Continuous
7600 HD2IOA Guayaquil, EQA AM 1300-2400
9996 RWM Moskva, RUS CW Continuous except minute 08 and 38
BPM Lintong, CHN AM Continuous
Buenos Aires, 1100-1200, 1400-1500, 1700-1800,
LOL AM Status uncertain
ARG 2000-2100, 2300-2400
10000
Ft. Collins,
WWV AM Continuous
CO, USA
WWVH Kekaha, HWA AM Continuous
14670 CHU Ottawa, CAN AM (USB) Continuous
14996 RWM Moskva, RUS CW Continuous except minute 08 and 38
BPM Lintong, CHN AM 0100 - 0900
BSF Chung-Li, TWN AM Continuous except minutes 35-39 Status uncertain
Buenos Aires, 1100-1200, 1400-1500, 1700-1800,
LOL AM "Temporary inactive"
15000 ARG 2000-2100, 2300-2400
Ft. Collins,
WWV AM Continuous
Co, USA
WWVH Kekaha, HWA AM Continuous
Ft. Collins,
20000 WWV AM Continuous
CO, USA
Some former stations
Call sign Station Frequencies [kHz] Closure Remarks
ATA New Delhi, IND 5000, 10000, 15000 Still active on 10000 kHz?
EBC San Fernando (Cadiz), E 6840, 12008
FFH Paris, F 2500
FTH42, 7428,
FTK77, Paris, F 10775, March 1985
FTN87 13873
GBR Rugby, G 16 December 1986
IAM Rome, I 5000 early 1998 Closed after transmitter breakdown
IBF Torino, I 5000 early 1990s
LOL2, LOL3 Buenos Aires, ARG 4856, 8030, 17180 LOL still on 5000, 10000 , 15000 kHz?
JG2AS Sanwa, J 40 1999
2500, 5000, 8000, 1996 (2500 & 15000),
JJY Sanwa, J Now on 40 and 60 kHz
10000, 15000 March 2001
MSF Rugby, G 2500, 5000, 10000 February 1988 Now on 60 kHz
OLB5 Prague (Liblice), CZR 3170
December 1995
OMA Prague (Liblice), CZR 50, 2500
(50 kHz)
RID Irkutsk, RUS 5004, 10004, 15004 December 1996
RTA Novosibirsk, RUS 10000, 15000 mid-1990s
ULA4 Tashkent, UZB 2500, 5000, 10000 May 1999 Call sign RCH until 1996
2500, 5000, 8638,
VNG Llandilo, AUS June / December 2002
12984, 16000
WWVL Fort Collins, CO, USA 20 1972
Y3S Nauen, DDR 4525 June 1990
ZUO Pretoria, AFS 2500, 5000
4. 4
BPM, Lintong, China
Frequencies: 2500, 5000, 10000, 15000 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 10-11
Call sign: BPM
Location: Pucheng County, 70 km NE Lintong, China. Approx. 35° 00' n, 109° 30' e
Operating hours: 0730-1100 on 2500 kHz, 0100-0900 on 15000 kHz,
continuous on 5000 and 10000 kHz
Power: Unknown
Modulation: AM; tones and voice. UTC time signals are broadcast 20 ms in advance of UTC.
Identification signal: Call sign in morse and voice announcement in Chinese in minute 29 and 59
Programme: Repeats every 30 minutes, see Table 3
Time code: None, but NTSC has announced in 2003 that "BPM will disseminate the standard
time code after a technical reconstruction"
Further information: National Time Service Center (NTSC)
http://kyc.ntsc.ac.cn/, http://www.time.ac.cn/
00m - 10m UTC second pulses, 10 ms duration; UTC minute pulses, 300 ms duration
10m - 15m No modulation; carrier only
15m - 25m UTC second pulses, 10 ms duration; UTC minute pulses, 300 ms duration
25m - 29m UT1 second pulses, 100 ms duration; UT1 minute pulses, 300 ms duration
29m00s - 29m40s Call sign BPM in morse
29m40s - 30m00s Station identification in Chinese (female voice)
30m - 40m UTC second pulses 10 ms duration, UTC minute pulses 300 ms duration
40m - 45m No modulation; carrier only
45m - 55m UTC second pulses, 10 ms duration; UTC minute pulses, 300 ms duration
55m - 59m UT1 second pulses, 100 ms duration; UT1 minute pulses, 300 ms duration
59m00s - 59m40s Call sign BPM in morse
59m40s - 60m00s Station identification in Chinese (female voice)
Table 3. BPM hourly transmission schedule
5. 5
BSF, Chung-Li, Taiwan
Frequencies: 5000, 15000 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 2 x 10-11
Call sign: BSF
Location: Chung-Li, 24° 57’ n, 121° 09’ e
Operating hours: Continuous except from xx35 - xx40 each hour
Power: Unknown
Modulation: AM; 1000 Hz tones and voice
DUT1 code is transmitted by emphasized (lengthened) pulses. When the
emphasis is on seconds 1 through 8, DUT1 is positive; and when DUT1 is
negative, seconds 9 through 16 are used (DUT1 is the difference between the
astronomical time scale UT1 and the atomic time scale UTC, in 0.1 s steps. Range
is ±0.8 s).
Identification signal: Call sign in morse and announcement in minute 09, 19, 29, 49, 59 (not in 39)
Programme: See Table 4
Time code: None
Further information: National Standard Time Service. Chungghwa Telecom Co. Ltd.
http://www.stdtime.gov.tw
Second pulses of 5 ms duration, minute pulses of 300 ms
00m - 05m duration. 1000 Hz tone is tranmitted continuously except for a
period of from 40 ms before to 40 ms after each pulse
05m - 09m As 00m - 05m but without 1000 Hz tone transmissions
09m Call sign and time in morse and announcement in Chinese
10m - 15m As 00m - 05m
15m - 19m As 00m - 05m but without 1000 Hz tone transmissions
19m Call sign and time in morse and announcement in Chinese
20m - 25m As 00m - 05m
25m - 29m As 00m - 05m but without 1000 Hz tone transmissions
29m Call sign and time in morse and announcement in Chinese
30m - 35m As 00m - 05m
35m - 40m Silence
40m - 45m As 00m - 05m
45m - 49m As 00m - 05m but without 1000 Hz tone transmissions
49m Call sign and time in morse and announcement in Chinese
50m - 55m As 00m - 05m
55m - 59m As 00m - 05m but without 1000 Hz tone transmissions
59m Call sign and time in morse and announcement in Chinese
Table 4. Schedule
6. 6
CHU, Ottawa, Canada
Frequencies: 3330, 7335, 14670 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 5 x 10-12
Call sign: CHU
Location: Ottawa, 45° 18' n, 75° 45' w
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: 3 kW on 3330 and 14670 kHz, 10 kW on 7335 kHz
Modulation: AM (USB only), tones and voice
The first minute of each hour commences with a 1 s pulse of 1000 Hz tone,
followed by 9 s of silence, and then the normal pattern of 0.3 s pulses of 1000 Hz
at one-second intervals. The normal pattern for each of the next 59 minutes starts
with a 0.5 s 1000 Hz pulse.
DUT1 code is transmitted in seconds 1 through 16 (DUT1 is the difference
between the astronomical time scale UT1 and the atomic time scale UTC, rounded
to 0.1 s. The range of DUT1 is -0.8 s to +0.8 s). The DUT1 code consists of
emphasized (split) seconds markers, so that a double tone is heard. When the
emphasis is on seconds 1 through 8, DUT1 is positive; and when DUT1 is
negative, seconds 9 through 16 are used.
The pulse in second 29 is omitted. Following the normal pulse at 30 seconds, for a
9 s period, 1000 Hz pulses of 0.01 s occur, each followed by the CHU time code
(see below). The pulses between 40 and 50 seconds are of normal length.
Identification signal: Alternating French/English station identification in the last 10 seconds of each
minute, followed by UTC time announcement, valid for the following minute. During
the announcement period, the 1000 Hz seconds pulses are shortened to “ticks”.
Time code: A time code is sent in seconds 31 through 39. The data is in the form of an FSK
data stream, with 2225 Hz mark and 2025 Hz space. Each packet consists of ten
bytes. There are two formats, format B for second 31 and format A for seconds 32
through 39. See Tables 5 and 6 for details.
Further information: INMS Time Services. http://inms-ienm.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/
0 - 10 ms Ticking noise (10 cycles of 1000 Hz)
10 - 123.33 ms 2225 Hz mark tone
Ten bytes of data at 300 bits per second. Each byte is
123.33 - 500 ms
encoded as one start bit, eight data bits and two stop bits
500 - 510 ms 2225 Hz mark tone for 10 ms
510 ms - 1000 ms Silence until the end of the second
Table 5. Structure of seconds 31 through 39
7. 7
Byte Data Meaning of data
1 D 36
D3D2D1 is the day of the year. 6 is a constant.
2 D 1D 2
3 H 1H 2 H2H1 = UTC hour
4 M1M2 M2M1 = UTC minute
5 S1S2 S2S1 = UTC second
6
7
Byte 1…5
8 Redundancy bytes
repeated
9
10
Table 6a. Format A, transmitted in seconds 32 through 39. Each nibble is a BCD
digit. Note that the nibbles are transmitted in swapped order.
Byte Data Meaning of data
Z is the absolute value of DUT1 in tenths of a second.
X is encoded as follows:
1 ZX
Bit 0 (rightmost; transmitted first): Sign of DUT1 (0 = +).
Bit 1: Leap second warning. One second will be added.
Bit 2: Leap second warning. One second will be subtracted.
Bit 3: Even parity bit for this nibble.
2 Y3Y4
Y4Y3Y2Y1 = year
3 Y1Y2
T2T1 = Difference between TAI and UTC in seconds. The
International Atomic Time TAI does not use leap seconds.
4 T1T2 Some other technical time scales are based on TAI, to
avoid leap seconds. TAI can be calculated from UTC by:
TAI = UTC + TT.
A2A1 is the code number for the daylight saving time pattern
5 A1A2 in effect at this time across all time zones of Canada. The
current serial number is 01, effective since 1988.
6
7
Byte 1…5
8 inverted (1’s Redundancy bytes
complement)
9
10
Table 6b. Format B, transmitted in second 31. Each nibble, except X, is a BCD digit.
Note that the nibbles are transmitted in swapped order.
8. 8
Droitwich, United Kingdom
Frequency: 198 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 1 x 10-11
Call sign: None
Location: Wychbold, Worcestershire, England, 57° 19' n, 02° 06' w
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: 400 kW
Antenna T-antenna; two 210 m high masts spaced 180 m
Modulation: AM boadcast (BBC Radio 4 and BBC World Service) with additional phase-shift
keying of ±22.5 degrees at a bit rate of 25/s for transmitting commercial data like
electricity meter switching and of time code. The data is partitioned into blocks of
50 bits; there are exactly 30 blocks per minute. Each block consists of a prefix bit,
a 4-bit block type identifier specifying the application of the block, 32 message bits
and a 13-bit CRC word for error protection.
Time code: Transmitted in the last block in every minute with block type identifier = 0000
Further information: http://www.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/reports/1984-19.pdf
http://tx.mb21.co.uk/gallery/droitwich/droitwich-lf-data.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droitwich_transmitting_station
9. 9
DCF77, Mainflingen, Germany
Frequency: 77.5 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 1 x 10-12 (1 d average), < 2 x 10-13 (100 d average)
Call sign: DCF77
Location: Mainflingen, near Frankfurt, Germany, 50° 01’ n, 09° 00’ e
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: 50 kW. Estimated radiated power 30 kW
Antenna Top-loaded vertical, 150 m high. The backup antenna is 200 m high.
Modulation: Amplitude keying. The amplitude is reduced to 25% for 100 ms or 200 ms, starting
with the full second, except for second 59 ( 60 in case of a positive leap second). A
carrier reduction of 200 ms corresponds to a logical 1.
Pseudorandom phase shift keying (PRPSK), see Figure 1. At the receiver side the
second markers can be determined by a cross correlation technique, which is
much more accurate than measuring the arrival time of the amplitude-keyed time
signals. This modulation causes the “noisy” sound of the DCF77 signal.
Identification signal: The callsign is transmitted twice in Morse code in minutes 19, 39 and 59, seconds
20 to 32, in AM; the amplitude is switched between 85% and 100% with a 250 Hz
rectangular waveform. This signal will probably be omitted in the future.
Time code: See Table 7 on page 12
Further information: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. http://www.ptb.de
from Sequence Controller
Clear/Enable
77500 Hz / 120 645.83 Hz
Frequency Clock 9-Stage Shift Register
Divider
Data Input
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9
to Transmitter Phase Modulator
Exclusive-OR Gates
Time Code Data
Figure 1a. A pseudo random sequence of 512 steps is generated by means of a
feedback shift register. Not shown is a mechanism to force the shift register out of
the “all zero state” at the beginning of the sequence. Sequence inversion keying is
used: The phase shift is inverted if a logical “1” is transmitted.
10. 10
1s
Amplitude = 1
Amplitude = 0.25
φ + 10°
φ unaffected
φ − 10°
200 ms approx. 793 ms
Figure 1b. The 512 step pseudorandom sequence starts 200 ms after the full
second, defined by the falling edge of the amplitude, and ends about 7 ms before the
next second. This ensures that the falling edge is not disturbed. The transmitter
phase is shifted by ±10 degrees. Note: Timing in this sketch is not to scale.
France Inter, Allouis, France
Frequency: 162 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 1 x 10-12 (1 d average)
Call sign: None. Broadcast station with "inaudible" time subcode
Location: Allouis, NW Bourges, 47° 10' n, 02° 12' e
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: 2000 kW (1000 kW at night 00 - 06h)
Modulation: AM broadcast with additional phase-shift keying of ±1 Rad (57 degrees) for time
code, see figure 2
Identification signal: None
Time code: Similar to DCF77. See Table 7 on page 11
Further information: http://www.emetteurs.fr.fm (private site)
11. 11
Phase [Rad] Phase [Rad] Data bit = 0
Data bit = 1
+1 +1
0 0
Time Time
-1 -1
0 ms 50 ms 0 ms 50 ms
Start of Start of
second second
Figure 2. Phase shift keying of France Inter on 162 kHz. The rise and fall time of
1 Rad / 25 ms corresponds to a frequency shift of ± 6 Hz, which is inaudible in the
audio broadcast signal. There are either one or two cycles of 100 ms at the begin of
each second (except second 59), depending on whether a logical "0" or a "1" is
transmitted.
HBG, Prangins, Switzerland
Frequency: 75 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 2 x 10-12
Call sign: HBG
Location: Prangins, 46° 24' n, 06° 15' e
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: 20 kW
Modulation: Amplitude keying: Amplitude reduced for 100 ms or 200 ms, starting with the full
second, except in second 59. A carrier reduction of 200 ms corresponds to a
logical 1. Second 00 is marked by a double pulse, i.e. two 100 ms carrier
reductions, spaced by a 100 ms full carrier interval. There are three pulses at the
full hour and four pulses every 12 hours.
Identification signal: None
Time code: Similar to DCF77. See Table 7
Further information: Bundesamt für Metrologie und Akkreditierung Schweiz (METAS)
http://www.official-time.ch, http://www.metas.ch
12. 12
Second Value Meaning
0 M Minute marker; M = 0, double pulse for HBG
1
2
3
4 Currently used on DCF77 and HBG for weather forcasts. The
5 service is provided by Meteo Time GmbH, Switzerland
6 (www.meteotime.ch) and uses an encrypted proprietary code.
7
8
9 Note: The DCF77 pseudo random PSK is inverted (= data set to
10 logical “1”) in seconds 0 to 9. This serves as the minute identifier in
11 the PRPSK signal.
12
13
14
15 R R = 1 if backup antenna is used (DCF77 only)
16 A1 A1 = 1 during the hour preceding Z1/Z2 change (HBG: 12 hours)
17 Z1 Z1/Z2 = 01 during MEZ (Winter);
18 Z2 Z1/Z2 = 10 during MESZ (Summer)
19 A2 A2 = 1 during hour preceding leap second (HBG: 12 hours)
20 S Start of time code; always 1
21 1
22 2
23 4
24 8 BCD Minute
25 10
26 20
27 40
28 P1 Parity: Sum of bit 21…27
29 1
30 2
31 4
BCD Hour
32 8
33 10
34 20
35 P2 Parity: Sum of bit 29…34
36 1
37 2
38 4
BCD Day-of-Month
39 8
40 10
41 20
42 1
43 2 BCD Day-of-Week
44 4
45 1
46 2
47 4 BCD Month
48 8
49 10
50 1
51 2
52 4
53 8
BCD Year (00…99)
54 10
55 20
56 40
57 80
58 P3 Parity: Sum of bit 36…57
59 – No modulation
Table 7. DCF77, France Inter and HBG time code
13. 13
HD2IOA, Guayaquil, Ecuador
Frequencies: 1510, 3810, 5000, 7600 kHz
Note: No observations on other frequencies than 3810 kHz reported recently
Call sign: HD 2 IOA
Location: Guayaquil, 02°16’ s, 79° 54’ w
Operating hours: 1510 kHz: Continuous
3810 kHz: 0000 - 1200
5000 kHz: 1200 - 1300
7600 kHz: 1300 - 2400
Power: 1 kW on 3810, 5000 and 7600 kHz
Modulation: AM, LSB only on 3810, 5000 and 7600 kHz. 1000 Hz tone pulses and voice. See
Table 8
Identification signal: On 3810 and 7600 kHz, the call sign is transmitted in 59m15s through 59m50s of
every hour
Further information: Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada del Ecuador.
http://www.inocar.mil.ec/instit/d_ayuda/elect.php
00s Minute pulse, 300 ms duration
01s - 28s Second pulses, 100 ms duration
29s Silence
30s - 50s Second pulses, 100 ms duration
51s Silence
52s - 58s Voice announcement of time
59s Silence
Table 8. Minute schedule
14. 14
JJY, Japan
Frequencies: 40 kHz and 60 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 10-12
Call sign: JJY
Location 40 kHz: Ohtakadoyayama, Fukushima prefecture, 37° 22’ n, 140° 51’ e
Location 60 kHz: Haganeyama, Saga prefecture, Kyushu Isl., 33° 28’ n, 130° 11’ e
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: 50 kW (radiated power > 10 kW)
Antenna: Top-loaded umbrella type antenna. 40 kHz: 250 m high, 60 kHz: 200 m high
Modulation: Amplitude keying: Positive pulses of 0.8 s duration (time code binary zero), 0.5 s
(binary one) and 0.2 s (various markers). Amplitude in-between pulses is 10% of
pulse level.
Identification signal: Call sign in morse in minute 15 and 45 in second 40 through 48
Time code: Japan Standard Time in binary coded decimal (BCD), see Table 9
Further information: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology NICT,
Japan Standard Time Group. http://jjy.nict.go.jp/
Second Value Meaning Second Value Meaning
0 M Minute marker (0.2 s) 30 8
1 40 31 4 BCD Day;
2 20 32 2 1 = January 1
3 10 33 1
4 “0” 34 “0”
BCD Minute (always 0.8 s)
5 8 35 “0”
6 4 36 PA1 Parity bits. PA1= (20h + 10h + 8h + 4h + 1h) mod 2,
7 2 37 PA2 PA2 = (40m + 20m + 10m + 8m + 4m + 2m + 1m) mod 2
8 1 38 SU1 Spare bit or summer time information, see Table 9c
9 P1 Position marker (0.2 s) 39 P4 Position marker (0.2 s)
10 “0” 40 SU2 Spare bit or summer time information, see Table 9c
(always 0.8 s)
11 “0” 41 80
12 20 42 40
13 10 43 20
14 “0” 44 10
BCD Year
15 8 BCD Hour 45 8
16 4 46 4
17 2 47 2
18 1 48 1
19 P2 Position marker (0.2 s) 49 P5 Position marker (0.2 s)
20 "0" 50 4
(always 0.8 s)
21 “0” 51 2 Day of week; 0 = Sunday
22 200 52 1
23 100 53 LS1 LS1, LS2 = 00 = no leap second within one month,
24 “0” 54 LS2 11 = positive, 10 = negative leap second within one month
BCD Day;
25 80 55 "0"
1 = January 1
26 40 56 “0”
(always 0.8 s)
27 20 57 “0”
28 10 58 “0”
29 P3 Position marker (0.2 s) 59 P0 Position marker (0.2 s)
Table 9a. JJY time code (except in minute 15 and 45, see Table 9b)
15. 15
Second Value Meaning Second Value Meaning
0 M Minute marker (0.2 s) 30 8
1 40 31 4 BCD Day;
2 20 32 2 1 = January 1
3 10 33 1
4 “0” 34 “0”
BCD Minute (always 0.8 s)
5 8 35 “0”
6 4 36 PA1 Parity bits. PA1= (20h + 10h + 8h + 4h + 1h) mod 2,
7 2 37 PA2 PA2 = (40m + 20m + 10m + 8m + 4m + 2m + 1m) mod 2
8 1 38 "0"
9 P1 Position marker (0.2 s) 39 P4 Position marker (0.2 s)
10 “0” 40
(always 0.8 s)
11 “0” 41
12 20 42
13 10 43
14 “0” 44 Call sign
15 8 BCD Hour 45
16 4 46
17 2 47
18 1 48
19 P2 Position marker (0.2 s) 49 P5 Position marker (0.2 s)
20 "0" 50 ST1
(always 0.8 s)
21 “0” 51 ST2
22 200 52 ST3 Station maintenance information, see Table 9d
23 100 53 ST4
24 “0” 54 ST5
BCD Day;
25 80 55 ST6
1 = January 1
26 40 56 “0”
27 20 57 “0” (always 0.8 s)
28 10 58 “0”
29 P3 Position marker (0.2 s) 59 P0 Position marker (0.2 s)
Table 9b. JJY time code in minute 15 and 45. Shaded areas: Differences to Table 9a
SU1 SU2 Meaning
0 0 No change to summer time within 6 days
1 0 Change to summer time within the next 6 days
0 1 During summer time: No change to regular time within 6 days
1 1 During summer time: Summer time will end within 6 days
Table 9c. Summertime information bits SU1 and SU2
ST1 ST2 ST3 Meaning
0 0 0 No information available
0 0 1 Transmission break within 7 days
Starting 0 1 0 Transmission break within 3 to 6 days
notice 0 1 1 Transmission break within 2 days
1 0 0 Transmission break within 24 hours
1 0 1 Transmission break within 12 hours
1 1 0 Transmission break within 2 hours
ST4 Meaning
Status
1 Daytime only
information
0 All day, or no information available
ST5 ST6 Meaning
0 0 No information available
Period
0 1 More than 7 days or unknown period
information
1 0 2 to 6 days
0 1 Less than 2 days
Table 9d. Station maintenance information bits ST1…ST6
16. 16
LOL, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Frequencies: 5000, 10000, 15000 kHz
(5000 and 10000 announced temporary inactive in 2002 and 2003)
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 2 x 10-10
Call sign: LOL
Location: Buenos Aires, 34°37’s, 58° 21’w
Operating hours: 1100-1200, 1400-1500, 1700-1800, 2000-2100, 2300-2400
Power: 2 kW
Modulation: AM; 440 Hz and 1000 Hz tones and voice
The begin of each second is marked with a 5 ms long tick (5 periods of 1000 Hz),
except second 59.
Identification signal: Call sign in morse and announcement, see Table 10
Programme: See Table 9
Time code: None
Further information: Observatorio Naval Buenos Aires. http://www.hidro.gov.ar
Minutes after the full hour Transmission content
00 - 03 10 - 13 20 - 23 30 - 33 40 - 43 50 - 53 1000 Hz tone
Call sign “LOL” in Morse, announcement
03 - 05 13 - 15 23 - 25 33 - 35 43 - 45 53 - 55 “Observatoria Naval – Argentina” and
time announcement
440 Hz tone. From 55m to 58m silence
05 - 08 15 - 18 25 - 28 35 - 38 45 - 48
except second tics
Call sign “LOL” in Morse, announcement
08 - 10 18 - 20 28 - 30 38 - 40 48 - 50 58 - 60 “Observatoria Naval – Argentina” and
time announcement
Table 10. LOL hourly transmission scheme
17. 17
MSF, Anthorn, United Kingdom
Frequency: 60.0 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 2 x 10-12
Call sign: MSF
Location: Anthorn, England, 54° 55' n, 03° 15' w (as of 01 April 2007)
Rugby, England, 52° 22’ n, 01° 11’ w (until 31 March 2007)
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: 15 kW estimated "equivalent monopole radiated power" (ERMP)
Modulation: On-off keying (A1B), see Figure 3
Time code: See Table 11. In minutes lengthened or shortened by a positive or negative leap
second, the second numbers 17 through 59 are correspondingly increased or
decreased by one (i.e. during these 61- or 59-second minutes, the position of the
time and date code is shifted by one second relative to the start of the minute).
Further information: National Physics Laboratory Time & Frequency Service.
http://www.npl.co.uk/time/
carrier envelope second marker
Bit A Bit B
100 ms 100 ms
marker preceded by carrier off = logical 1
at least 500 ms carrier
minute marker
500 ms
Fig 3. MSF amplitude keying
18. 18
Data Bit A (100 - 200 ms after full second) Data Bit B (200 - 300 ms after full second)
Second Value Meaning Second Value Meaning
0 “1” Minute marker 0 “1” Minute marker
1 1 +100 ms
2 2 +100 ms
3 3 +100 ms
4 4 +100 ms
5 5 +100 ms
6 6 +100 ms DUT1
7 7 +100 ms
Difference between astronomical time
8 8 +100 ms
Reserved. Currently set to “0” UT1 and atomic time UTC, rounded to
9 9 -100 ms the nearest 100 ms in the range ±800
10 10 -100 ms ms. Example: If DUT1 = +0.3, data bit
11 11 -100 ms B of seconds 1…3 are set to 1
12 12 -100 ms
13 12 -100 ms
14 14 -100 ms
15 15 -100 ms
16 16 -100 ms
17 80 17
18 40 18
19 20 19
20 10 Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD) 20
21 8 Year (00…99) 21
22 4 22
23 2 23
24 1 24
25 10 25
26 8 26
27 4 BCD Month (01…12) 27
28 2 28
29 1 29
30 20 30
31 10 31
32 8 32
BCD Day-of-Month (01…31)
33 4 33
34 2 34
Reserved. Currently set to “0”
35 1 35
36 4 36
BCD Day-of-Week
37 2 37
(0…6; 0 = Sunday)
38 1 38
39 20 39
40 10 40
41 8 41
BCD Hour (00…23)
42 4 42
43 2 43
44 1 44
45 40 45
46 20 46
47 10 47
48 8 BCD Minute (00…59) 48
49 4 49
50 2 50
51 1 51
52 “0” 52
53 “1” 53 “1” during 61 minutes before Bit 58B changes
54 “1” This sequence 01111110 never 54 Parity: Sum of bit 17A…24A + 1
55 “1” appears elsewhere in bit A, so it 55 Parity: Sum of bit 25A…35A + 1
56 “1” uniquely identifies the following minute 56 Parity: Sum of bit 36A…38A + 1
57 “1” marker. 57 Parity: Sum of bit 39A…51A + 1
58 “1” 58 “1” during Summer time (UK civil time = UTC + 1)
59 “0” 59 “0”
Table 11. MSF time code
19. 19
RBU, Moscow, Russia
Frequency: 66.67 kHz (= 200 kHz divided by 3)
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 2 x 10-12
Call sign: RBU
Location: Moscow, 55° 48’ n, 38° 18’ e
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: 10 kW
Modulation: Carrier keyed off for 5 ms at 100 ms intervals. AM subcarrier 100 Hz and 312.5 Hz
(modulation index m = 0.7) for second and minute identification and time code, see
Figure 4.
Time code: See Table 12
second
10 ms carrier envelope
312.5 Hz 312.5 Hz or 100 Hz
80 ms 100 ms
5 ms 5 ms
Figure 4a. Signal detail
second n data bit 1 data bit 2 second n+1
100 Hz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
312.5 Hz
100 ms
100 Hz = "0",
312.5 Hz = "1"
minute marker; "1" if next second = 00
Figure 4b. Relationship between subcarrier frequencies and data
20. 20
Data Bit 1 Data Bit 2
Second Value Meaning Second Value Meaning
0 “1” 0 “1”
1 “0” 1 +100 ms
2 “0” 2 +100 ms
3 * 3 +100 ms
4 * 4 +100 ms
5 * 5 +100 ms
6 * 6 +100 ms
DUT1
7 ± (1 = negative) 7 +100 ms Difference between astronomical
8 “0” dUT1 8 +100 ms time UT1 and atomic time UTC,
9 “0” 9 -100 ms rounded to the nearest 100 ms in
additional 20 ms steps for the range ±800 ms. Example: If
10 “0” 10 -100 ms
increased accuracy of DUT1 DUT1 = +0.3, data bit 2 of
11 * 11 -100 ms
seconds 1…3 are set to 1
12 * 12 -100 ms
13 * 12 -100 ms
14 * 14 -100 ms
15 ± (1 = negative) 15 -100 ms
16 “0” 16 -100 ms
17 “0” 17 “0”
18 ± (1 = negative) 18 8 000
19 10 ∆UT 19 4 000
20 8 20 2 000
21 4 Difference between transmitted 21 1 000
time and UTC, in hours (+3 in TJD
22 2 winter, +4 in summer) 22 800
23 1 23 400
The 4 least significant digits of
24 0 24 200 the Julian day number. Example:
25 80 25 100 For 3 December 2000 at 0 UTC,
26 40 26 80 JD is 2451881.5, TJD is 1881.
27 20 27 40
28 10 Y 28 20 Note: TJD does not change at
12 UTC, although the Julian day
29 8 29 10
year begins at noon.
30 4 30 8
31 2 31 4
32 1 32 2
33 10 33 1
34 8 M 34
35 4 35
36 2 month 36
37 1 37
38 4 38
39 2 dw 39
day of week (1 = monday)
40 1 40
41 20 41 reserved
42 10 42
43 8 dM 43
44 4 44
day of month
45 2 45
46 1 46
47 20 47
48 10 48
49 8 h 49 TJD sec. 18-25
50 4 50 TJD sec. 26-33
hour
51 2 51
reserved
52 1 52
parity bits
53 40 53 ∆UT
54 20 54 Y (even parity)
55 10 m 55 M + dW
56 8 56 dM
57 4 minute 57 h
58 2 58 m
59 1 59 0
Table 12: RBU time code transmitted in data bits 1 and 2, valid for the following minute
21. 21
RWM, Moscow, Russia
Frequencies: 4996, 9996, 14996 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 1 x 10-11
Call sign: RWM
Location: Moscow, 55° 48’ n, 38° 18’ e
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: 5 kW on 4996 and 9996 kHz, 8 kW on 14996 kHz
Modulation: On-off keying (A1B)
Identification signal: Call sign in Morse in minutes 09 and 39
Programme: Schedule repeats every 30 minutes, see Table 13
Time code: None
00m00s - 07m55s 30m00s - 37m55s Unmodulated carrier
08m00s - 09m00s 38m00s - 39m00s No transmission
"rwm rwm rwm …" in Morse code
09m00s - 09m55s 39m00s - 40m55s
(before 2004: “vvv cq cq cq de rwm rwm rwm”)
1 Hz pulses with UT1-UTC code, see Figure 5.
10m00s - 19m55s 40m00s - 49m55s
Pulse duration = 100 ms, minute pulse = 500 ms
10 Hz pulses. Duration = 20 ms,
20m00s - 29m55s 50m00s - 59m55s
second pulse = 40 ms, minute pulse = 500 ms
Table 13. RWM hourly transmission schedule
pulse 1...8 doubled pulse 9...16 doubled pulse 21...24 doubled pulse 31...34 doubled
if DUT1 > 0 if DUT1 < 0 if dUT1 > 0 if dUT1 < 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Second
Figure 5. Coding of the deviation between astronomical time UT1 and atomic time
UTC. The difference in seconds is given by 0.1 x DUT1 + 0.02 x dUT1. In this
example, DUT1 is +4 and dUT1 is -3, hence UT1 - UTC = +0.34 seconds.
22. 22
RTZ, Irkutsk, Russia
Frequency: 50.0 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 5 x 10-12
Call sign: RTZ
Location: Irkutsk, Russia, 52° 26’ n, 103° 41’ e
Operating hours: Winter 22 - 21, summer 21 - 20 UTC (01 - 24 Moscow time). Note: The
transmission is often resumed before the end of the scheduled one-hour break.
Power: 10 kW
Modulation: On-off keying (A1B)
Identification signal: Call sign in Morse in minute 05
Programme: Repeats every 60 minutes, see Table 14
Time code: None
00m00s - 04m55s 1 Hz pulses with UT1-UTC code similar to RWM Moscow, see Figure 5
05m00s - 06m00s Call sign RTZ in Morse code
06m00s - 58m55s Unmodulated carrier
59m00s - 59m55s 10 Hz pulses
Table 14. RTZ transmission schedule
RAB99, RJH63, RJH66, RJH69, RJH77, RJH99
Frequency: 25.0 kHz. Additional transmissions on 20.5, 23.0, 25.1 and 25.5 kHz, see Table 15
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 5 x 10-12
Call signs: Russian Navy related call signs; See Table 14
Locations: Various Russian Navy sites; See Table 14
Operating hours: See Table 14
Power: 300 kW
Modulation: On-off keying (A1B)
Identification signal: Call sign in Morse in minute 06
Programme: See Table 16
Time code: None
Further information: Trond Jabobsen: The Russian VLF Time-Signal Stations “Beta”, December 2000.
Available at http://www.vlf.it.
23. 23
No transmission
Operating hours Operating hours
Call sign Location (day of month,
winter summer
see Note 1)
Khabarovsk, Russia 0206 - 0240 0106 - 0140 ?
RAB99 10., 20., 30.
48° 30’n, 134° 50’e 0606 - 0640 0506 - 0540 ?
Krasnodar, Russia
RJH63 1106 - 1140 1006 - 1040 3., 13., 23.
44° 46’n, 39° 34’e
Bishkek, Kirgizia 0406 - 0447 0306 - 0347
RJH66 6., 16., 26.
43° 03’n, 73° 37’e 1006 - 1047 0906 - 0947
Molodecno, Belorussia
RJH69 0706 - 0747 0606 - 0647 2., 12., 22.
54° 28’n, 26° 47’e
Arkhangelsk, Russia
RJH77 0906 - 0947 0806 - 0847 4., 14., 24.
64° 22’n, 41° 35’e
Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
RJH99 0506 - 0547 0406 - 0447 8., 18., 28.
56° 11’n, 43° 57’e
Note 1: Definetely no transmission on these dates, but emissions are often missing at other times as
well. About once per year, each station has been noted off air for a period of weeks to months.
Table 15. Call signs, locations and transmission times (UTC)
Transmitting time Transmitting time
Transmitted pattern
RJH66/69/77/99 RJH63, RAB99
06m00s - 07m00s 06m00s - 07m00s Call sign in morse code
07m00s - 10m00s 07m00s - 09m00s Unmodulated carrier
10m00s - 13m00s 09m00s - 11m00s 40 Hz pulses
13m00s - 22m00s 11m00s - 20m00s 10 Hz, 1 Hz, 1/10 Hz, 1/60 Hz pulses
22m00s - 25m00s not available 40 Hz pulses
25m00s - 27m00s 20m00s - 21m00s Reserved fo tuning break
27m00s - 30m00s 21m00s - 23m00s Unmodulated carrier on 25.1 kHz
30m00s - 32m00s 23m00s - 24m00s Reserved for tuning break
32m00s - 35m00s 24m00s - 26m00s Unmodulated carrier on 25.5 kHz
35m00s - 38m00s 26m00s - 29m00s Reserved for tuning break
38m00s - 41m00s 29m00s - 31m00s Unmodulated carrier on 23.0 kHz
41m00s - 44m00s 31m00s - 34m00s Reserved for tuning break
44m00s - 47m00s 34m00s - 36m00s Unmodulated carrier on 20.5 kHz
50 Baud 100 Hz shift FSK on 20.5 kHz. Unknown system;
word length 10 bits, block length 100 bits. Observations
on RJH63 in March 2003: All blocks contained the same
not available 36m00s - 40m00s
data; one data word was transmitted 10 times either
normal or bit-inverted, according to some toggling
scheme.
Table 16. Schedule
Pulse rate in Hz 40 10 1 1/10 1/60
Pulse width 12.5 ms 25 ms 100 ms 1s 10 s
Table 17. Nominal pulse durations
24. 24
WWV, Fort Collins, USA and WWVH, Kekaha, Hawaii
Frequencies: 2500, 5000, 10000, 15000, WWV also on 20000 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 1 x 10-11
Call signs: WWV and WWVH
Location WWV: Fort Collins, Colorado, 40° 41’ n, 105° 02’ w
Location WWVH: Kekaha (Island of Kauai), 21° 59’ n, 159° 46’ w
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: Radiated power: 2.5 kW on 2.5 MHz (WWVH: 5 kW), 10 kW on 5/10/15 MHz,
2.5 kW on 20 MHZ
Modulation: AM. Various tones and voice announcements, see Table 18 and 19. Second
pulses: 1000 Hz, 5 ms duration. Minute pulses: 1000 Hz, 800 ms. Hour pulses:
1500 Hz, 800 ms. Each seconds pulse is preceded by 10-ms of silence and
followed by 25-ms of silence. A time code is transmitted on a 100 Hz subcarrier.
Modulation level is 100% for the second, minute and hour pulses, 50% for the
steady tones, 50% for the BCD time code and 75% for the voice announcements.
DUT1 code is transmitted in seconds 1 through 16 of each minute by doubling
ticks. The value of DUT1 (the difference between astronomical time UT1 and UTC)
is determined by the number of successive doubled ticks. If the doubled ticks are
in the first 8 s, the DUT1 is positive; if they are in seconds 9-16, DUT1 is negative.
Antennas: Omnidirectional half-wave vertical antennas. WWVH uses two-element half-wave
verticals for 5/10/15 MHz, radiating a cardioid pattern with the maximum gain
pointed toward the west.
Identification signal: Announcement in minutes 00 and 30 (WWV), minutes 29 and 59 (WWVH)
Time code: 100 Hz subcarrier, BCD code, one bit per second. The pulses begin 30 ms after
the start of a second. A 170 ms pulse represents a “0” bit, a 470 ms pulse
represents a “1”. During the first second of a minute, no pulse is transmitted. A
position identifier lasting 770 ms is transmitted every 10 s. See Table 20.
Further information: National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, Time and Frequency
Division. http://www.boulder.nist.gov/timefreq/
Minute Second WWV WWVH
Special announcement
00 s - 45 s 600 Hz tone
or 500 Hz tone
UTC female voice
Even 45 s - 52.5 s Silent except tick
announcement
UTC male voice
52.5 s - 60 s Silent except tick
announcement
Special announcement
00 s - 45 s 600 Hz tone
or 500 Hz tone
UTC female voice
Odd 45 s - 52.5 s Silent except tick
announcement
UTC male voice
52.5 s - 60 s Silent except tick
announcement
Table 18. WWV and WWVH minute format
25. 25
Minute WWV Minute WWVH
0 Station ID 0 No audio tone
1 1 440 Hz 1-hour mark
2 440 Hz 1-hour mark 2
3 3 NIST reserved
4 NIST reserved 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 Storm information 9 No audio tone
10 10
11 11
12 12
13 13
14 14
GPS reports
15 15
16 16
No audio tone
17 17
18 Geo alerts 18
19 19
20 20
21 21
22 22
23 23
24 24
25 25
26 26
27 27
28 28
29 No audio tone 29 Station ID
30 Station ID 30 No audio tone
31 31
32 32
33 33
34 34
35 35
36 36
37 37
38 38
39 39
40 40
41 41
42 42
43 43
GPS reports
44 44
45 45
46 46
47 No audio tone 47
48 48
49 49
Storm information
50 50
51 51
52 52
53 53
54 54
55 55
56 56
57 57
58 58
59 No audio tone 59 Station ID
Table 19. Hourly broadcast schedules of WWV and WWVH
26. 26
Second Value Meaning
0
1
2 DST indicator #2: Changes 24 hours later than bit 55
3 “1” = Leap second will be inserted at the end of the current month
4 1
5 2
Year
6 4
7 8
8
9 Position identifier P1 (770 ms duration)
10 1
11 2
12 4
13 8
Minutes
14
15 10
16 20
17 40
18
19 Position identifier P2 (770 ms duration)
20 1
21 2
22 4
23 8 Hours
24
25 10
26 20
27
28
29 Position identifier P3 (770 ms duration)
30 1
31 2
32 4
33 8
34 Days
35 10
36 20
37 40
38 80
39 Position identifier P4 (770 ms duration)
40 100
Days
41 200
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49 Position identifier P5 (770 ms duration)
50 DUT1 sign
51 10
52 20
Year
53 40
54 80
55 DST indicator: “0” if standard itme, “1” if daylight saving time
56 0.1 s
57 0.2 s DUT1 absolute value |UT1 - UTC|
58 0.4 s
59 Position identifier P0 (770 ms duration)
Table 20. WWV and WWVH time code
27. 27
WWVB, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Frequency: 60.0 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 1 x 10-11
Call sign: WWVB
Location: Ft. Collins, 40° 41’n, 105° 02’ w
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: 50 kW radiated power
Modulation: Amplitude shift keying. The carrier power is reduced 10 dB at the start of each
second (this corresponds to an amplitude reduction by factor of about 3). If full
power is restored 200 ms later, it represents a “0” bit. If full power is restored
500 ms later, it represents a “1”. Certain reference markers and position identifiers
are sent by restoring full power after 800 ms.
Eventually the modulation depth will be increased from 10 dB to 20 dB. Studies
indicate that the change in dropout depth may result in the equivalent of an
increase in radiated power from 50 kW to as much as 80 kW. Test transmissions
have been conducted May 2005.
Antenna: Two antennas, spaced 857 m apart. Each antenna is a top loaded dipole
consisting of four 122-m towers arranged in a diamond shape.
Identification signal: WWVB identifies itself by advancing its carrier phase 45° at 10 minutes after the
hour and returning to normal phase at 15 minutes after the hour. If the WWVB
phase is plotted, this results in a phase step of approximately 2.08 µs.
Time code: See Table 21
Further information: National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, Time and Frequency
Division. http://www.boulder.nist.gov/timefreq/
YVTO, Caracas, Venezuela
Frequency: 5000 kHz
Carrier accuracy: ∆f / f < 1 x 10-10. Note: Station was observed 35 Hz high in early 2002
Call sign: YVTO
Location: Caracas, 10° 30’ n, 66° 56’ w
Operating hours: Continuous
Power: 1 kW
Modulation: AM, tones and voice
Each second starts with a 1000 Hz tone of 100 ms duration, except second 30,
when the tone is omitted. A 800 Hz tone of 500 ms duration is emitted at the
beginning of a minute. Time announcement in Spanish in seconds 52 through 57.
Identification signal: Announcement in seconds 41…50: “Observatorio Naval Cagigal – Caracas –
Venezuela”
Time code: None
Further information: Observatorio Naval Cagigal. http://www.dhn.mil.ve/
28. 28
Second Value Meaning
0 Minute marker (800 ms)
1 40
2 20
3 10
4
Minutes
5 8
6 4
7 2
8 1
9 Position identifier P1 (800 ms)
10
11
12 20
13 10
14
15 8 Hours
16 4
17 2
18 1
19 Position identifier P2 (800 ms)
20
21
22 200
23 100
24
25 80 Days
26 40
27 20
28 10
29 Position identifier P3 (800 ms)
30 8
31 4
Days
32 2
33 1
34
35
36 +
DUT1 sign. Note: Inconsistent in NIST Special
37 -
Publication 432, not confirmed.
38 +
39 Position identifier P5 (800 ms)
40 0.8 s
41 0.4 s
42 0.2 s DUT1 absolute value: |UT1 - UTC|
43 0.1 s
44
45 80
46 40
Year
47 20
48 10
49 Position identifier P5 (800 ms)
50 8
51 4
Year
52 2
53 1
54
55 Leap year indicator
56 Leap second warning
57 DST flag: “1”, if daylight saving time in effect
58 As bit 57, but changes 24 hours later
59 Position identifier P0 (800 ms)
Table 21. WWVB time code
29. 29
Short glossary of terms
BIPM Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. Maintains the International Atomic
Time TAI. Internet address: http://www.bipm.org.
DUT1 Predicted difference between UT1 and UTC, rounded to 0.1 s. DUT1 may be
regarded as a correction to be added to UTC to obtain a better approximation to
UT1. The values of DUT1 are given by the IERS, from where also more precise
values for UT1 - UTC can be obtained.
A number of time signal stations (still) transmit DUT1 values. Usually DUT1 is
coded by emphasized (lengthened, doubled, or split) pulses in seconds 1 through
16 of each minute. The possible range is ±0.8 s. When the emphasis is on
seconds 1 through 8, DUT1 is positive; and when DUT1 is negative, seconds 9
through 16 are emphasized.
Russian time signal stations transmit an additional quantity called dUT1 (with
lowercase d) in order to increase the resolution of UT1 - UTC to 0.02 s.
GMT Greenwich Mean Time. Obsolete and replaced by UTC.
IERS International Earth Rotation Service. One of the objectives of the IERS is to study
and monitor earth orientation variations. IERS announces twice yearly whether
there will be a leap second at the end of the following June or December. The
current deviation of UT1 from UTC is also available from IERS
(http://www.iers.org).
Leap second An intentional time step of one second used to adjust UTC to ensure approximate
agreement with UT1. An inserted second is called a positive leap second, an
omitted second is called a negative leap second. A positive leap second is
presently needed about once per year; normally it is inserted at the end of June.
TAI Temps Atomique International or International Atomic Time. TAI is calculated by
the BIPM from the readings of more than 200 atomic clocks located in metrology
institutes around the world. It is estimated that TAI does not lose or gain with
respect to an imaginary perfect clock by more than about 0.1 µs per year. TAI is
the basis for UTC.
UT1 Mean solar time obtained from direct astronomical observation and corrected for
effects of small irregularities of the Earth's rotation.
UTC Co-ordinated Universal Time. UTC corresponds in rate with TAI but differs from it
by an integral number of seconds. The UTC scale is adjusted by insertion or
deletion of seconds (positive or negative leap seconds) to ensure that UTC does
not deviate from UT1 by more than ±0.9 s. In 1999 through 2004, the difference
TAI - UTC was 32 seconds. Time signal stations broadcast UTC, or a zone time
that differs from UTC by an integral number of hours.