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Object Oriented Programming and Java Second Edition
Danny Poo Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Danny Poo, Derek Kiong, Swarnalatha Ashok
ISBN(s): 9789813083967, 9813083964
File Details: PDF, 5.32 MB
Language: english

Object-Oriented Programming and Java

Danny Poo Derek Kiong
Swarnalatha Ashok
Object-Oriented
Second edition
Programming
and Java
• •

School of Computing
National University of Singapore, Singapore
Institute of Systems Science
Ms Swarnalatha Ashok
Institute of Systems Science
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN-13: 978-1-84628-962-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-84628-963-7
First edition © Springer Singapore 1998; 978-981-3083-96-7
Printed on acid-free paper
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2008
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted
under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the
case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright
Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a
specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information
contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that
may be made.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Springer Science+Business Media
springer.com
Dr Danny Poo Dr Derek Kiong
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007934261

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Object-Oriented Programming 1
1.2 Objects and Their Interactions in the Real World 2
1.3 Objects and Their Interactions in Programming 3
1.4 Simulation 3
1.5 Java 4
1.6 Summary 4
1.7 Exercises 5
2 Object, Class, Message and Method 7
2.1 Objects and Class 7
2.2 Message and Method
2.2.1 Message Components 10
2.2.2 Method
2.2.3 Client and Server
2.3 Creating Objects 12
2.4 Summary 14
2.5 Exercises 14
3 A Quick Tour of Java 17
3.1 Primitive Types 17
3.2 Object Definition 18
3.2.1 Variable Definitions 18
3.2.2 Methods 19
3.3 Object Instantiation 20
3.4 Object Access and Message Passing 21
3.5 Representational Independence 21
3.6 Overloading 22
3.7 Initialization and Constructors 23
9
10
11
Preface to 1st Edition xiii
Preface to 2nd Edition
Overview xvii
Acknowledgement xix
Table of Contents
xv

vi Table of Contents
3.11 Arrays 34
3.12 Result Returned by Method 35
3.13 Summary 36
3.14 Exercises 36
4 Implementation in Java 39
4.1 Calculator 39
4.1.1 The clear() Method 40
4.1.2 The display() Method 41
4.1.3 The digit() Method 41
4.1.4 41
4.2 Code Execution 42
4.3 Simple User Interface 44
4.4 Another Interface for CalculatorEngine 46
4.5 Summary 49
4.6 Exercises 49
5 Classification, Generalization, and Specialization 51
5.1 Classification 51
5.2 Hierarchical Relationship of Classes 53
5.2.1 Superclass and Subclass 53
5.2.2 A Class Hierarchy Diagram 54
5.3 Generalization 55
5.4 Specialization 56
5.5 Organization of Class Hierarchy 56
5.6 Abstract and Concrete Classes 57
5.7 Summary 58
5.8 Exercises 58
6 Inheritance 61
6.1 Common Properties 61
6.2 Inheritance 62
6.3 Implementing Inheritance 64
6.4 Code Reuse 67
4.4.1
Operator Methods
Event-Driven Programming 48
3.8.2 Expression Statements 30
3.8.3 Control-flow Statements 30
3.9 Blocks 32
3.9.1 Local Declarations 32
3.10 More Control-flow Statements 33
3.8 Expressions, Statements, and Control-flow Mechanisms 24
3.8.1 Operators 24

Table of Contents vii
6.7 Inheritance Chain 75
6.7.1 Multiple Inheritance 76
6.7.2 Problems Associated with Multiple Inheritance 77
6.7.3 Contract and Implementation Parts 79
6.7.4 Contract and Implementation Inheritance 79
6.8 Interface 80
6.8.1 Multiple Inheritance Using Interface 80
6.8.2 Attributes in an Interface 83
6.8.3 Methods in an Interface 83
6.8.4 Abstract Class and Interface 83
6.8.5 Extending Interface 84
6.8.6 Limitations of Interface for
Multiple Inheritance 85
6.9 Summary 88
6.10 Exercises 89
7 Polymorphism 93
7.1 Static Binding 93
7.2 Dynamic Binding 96
7.3 Operation Overloading 97
7.3.1 Same Method Signature 97
7.3.2 Overloading Method Names 98
7.4 Polymorphism 100
7.4.1 Selection of Method 100
7.4.2 Incremental Development 101
7.4.3 Increased Code Readability 102
7.5 Summary 102
7.6 Exercises 102
8 Modularity 103
8.1 Methods and Classes as Program Units 103
8.2 Object and Class Properties 103
8.2.1 Counting Instances 104
8.2.2 Shared Attributes 106
8.2.3 Class Attributes 107
6.5.1 Change in Property Definition for
All Subclasses 67
6.5.2 Change in Property Definition for Some
Subclasses 68
6.5.3 Adding/Deleting a Class 72
6.6 Accessing Inherited Properties 75
6.5 Making Changes in Class Hierarchy 67

viii Table of Contents
8.5 Encapsulation 111
8.5.1 Bundling and Information Hiding 112
8.5.2 Enhanced Software Maintainability 112
8.5.3 Trade-Off 115
8.6 Summary 116
8.7 Exercises 117
9 Exception Handling 119
9.1 Using Exceptions 119
9.2 Exception Terminology 120
9.3 Constructs and Exception Semantics in Java 120
9.3.1 Defining Exception Objects 121
9.3.2 Defining Exception Handlers 121
9.3.3 Raising Exceptions 122
9.4 A Simple Example 123
9.5 Paradigms for Exception Handling 125
9.5.1 Multiple Handlers 125
9.5.2 Regular Exception Handling 127
9.5.3 Accessing Exception Objects 128
9.5.4 Subconditions 128
9.5.5 Nested Exception Handlers 129
9.5.6 Layered Condition Handling 130
9.6 Code Finalization and Cleaning Up 130
9.6.1 Object Finalization 131
9.6.2 Block Finalization 131
9.7 Summary 132
9.8 Exercises 133
10 Input and Output Operations 135
10.1 An Introduction to the Java API 135
10.2 Reading the Java API Documentation 136
10.3 Basic Input and Output 138
10.4 File Manipulation 141
10.4.1 File Input 142
10.4.2 File Output 143
8.2.4 Class Methods 107
8.2.5 Name Aliases
8.3 Controlling Visibility 108
8.4 Packages 110
8.4.1 The package Keyword 110
8.4.2 The import Keyword 110
108
10.4.3 Printing Using PrintStream 144

Table of Contents ix
10.9 Formatting the Output Using the Format String 151
10.10 The File Class 152
10.11 Random Access File Operations 152
10.12 Summary 153
10.13 Exercises 153
11 Networking and Multithreading 155
11.1 The Network Model 155
11.2 Sockets in Java 156
11.2.1 Example Client: Web Page Retriever 157
11.3 Listener Sockets in Java 161
11.3.1 Example Server: Simple Web Server 161
11.3.2 Running the Web Server 164
11.4 Considering Multiple Threads of Execution 165
11.5 Creating Multiple Threads of Execution 166
11.5.1 Thread Creation Using the Thread Class 166
11.5.2 Thread Creation Using the
Runnable Interface 168
11.6 Improvement of Web Server Example 168
11.7 Thread Synchronization and Shared Resources 169
11.8 Summary 175
11.9 Exercises 176
12 Generics and Collections Framework 179
12.1 Introduction 179
12.2 Rationale Behind Generics 179
12.2.1 The Problem 180
12.2.2 Run-time Type Identification (RTTI) 182
12.3 Java Generics 183
12.3.1 Generic Class 183
12.3.2 Generic Method 185
12.4 Collections Framework 186
12.4.1 Collections Interface
12.4.2 ArrayList Class 187
186
10.5 Framework for Code Reuse 145
10.6 DataInputStream and DataOutputStream Byte
Stream Class 147
10.7 Character Stream Classes 148
10.8 Tokenizing the Input Using the Scanner Class 150
12.4.3 HashSet Class 190
12.4.4 HashMap Class 194
12.5 Sorting Collections 196

x Table of Contents
12.6.2 binarySearch Method 198
12.7 Summary 199
12.8 Exercises 199
13 Graphical Interfaces and Windows 201
13.1 The AWT Model 201
13.2 Basic AWT Constituents 202
13.2.1 Frames 203
13.2.2 Components 204
13.2.3 Panels 205
13.2.4 Layout in Panels 206
13.2.5 Events 209
13.2.6 Events in JDK 1.1 (and later versions) 212
13.3 Basic Components 214
13.3.1 Label Component 214
13.3.2 Button Component 215
13.3.3 Checkbox Component 215
13.3.4 CheckboxGroup Component 215
13.3.5 TextArea Component 216
13.3.6 Choice Component 217
13.3.7 List Component 218
13.3.8 Menus and Menu Items 219
13.3.9 Dialog Frames 221
13.3.10 File Dialog Frames 223
13.4 Custom Components 224
13.5 Other Kinds of Class Definitions 226
13.5.1 Inner Classes 227
13.5.2 Anonymous Classes 227
13.5.3 Local Classes 228
13.6 Swing Components 230
13.6.1 Transiting from AWT to Swing 231
13.6.2 Model versus View 234
13.7 Summary 235
13.8 Exercises 236
12.5.1 Sort Algorithm
12.5.2 Comparator Interface
12.6 Searching Collections 198
12.6.1 indexOf and contains Methods 198
196
197
14 Applets and Loaders 237
14.1 Applet Characteristics 237
14.2 Applet Life Cycle 241

Table of Contents xi
14.6 Efficient Repainting 247
14.7 Applet Parameters 248
14.8 Loading Code Dynamically 250
14.9 Security Restrictions for Untrusted Code 253
14.9.1 Security Policy 255
14.9.2 Keys 256
14.9.3 Permissions 256
14.10 Summary 258
14.11 Exercises 258
15 Java Servlets 259
15.1 Dynamic Web Pages and Servlets 259
15.2 Tomcat Installation 260
15.2.1 Downloading and Installation 260
15.2.2 Configuration 261
15.2.3 Starting and Stopping Tomcat 262
15.3 Sample Servlet 263
15.4 Servlet Characteristics 266
15.5 Servlet Paramters and Headers 266
15.6 Servlet Output 271
15.7 Handling Sessions 271
15.7.1 Session Timeout 274
15.8 Concurrency 274
15.9 Customized Processors 274
15.10 Summary 276
15.11 Exercises 277
16 Object Serialization and Remote Method Invocation 279
16.1 Object Serialization 279
16.2 Components in Object Serialization 281
16.3 Custom Serialization 281
16.3.1 The Externalizable Interface 284
16.4 Distributed Computing with Java 284
16.4.1 RMI and CORBA 285
16.4.2 Java Limitations 285
16.5 An Overview of Java RMI 286
14.3 Custom Applets 242
14.4 Images and Audio 243
14.5 Animation in Applets 245
16.6 Using Java RMI 287
16.6.1 Setting Up the Environment on Your
Local Machine 287

xii Table of Contents
16.7 RMI System Architecture 289
16.8 Under the Hood 291
16.9 RMI Deployment 293
16.10 Summary 295
16.11 Exercises 295
17 Java Database Connectivity 297
17.1 Introduction 297
17.2 Java Database Connectivity 297
17.3 JDBC Architecture 298
17.4 JDBC Drivers
17.4.1 Types of Drivers
17.5 JDBC APIs 302
17.5.1 Establishing a Connection 302
17.5.2 Data Manipulation
17.6 Data Definition Language (DDL) with JDBC 305
17.6.1 Creating a Table 305
17.6.2 Dropping a Table 306
17.7 Data Manipulation Language (DML) with JDBC 307
17.7.1 Creating (Inserting) Records Using JDBC 307
17.7.2 Deleting Records Using JDBC 307
17.7.3 Retrieving Records Using JDBC 307
17.7.4 Updating Records Using JDBC 309
17.7.5 Updatable Result Sets 310
17.7.6 Prepared Statements 311
17.8 Summary 313
17.9 Exercises 313
298
299
303
Index 315
16.6.2 How RMI Works
16.6.3 An RMI Example 288
287

Preface to 1st Edition
Control abstraction was the message of the first programming revolution seen in
high-level programming languages such as Algol and Pascal. The focus of the next
revolution was data abstraction, which proposed languages such as Modula and Ada.
The object-oriented revolution began slowly in the 1960s with the programming
language Simula, but moved onto more languages such as Smalltalk, Objective-C
and C++. Java is almost a hybrid between Smalltalk and C++, and has gained
widespread acceptance due to its association with the Internet, its availability to a
large user base and reusable libraries for programming in a graphical environment.
Our programming lineage has passed through Pascal, C and C++. As with
many other programmers, good run-time checks with automatic memory manage-
ment and a reusable API made Java a very attractive option. After a half-day on the
original Java Whitepaper and the early Java online tutorial, we were sold on the Java
bandwagon and already writing code. In another two days’ time, we were using
the Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) package for graphical applications. In
situations where there is no large investment into older languages, we are quite
happy to abandon them completely.
Effective programming in Java comes from understanding three key areas –
object-oriented concepts, the syntax and semantics of the Java programming language
and the Java Application Programming Interface (API). This is our emphasis when
we conduct professional courses, and in this book as well.
Much of the material in this book is based on previous courses which we
have conducted over the past two years to the industry and the National University
of Singapore (NUS). Courses conducted for the industry last about 5 to 7 days,
depending on the amount of coaching that participants require. In the Department of
Information Systems and Computer Science at NUS, a course on “Object-Oriented
Methods” runs over 13 weeks.
As you might have noticed, we have taken to Java as ducks to water. Java has
allowed us to think about and specify object behavior. This results in executable
code which is merely secondary. What is important is the clean specification of
object behavior. Similarly, in getting accustomed to working with objects, we
believe that you will enjoy it too.

Preface to 2nd Edition
Since publishing the first edition almost 10 years ago, we have seen Java being used
in many high school and university programming courses. Further, many projects
now use Java as the implementation language. Similarly, at the Institute of Systems
Science, we have seen professional developers warming up to Java for the first time
in 1998, to those who use Java in their daily work in 2007.
We have thus updated the material to cover J2EE topics such as JDBC, RMI,
Serialization and Java Servlets. We have also added a chapter on Generics as the
Java language evolved to allow this elegant feature.
For those who might be embarking on a Java journey now, we wish you a
pleasant journey and a well-used road map. Many have taken this journey before and
are enjoying the fruits of their learning investment.

Chapter 1 presents an introduction to the object-oriented world consisting of objects
and object communication via the exchange of messages. Object-oriented concepts
and terminology used in object-oriented methodology are discussed in chapter 2.
Chapter 3 shows how these concepts materialize in the form of Java code and
representations. It discusses the basic features and syntax of Java and builds upon the
concepts using an incremental Counter example.
Following on from language syntax, chapter 4 demonstrates the standard pro-
gramming environment using the Java Development Kit (JDK), and how a class
definition may be compiled and executed, integrated and reused within other code
fragments. The chapter also delves into using the Java Application Programming
Interface (API) to demonstrate the ease and productivity gains of code libraries.
Chapter 5 returns to the discussion of objects, in particular, the organization of
objects into manageable classes. The concept of class enables a developer to organize
a complex problem domain into more manageable components. Grouping objects into
classes is an act known as classification in object-oriented modeling. When classes
are formed, they can be further distinguished into superclasses or subclasses, accord-
ing to their similarities or differences in properties. Class hierarchies can then be
formed. The creation of superclasses and subclasses is achieved through abstracttion
mechanisms known as generalization and specialization respectively. Classification,
generalization and specialization are thus important abstraction mechanisms for
organizing objects and managing complexities.
Inheritance is discussed in chapter 6. Common properties of classes can be shared
with other classes of objects via the inheritance mechanism. It is through inheritance
that software component reuse is possible in object-oriented programming. Software
reusability is important because code need not be produced from scratch, thereby
increasing the productivity of developers.
Another topic close to the heart of object-oriented programming is polymorphism.
This topic is concerned with object messaging and how objects of different classes
respond to the same message. With polymorphism, objects of different class definition
can respond to the same message with the appropriate method. In this way, generic
software code can be produced, thus enhancing the maintainability of software systems.
Polymorphism is supported by dynamic binding and operation overloading, topics
that are central to the discussion in chapter 7.
Enhancing software maintainability is a significant software development
objective. A programming technique known as Structured Programming was intro-
Overview
for achieving maintainable software. Modularity is emphasized in object-oriented
duced in the 1980s, promoting modularity as a Software Engineering principle

programming in the form of method, object, and class definition. Encapsulation is
the manifestation of modularity in object-oriented programming to the fullest. As
will be made clear in chapter 8, encapsulation brings together related properties into
class definitions with the structural definition of classes hidden from their users. The
purpose of this approach is to hide the implementation detail of objects so that when
changes in implementation of objects are called for, users of the objects will not be
adversely affected.
Exception Handling is considered in chapter 9. This is especially important in
object-oriented programming, as the mechanism for the glue and safety net in code
integration and reuse.
The Java API is introduced in chapter 10 and continues with the core classes for
input/output, networking, graphical components and applets within Web browsers.
Input and output rely on InputStream and OutputStream classes, as well as Reader
and Writer classes in JDK 1.1.
Chapter 11 introduces network connections via TCP/IP using the Socket
class, similar to those for input and output in chapter 10, as they share behavior from
InputStream and OutputStream. As multi-processing is typically used with client/
server applications, we have also included the multi-threading API in this chapter,
together with a skeleton Web server as the working example.
Collection classes with Generics in chapter 12 show how the concepts of modu-
larity and encapsulation work to facilitate code reuse. This chapter not only gives an
overview of the classes in the Collections Framework, but this framework is an
excellent sample of how reusable code is written.
The AWT model is elaborated with descriptions of its constituents and example
usage for Graphical User Interfaces in chapter 13. There are sufficient code examples
to build interfaces for most simple applications. We have also incorporated Swing
classes for better interactivity.
Applet development relate to graphical interfaces and the issue of dynamic
loading of compiled Java bytecodes. This is discussed in chapter 14. Situations where
applet behavior differs from Java applications, security measures and implementing a
loader over the network are also considered.
Chapter 15 covers Java Servlets. It is related to dynamic code loading and
applets in chapter 14, but occurring on the server side. This forms the basis for Java-
based Web applications.
Chapter 16 examines Java Object Serialization and Remote Method Invocation.
The former may be viewed as a continuation of input and output facilities discussed
Remote Method Invocation (RMI) for distributed applications. A simple client/server
application framework using RMI is provided.
Chapter 17 provides an overview of the popular requirement of working with
databases – Java Database Connectivity. This topic warrants a whole book, but we
limit our discussion to the rationale, perspective and architecture of JDBC together
with necessary methods for working with real databases.
xviii
Overview
in chapter 10, but with the focus to implement object persistence. Object Serialization
is also used to move objects over a network and forms a key role in implementing

In revising the text, we are thankful to readers of the first edition who have given
encouraging feedback. If not for these folks, we would never have considered this
second round.
We also thank our colleagues and bosses at our respective work places who
have supported and encouraged this book revision. We also thank the folks at
Springer Verlag who felt that a second edition was worthy.
Special thanks are due to Derek’s former colleagues at the now defunct Centre
for Internet Research (CIR), National University of Singapore, who had worked to
use the Internet productively. The lineage of CIR may be traced back to the Technet
Unit in the Computer Centre of the National University of Singapore, which was first
to provide and promote Internet services in Singapore. The effort saw the spin-off
to PacNet in Singapore. In particular, Dr. Thio Hoe Tong, former Director of the
Computer Centre and Dr Tan Tin Wee, have supported the Java team even in the
early days when we played with the Alpha releases of Java.
Poo, Kiong & Ashok
National University of Singapore
August 2007
Acknowledgement

1
Introduction
Object-oriented programming has been in practice for many years now. While the
fundamental object-oriented concepts were first introduced via the class construct in
the Simula programming language in the 1960s, the programming technique was
only accepted with the advent of Smalltalk-80 more than a decade later.
Object-oriented programming has come a long way. More and more programs
are now designed and developed using this approach. What is object-oriented pro-
gramming? What makes it attractive as an alternative programming approach? How
does it differ from the traditional procedural programming approach? These ques-
tions will be discussed in this chapter.
1.1 Object-Oriented Programming
The procedural approach to programming was the de facto approach in the early
days of programming. Here, code is modularized based on a system’s processes.
For instance, in developing a library application system, we would have considered
processes such as the checking in an d out of books, making reservations of books,
cataloging of books, and so on. Problem solving would involve the analysis of
these processes in terms of the procedural tasks carried out and the production of a
system whose representation is based on the procedural flow of the processes.
Object-oriented programming, on the other hand, models objects and their in-
teractions in the problem space and the production of a system based on these objects
and their interactions.
Since the real-world problem domain is characterized by objects and their in-
teractions, a software application developed using the object-oriented programming
approach will result in the production of a computer system that has a closer repre-
sentation of the real-world problem domain than would be the case if the procedural
programming approach is used.

2 Object-Oriented Programming and Java
1.2 Objects and Their Interactions in the Real World
Let us consider a real-world situation. There are two persons, Benjamin and his wife,
Bambie. They are customers of HomeCare, a company dealing in luxurious furni-
ture. HomeCare sells a variety of sofa sets. Each sofa set is labeled with an identifi-
cation number and a price tag. After viewing the sofa sets for an hour, Benjamin and
Bambie decide to purchase a green leather 5-seater set. They approach Sean, a sales-
person, to place their order.
In making his request known to Sean, Benjamin sends a message to Sean, “I
would like to purchase this green leather, 5-seater set. Can you please have it sent to
me by next Wednesday?”
The message that Benjamin has sent to Sean is a takeOrder message. It con-
tains information such as the type of sofa set (a green leather, 5-seater set) and the
date of delivery (next Wednesday). This information is known as the parameters of
the takeOrder message.
In response to Benjamin’s message, Sean replies to Benjamin by returning the
result of his request. We can represent the interaction between Benjamin and Sean
graphically using Figure 1-1.
takeOrder
result
Benjamin Sean
Figure 1-1: Interaction between Benjamin and Sean.
Sean was able to respond to Benjamin’s takeOrder message because he under-
stood it and had the means to handle Benjamin’s request. Although Sean knew how
to satisfy Benjamin’s request, Benjamin did not. In fact, most of the time, customers
do not know how a salesperson has satisfied their orders. All they get from salesper-
sons are replies such as, “I am sorry, madam, we are unable to satisfy your request
because the sofa you wanted has been sold,” or “Sir, your request has been satisfied.
We will deliver the goods on Wednesday between 10 am to 11 am to the address
indicated. Thank you for your order.”
Sean, as a salesperson at HomeCare, has a responsibility towards Benjamin. He
maintains his responsibility by applying a set of operations:
1. He determines if there is sufficient stock to satisfy Benjamin’s request.
2. He determines if the requested date for delivery is a suitable date.
3. He instructs the warehouse staff to deliver the goods to Benjamin’s address
on the requested date, if the above conditions are satisfied.
4. Finally, he informs Benjamin the result of his request.

Introduction 3
1.3 Objects and Their Interactions in Programming
The interactions between Benjamin and Sean in the above real-world situation can be
represented in object-oriented programming terms. For instance, Benjamin and Sean
are objects that interact by sending messages. Benjamin is thus a message-sending
object, while Sean is a message-receiving object. Alternatively, we can label
Benjamin as a sender and Sean as a receiver.
The takeOrder request from Benjamin to Sean is an example of a message. It
may have additional, accompanying information known as parameters (or argu-
ments) of the message. The fact that Sean responded to Benjamin’s message indi-
cates that the message is a valid message. Each valid message corresponds to a
method that Sean uses to fulfill his responsibility to Benjamin.
An invalid message, on the other hand, is one that the receiver does not have
the capability to respond to, that is, the receiver does not have a corresponding
method to match the message. For example, if Benjamin had requested a discount on
the price, his request would have been rejected because Sean, being a salesperson,
would not have the capability (or a corresponding method) to respond to the
message.
A method contains a number of operations detailing how Sean is to satisfy the
demand Benjamin put on Sean through the request.
Figure 1-2 summarizes the relationships of these terms.
Benjamin Sean
takeOrder(sofa type, who,
address, delivery date)
result
Message
Object
Object
Method
Arguments
Figure 1-2: Object interactions in object-oriented programming terms.
While Benjamin may know what Sean can do through his methods, he may not
know how Sean does them. This is an important principle of object-oriented pro-
gramming known as information hiding: the sender of a message does not know how
a receiver is going to satisfy the request in the message.
1.4 Simulation
Based on the above example, it is clear that concepts in object-oriented programming
such as object, message and method, do provide a close representation of real-world
objects and their interactions. These concepts are thus suitable for simulating actual
object interactions in real-world situations.

It is this ability for modeling real-world problems that identified object-oriented
programming as being suitable for simulation. The Simula programming language
was designed in the early 1970s to provide simulation abilities using object-oriented
concepts.
1.5 Java
Java was first introduced in 1995 as a simple and secure object-oriented program-
ming language. It is a unique language in that, being a new language at that time, it
was able to attract a lot of interest from the computing community. Within two years
after Java was launched, there were an estimated 400,000 Java programmers and
over 100 books on Java programming.
There are a few possible reasons for the phenomenal interest in Java. The year
1995 saw a maturing of Web technologies, and Java’s multiplatform capability,
which enabled a Java program to execute on any computer, was exceedingly attrac-
tive, especially on an open network like the Internet. Java is implemented via part
compilation and subsequent execution on an interpreter implemented in software.
Java applications are therefore object code portable as long as a Java virtual machine
is implemented for the target machine.
The popularity of Java is also ironically due to its similarity with its close rival
C++. Java takes the pain out of learning a new language by reusing much of C and
C++. At the same time, safe programming practice in Java and language facilities for
automatic memory management were benefits that were attractive to programmers
on the verge of deserting their C/C++ camps.
In relation to the Internet, Java applets have given rise to a new generation of
distributed applications with low software distribution and maintenance costs. As
applets are embedded in an HTML document via <APPLET> tags, its transmission to
the client machine for execution is implicitly handled by the underlying network
protocols and thus makes the typical channels of distribution and installation
obsolete.
While the object-oriented programming framework promotes reusability of
software and code, this very practice has been demonstrated in the rich set of class
libraries seen in the Java language. The Java foundation class libraries provide for
windowing and graphical user interface programming, network communications, and
multimedia facilities. Together, they demonstrate the practical and productive work
done in Java.
1.6 Summary
In this chapter, we discussed:
• An overview of object-oriented programming concepts and their applicabi-
lity for modeling and representing real-world entities and their interactions
in the problem-solving process.

Introduction 5
• Object-oriented concepts of object, message, and method.
• An overview of the Java programming language and the potential of produc-
tive software development
1.7 Exercises
1. Distinguish the programming approach used in procedural programming
and object-oriented programming.
2. Discuss the validity of the following statement: The object-oriented pro-
gramming approach is ideal for simulating real-world problems.
3. Consider the following scenarios and outline the objects and their interac-
tions in terms of messages and arguments:
(a) a driver driving a car;
(b) a customer making a cash withdrawal from an automated teller
machine (ATM);
(c) a customer buying a compact disk player from a vendor;
(d) a traffic policeman directing traffic at a junction;
(e) a lecturer delivering his/her lecture to a class of students;
(f) a tutorial discussion between an instructor and students.

2
Object, Class, Message and Method
We had our first introduction to objects, message and method in Chapter 1. Another
concept closely associated with the concept of objects is class. In object-oriented
programming, a class is a definition template for structuring and creating objects.
In this chapter, we will discuss the concept of object, message, method and
class and how these concepts are used in a computer model.
2.1 Objects and Class
In Chapter 1, we introduced Benjamin. Now, meet Bernie, another customer at
HomeCare. As customers of HomeCare, Benjamin and Bernie share some similar
information. For example, both have a name, an address, and a budget—information
that is relevant when describing customers. This information is known as object
attributes.
An object attribute definition allows for objects to have independent attribute
values. For example, Benjamin may have a larger budget and thus a larger budget
value (say $2000) than Bernie whose budget may be $1000. Collectively, the values
of an object’s attributes represent the state of the object.
Besides attributes, Benjamin and Bernie also exhibit some behavior typical of a
customer. For instance, Benjamin and Bernie execute a method when making a
purchase. Let us call this method purchase(). The method purchase() is made up
of a set of operations that Benjamin and Bernie would use to send a purchase request
to a salesperson.
Structurally, Benjamin and Bernie can be represented as follows:

name, address and budget are attributes while purchase() and getBudget()
are methods of the two objects. Note that both objects share a common definition of
attributes and methods. In fact, all customers of HomeCare share the same set of
attribute and method definitions. They all have attributes name, address and budget,
and methods purchase() and getBudget(). In defining these objects, a common
definition known as class is used.
A class is a definition template for structuring and creating objects with the
same attributes and methods. Benjamin and Bernie, being customers of HomeCare,
can therefore be defined by a class called Customer as follows:
One major difference between objects and class is in the way attributes and
methods are treated in objects and classes. A class is a definition about objects; the
attributes and methods in a class are thus declarations that do not contain values.
However, objects are created instances of a class. Each has its own attributes and
methods. The values of the set of attributes describe the state of the objects.
Let us now examine the salespersons. Salespersons also have attributes and
methods. Sean and Sara are two salespersons at HomeCare. They are thus capable of
a behavior typical of a salesperson, for example, taking orders from customers. To
fulfill their role as salespersons in a purchase transaction, Sean and Sara perform a
method. We shall call this method takeOrder(), and represent Sean and Sara as
follows:
Benjamin as an Object
Attributes:
name = Benjamin
address = 1, Robinson Road
budget = 2000
Methods:
purchase() {send a purchase request to a salesperson}
getBudget() {return budget}
Bernie as an Object
Attributes:
name = Bernie
budget = 1000
Methods:
Class Customer
Attributes:
name
address
budget
Methods:
address = 18, Sophia Road"
"
"
"
"
" "
"
"
"
" "

Object, Class, Message and Method 9
Being salespersons, Sean and Sara share similar attributes and methods as
expected. Like the customers, their definition can be described by a class called
SalesPerson with the following representation:
Note that the definition of the SalesPerson class is different from the Customer
class since customers and salespersons behave differently—customers make orders
and salespersons take orders.
2.2 Message and Method
Objects communicate with one another by sending messages. A message is a method
call from a message-sending object to a message-receiving object. A message-
sending object is a sender while a message-receiving object is a receiver.
Sean as an Object
Attributes:
name = Sean
Methods:
takeOrder() {
check with warehouse on stock availability
check with warehouse on delivery schedule
if ok
then {instruct warehouse to deliver stock(address, date)
return ok}
else return not ok
}
Sara as an Object
Attributes:
name = Sara
Methods:
takeOrder() {
if ok
return ok}
else return not ok
}
Class SalesPerson
Attributes:
name
Methods:
takeOrder() {
if ok
return ok}
else return not ok
}
"
"
"
"

An object responds to a message by executing one of its methods. Additional
information, known as arguments, may accompany a method call. Such para-
meterization allows for added flexibility in message passing. The set of methods
collectively defines the dynamic behavior of an object. An object may have as many
methods as required.
2.2.1 Message Components
A message is composed of three components:
• an object identifier that indicates the message receiver,
• a method name (corresponding to a method of the receiver), and
• arguments (additional information required for the execution of the method).
Earlier we saw that Benjamin sent a message to Sean when Benjamin wanted to
buy a sofa set. The reasonable location for Benjamin to send the message to Sean is
in Benjamin’s purchase() method as shown below (indicated in bold):
The message Sean.takeOrder(who, stock, address, date) is interpreted as
follows:
• Sean is the receiver of the message;
• takeOrder is a method call on Sean;
2.2.2 Method
A message is valid if the receiver has a method that corresponds to the method
named in the message and the appropriate arguments, if any, are supplied with the
message. Only valid messages are executed by the receiver. The takeOrder()
message is valid because Sean has a corresponding method and the required
arguments (who, stock, address, date) are supplied with the message.
Sean’s takeOrder() method is made up of a set of operations (indicated in
bold below) as follows:
Benjamin as an Object
Attributes:
name = Benjamin
address = 1, Robinson Road
budget = 2000
Methods:
purchase() {
}
"
"
" "
" "
• "Benjamin","stock","address","date" are arguments of the message.
Sean.takeOrder("Benjamin", "sofa", "1, Robinson Road",
"12 November")

In the above description, a message is sent from Sean to a Warehouse object to
inquire on the order and delivery schedule in Sean’s takeOrder() method. If both
conditions are satisfied, Sean will instruct the Warehouse object to arrange for
delivery.
How Sean carries out the method is known only to Sean. Neither Benjamin nor
the other customers know how Sean does it. For example, to check on the stock and
delivery schedule with the warehouse, Sean may have called the warehouse over the
phone or he may have checked the information against a list he had gotten from the
warehouse. What Benjamin knows of Sean is that Sean is capable of responding to
his request since his message to Sean is acceptable by Sean.
In object-oriented programming, Benjamin and Sean are said to have followed
the principle of information hiding—How Sean is going to satisfy Benjamin’s request
is hidden from Benjamin. In this way, Sean is free to select whatever way he chooses
to satisfy Benjamin’s request; he may phone the warehouse or look up the pre-
prepared list and vice versa.
2.2.3 Client and Server
By executing a method, a message-receiving object (such as Sean) is said to serve
the message-sending object (such as Benjamin). A message-receiving object is thus a
server to a message-sending object and the message-sending object is thus a client of
the server.
takeOrder
result
Benjamin Sean
yes/no
available?
send
ok
Figure 2-1: Object communication process.
In any object communication, there are at least a client and a server. The client
sends a message to request a server to perform a task. The task is fulfilled by a
Sean as an Object
Methods:
takeOrder(who,stock,address,date) {
if ok then {
instruct warehouse to deliver stock to address on date
} else return not ok
}
Attributes:
name = Sean
" "
return ok

message-corresponding method of the server. In sending a message to the ware-
house, Sean is said to be the client and the warehouse is said to be the server.
Benjamin, Sean, and the warehouse are three objects involved in a communi-
cation process. Benjamin is the initiator, with Sean and the warehouse as partners in
the communication process. Figure 2-1 depicts a typical communication process
amongst objects.
2.3 Creating Objects
In object-oriented programming, objects are created from classes. Instances of
Customer objects are created from a Customer class and SalesPerson objects from a
SalesPerson class.
Created object instances are individuals with their own state. To illustrate, let
us consider the example of counters. A counter is a device that keeps account of the
number of times an event has occurred. It has two buttons: an initialize button that
resets the counter to 0, and an add button that adds 1 to its present number. Figure 2-2
shows a counter with a number 10.
initialize add
10
Figure 2-2: A counter.
Structurally, the first counter object can be represented as follows:
Figure 2-3 shows two more counters.
initialize add
2
add
7
initialize
Figure 2-3: Two Additional Counters
Like the first counter, these two counters may be reset to zero and incremented
through the initialize and add buttons respectively, and represented as follows:
First Counter Object
Attributes:
number = 10
Methods:
add() {number = number + 1}
initialize() {number = 0}
getNumber() {return number}

All the three counters share the same definition of attributes and methods, and
like in the previous examples, they can be defined by a class as follows:
The Counter class has:
• an attribute, number;
• an initialize() method that causes a counter to reset its number to 0.
• an add() method that causes a counter to add 1 to its number; and
• a getNumber() method that returns the current value of the attribute
number.
Suppose a new object is created from the Counter class. Although the new
Counter object would have the same definition of attributes and methods as the
previous three counters, its attribute value may not be the same as the other counters.
This suggests that the state of the counters may be different from one another.
For the newly created fourth Counter object, it has a state represented by the
attribute number with a value of 0, the value at initialization:
Second Counter Object
Attributes:
number = 2
Methods:
Third Counter Object
Attributes:
number = 7
Methods:
Class Counter
Attributes:
number
Methods:
Fourth Counter Object
Attributes:
number = 0
Methods:

Note that the attribute value of the fourth Counter object is different from the
other three counters.
2.4 Summary
In this chapter, we discussed:
• Objects are defined by classes.
• Objects from the same class share the same definition of attributes and
methods.
• Objects from the same class may not have the same attribute values.
• Objects from different classes do not share the same definition of attributes
or methods.
• Objects created from the same class share the same definition of attributes
and methods but their state may differ.
• A method is a set of operations executed by an object upon the receipt of a
message.
• A message has three components: an object identifier, a method name and
arguments.
• A message-receiving object is a server to a message-sending object known
as a client.
2.5 Exercises
1. Distinguish the terms “Object” and “Class”.
2. Consider the scenario of buying flowers from a florist. Outline the
objects in such a transaction together with the messages exchanged.
3. Given a class definition Rectangle below, describe the structure of
any 3 instances of Rectangle.
4. How would you implement the concept of class and method in a
non-object-oriented programming language such as COBOL,
Pascal or C?
5. Define using the following structure a class definition for cars. A
car generally has abilities to start, move forward, move backward,
class Rectangle {
Attributes:
length
width
Methods:
getLength() { return length }
getWidth() { return width }
draw() { ... }
}

stop and off. A car can also return to its relative location. The
starting location is a value 0.
6. Distinguish between a client and a server.
7. A client communicates with a server by sending a ___________ to
the server. The ___________ is a call on a ___________ of the
server.
class Car {
Attributes:
...
Methods:
...
}

3
A Quick Tour of Java
Earlier, we introduced key object-oriented concepts such as objects, methods and
classes and how these may be ultimately used in a computer model. In this chapter,
we see how the Java programming language is used to construct our object model of
the problem domain. This approach is advantageous in that it allows our model to
operate or “come alive” under computer control.
3.1 Primitive Types
The Java programming language allows the creation of objects that will ultimately
participate in message communication. We have seen that objects may have diverse
behavior and that it is more convenient to specify objects via classification, that is,
class constructs.
Before examining class definitions for user-specified objects, we should be
mindful that Java also provides primitive values from which other (bigger) objects
may be described in terms of and constructed from. For example, a complex number
may be seen as being comprised of two numbers representing the real and imaginary
parts.
The primitive types byte, short, int and long defined in the Java language
allow for the representation of discrete integer values of widths 8, 16, 32, and 64
bits, respectively. These in turn correspond to the representation of numeric
The primitive types float and double allow for the representation of single
and double precision floating-point real values with representational widths of 32
and 64 bits, respectively. The adopted IEEE 754 standard includes both positive and
negative sign-magnitude numbers, both positive and negative zeros and infinities,
and unique not-a-number representations.
ranges –128 to 127, –32768 to 32767, –2147483648 to 2147483647, and
–9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807, respectively.

Values of type float are of the form s·m·2e
, where s is either +1 or –1, m is a
positive integer less than 224
, and e is an integer between –149 and 104. Similarly,
values of type double have the similar form s·m·2e
, but m is a positive integer less
than 253
, and e is an integer between –1075 and 970.
Finally, the primitive types char and boolean allow for 16-bit multi-byte
characters and false/true boolean values, respectively.
3.2 Object Definition
Building upon the primitive values supported by the language proper, other entities
to be manipulated are user-designed objects which are defined via class constructs. A
class construct in Java consists of the class keyword followed by the class name
and braces { } which delimit the declaration of attributes and methods for its in-
stances. The Counter class introduced in Chapter 2 would have the following form
in Java:
Object attributes are, in turn, either nested component objects or primitive types
used to represent the object. An instance method manipulates the object by altering
its attribute values. The number attribute and add() method in the Counter class
below are representative of an object’s state and operation, respectively:
The number attribute is also known as an instance variable because it occurs in
every object or instance of the Counter class. This further implies that an attribute in
one instance is independent from that in another instance. In the same vein, a method
manipulates object attributes in the same instance. This occurs when a method is
invoked and the corresponding code in its body is executed. In our recent example,
invoking the add() method of an object will increment the corresponding number
attribute.
3.2.1 Variable Definitions
Variable definitions in Java take the form below, where the type name T precedes the
variable name v:
T v;
class Counter {
attribute and method declarations
}
class Counter {
int number;
void add() {
number = number +1;
}
}

A Quick Tour of Java 19
Typing in a programming language allows the values for a variable to be
anticipated. As such, appropriate storage may be set aside for these values.
There is another subtle advantage of typing in programming languages: the val-
ues associated with the variable also imply what operations are valid and applicable.
For example, multiplication and division applies to numeric values but not to charac-
ter values. Thus, the language compiler may flag multiplication and division of char-
acter values as erroneous.
All variables in Java are typed, allowing the compiler to verify during compila-
tion that operations on the object associated with the variable are legitimate.
3.2.2 Methods
A method definition that occurs in a class construct is made up of two distinct por-
tions: the method signature header and its implementation code body surrounded by
the braces { ... }.
The method signature portion, such as void add() in the Counter example, has
the generic form below, where m is the method name, T its return type, with Rn and
pn being parameter types and names, respectively (n being the number of parame-
ters):
T m(R1 p1, R2 p2, ... Rn pn)
We have seen that a method named m() is invoked to correspond to a message
m sent to the object. Consequently, the object may return a result to the message
sender. The type of this value is denoted by T. If no result needs be returned, the
keyword void is used instead.
The formal parameters p1, p2…pn contain the additional values sent together
with the message. They have corresponding types R1, R2…Rn, and are used by the
compiler to verify that the correct parameters are supplied for each method invoca-
tion. Any number of formal parameters may be specified, but the number of actual
parameters in a message must match those originally specified in the method signa-
ture.
The implementation of a method consists of a block of statements surrounded
by { }. Often, such methods would modify the object’s attributes. In the case of the
add() method of our Counter example, it increments the variable number. A block
consists of declarations of any local variable, expressions and control-flow con-
structs. These will be discussed in detail in following sections.
class Counter {
int number;
void add() {
number = number+1;
}
IntheslightlyexpandedversionoftheCounterclassbelow,anextrainitialize()
method has been added to re-initialize the Counter value so that counting can be
easily restarted. This allows instances to respond to the additional initialize message.

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content

“Well, you are thorough-going, at least,” he said, at last,
patronizingly. “But it is a curiously lucky thing for the vicar, whose
house is the only place that commands a view of the churchyard,
mind you, that I can be seen wandering about the place one day,
and find I can’t get in the next.”
“Very likely his housekeeper saw you, as you say, prowling about,
and, considering your manner suspicious, had the repairs made
without thinking it worth while to consult her master.”
“Not likely,” said Mr. Mitchell, with a shake of the head. “However, I’ll
not keep you here in the rain trying to persuade an old hand like me
that black’s white. Do you know that your clothes are wet through?”
This was quite true. Recalled to consciousness of physical
discomfort, Olivia shivered.
“Yes, I must make haste home,” she said. Then, with a hopeless
glance at his face, as if she despaired of her words having any
effect, she added, “You are too suspicious. You are so shrewd that
you think you can’t make a mistake. But for all your cleverness, my
belief in the friend I know and trust is just as likely to be right as your
belief to the contrary.”
“Well, well. I hope it may be. Don’t think I have any ill-feeling towards
this Vernon Brander as a man; it is the betrayer of my sister that I’m
after, and if Vernon Brander isn’t the guilty party, why, he’ll have
nothing to fear from me. Good-afternoon, Miss Denison.”
Mr. Mitchell raised his hat, with a shrewd and not unkindly smile into
the girl’s beautiful, agitated face, turned on his heel, and began to
make his way, with his usual stolid and leisurely manner, up the hill
towards the high road.
Left to herself, Olivia, who was by this time too thoroughly drenched
to trouble herself about a few minutes more or less in the rain,
debated what she should do. The heat of the impulse which made
her dash out of doors on learning the insult to Vernon had now
departed, and some of Mr. Mitchell’s words had hurt her maidenly
modesty to the extent of making her shy of visiting the clergyman at
his house. On the other hand, she had now, in the menaces of the

colonist, another reason for putting him on his guard. When Mr.
Mitchell had disappeared from her sight at the first bend in the lane,
she began to follow in the same direction slowly, her mind not yet
made up. An unexpected incident decided her.
Glancing furtively at the cheerless windows of the gaunt stone
house, Olivia saw, at one of them, the figure of an old woman in a
black dress and widow’s cap, who watched the girl with evident
interest, and at last opened the front door and began making signs to
her. Olivia stopped. The signs were plainly an invitation to come in.
She advanced as far as the gate, and then the old woman
addressed her.
“Won’t you step inside a minute, out of the rain? Come in, come in;
there’s nobody about but me.”
This decided Olivia, who recognized the speaker as Vernon’s
housekeeper, whom she had seen at Rishton Church on Sundays.
So she walked up the stone-paved path, and thanking the old
woman for the proffered shelter, followed her into a hall, the desolate
and bare appearance of which corresponded perfectly with that of
the exterior of the house.
“I think you’d better come into my room, Miss, though it’s really only
the back kitchen,” said the housekeeper. “But Mr. Brander, being out
to-day, lunching up at the Hall Farm, as you know, Miss, there’s no
fire in his room.”
Olivia assenting gratefully, the old woman led her past the open door
of a comfortless and dingy room on the left, which might have been
either dining-room or study, past a second door on the same side,
which was closed, to a small apartment at the back, where a bright
fire, a cat on the hearthrug, a bird in its cage, and a cushioned
rocking chair, gave a look of comfort which was a welcome relief to
the cheerless aspect of the rest of the house. An open door led into
the kitchen, and gave a pleasant glimpse of firelight shining on well-
polished pots and pans.
The housekeeper broke into ejaculations of alarm as she touched
the girl’s wet garments.

“Bless me! you’re soaked to the skin!” she cried, beginning instantly
to divest Olivia of her outer garments with a vigorous hand. “Come
upstairs with me. Yes, you must; it would be manslaughter on my
part to let you stay five minutes in those clothes. I believe you’ve
caught a fever already.”
Fatigue, excitement, cold, and wet had done their work on Olivia,
who began to look and to feel ill. She resisted for a few moments the
housekeeper’s well-meant endeavors to drag her to the door, but
yielded at last, and suffered herself to be taken upstairs, and arrayed
from head to foot in garments belonging to her hostess which, if
neither well fitting nor fashionable, were at least dry. Mrs.
Warmington, for that, she informed Olivia, was her name, assured
the girl that she would have plenty of time to have her outer
garments dried, and to get away home before Mr. Brander returned,
as it was his day for visiting an outlying part of his straggling parish.
“And,” she said, “he will no doubt go straight on from the Hall Farm
after luncheon, and won’t be back here until teatime.”
“Without having had anything to eat,” thought poor Olivia.
She let herself be led downstairs again, noting, as she did so, that no
visible corner of the house, except such parts of it as came within the
housekeeper’s special province, was one whit more comfortable or
homelike than the bare hall. A pang of acute pity for the lonely man
pierced her heart as she decided that, whatever sin he might earlier
in life have been guilty of, no expiation could be more complete than
his dreary life in this desolate house, with only an old woman for
companion. And Mrs. Warmington did not strike her as the most
devoted servant or the most sympathetic personality in the world.
She had “seen better days,” evidently; but although she did not flaunt
the fact unduly, it perhaps gave her a little additional aggressiveness
of manner, so that, in spite of her kindness, Olivia felt that one must
be hard up for companionship to seek Mrs. Warmington’s society.
The girl was indeed struck by the difference between the warm
kindliness the old woman showed to herself and the rather off-hand
manner in which she alluded to her employer. She began to puzzle
her head as to the reason of this, and grew very anxious to find out

in what esteem the clergyman was held by his solitary dependent.
After a little conversation by the fireside, during which the warmth
came gradually back to her shivering limbs, she put out a feeler in
this direction.
“It’s a very lonely life that you and Mr. Brander lead up here,” she
said, looking into the fire, and hoping that she did not betray in which
of the two lives she took the greater interest.
“You may well say lonely. It’s a godsend to see a human creature
about. I could have blessed the rain to-day for bringing you here.”
“I suppose it’s even worse for you than for Mr. Brander, because he
has his parish duties?”
“Well, I’m of a more contented turn of mind than he,” said Mrs.
Warmington, with the same coolness that she had previously shown
on the subject of her master. “But, then, to be sure, perhaps I’ve a
better conscience.”
There was silence for some minutes. Mrs. Warmington gave the
impression of being ready to be questioned, but Olivia was shy of
taking advantage of the fact. The housekeeper glanced at her from
time to time, as if hoping for some comment on her words. At last, as
none came, she looked her visitor full in the face, and said—
“I see you know the story. Every one does, more or less; though
there are not many who know the rights of it as well as I do.”
Olivia’s heart seemed to stand still.
“But you don’t think him guilty?” burst from her lips, in a tone which
expressed more anxiety than she guessed. “You know him, perhaps,
better than anybody; you know that he isn’t capable of anything so
cruel, so base.”
Mrs. Warmington pursed up her withered lips in a judicial manner,
poked the fire, and put on a fresh supply of coal, all with an air of
being the chosen keeper of some great mystery. Olivia watched her,
but without asking any more questions; she felt heartsick, miserable.
Other people might guess; this old woman probably knew. At last the
housekeeper solemnly broke silence.

“It’s hardly a tale for a young lady’s ears: perhaps it almost seems
like a breach of confidence on my part to touch upon my employer’s
secrets at all. But he has never made a confidante of me, and if
there’s any one in the world who might use the knowledge I possess
to Mr. Brander’s disadvantage, I know it is not you.”
The young girl felt a shamefaced flush rising in her cheeks. This
woman spoke in a significant tone, implying that the depth of the
interest Olivia took in her master was not unknown to her. The girl
turned her head a little away, and stared at the fire with statuesque
stillness while her companion continued—
“To begin with, I may tell you that the Branders are distant relations
of mine. It does not make me love them the more, but it will prove to
you that I have no interest in making them out to be worse than they
are.”
Olivia assented with a slight bend of the head.
“I don’t deny that I have noticed the interest you take in my master,
and as you are an inexperienced young girl, with some warm-
hearted, and perhaps rather quixotic, notions, I think it right to put
you in possession of the facts of this business, as I know them.”
Olivia glanced at the woman, and saw that, in spite of the dry
hardness of her manner, there was a kindly look in her eyes. Indeed,
Mrs. Warmington, whose heart was a little parched towards the world
in general, had taken a fancy to the bright-cheeked, handsome girl.
“I suppose you know,” she went on, “that the Branders pride
themselves upon being what is called a ‘good’ family. You will also
know that in all ‘good’ families there is generally more than one ‘bad
lot.’ Although I am a connection of theirs, I must confess that there
has been quite an exceptional number among the Branders. And,
awkwardly enough, it happens that the family interest lies chiefly in
the Church. The Branders have been clergymen for generations,
generally with little credit to themselves. Here and there has been an
exception, but never more than one in a generation; the exception in
our time is Meredith. His two brothers, Vernon and one who is now in
China, showed from the very first how unfit they were for their

calling. I don’t blame them much; I don’t praise Meredith much; their
temperaments are different, and it can scarcely be called their fault
that only one of the three is a round peg in a round hole. Well, you
know that both my master and his brother, Meredith, fixed their
choice on the same lady, and that Meredith married her. After that,
Vernon, who was no particular credit to his cloth before, grew wilder
than ever. It was not long before his constant visits to the Hall Farm
became the talk of the village; for Nellie Mitchell hadn’t the best
name in the world. Before long it was rumored about that the girl had
been seen, late in the evening, in the neighborhood of St.
Cuthbert’s.”
“Did you live here then?” abruptly asked Olivia, who had been sitting
in an attitude of straining attention, with close-shut lips and heaving
breast.
“I had been here six weeks when—when the end came. Tongues
had been going faster than ever for the last week or two, and, of
course, some of the talk had reached my ears. I knew, from little
things I had seen—a portrait, a glove, slight changes in his manner
when speaking of her—that my master had not yet got over his fancy
for Mrs. Brander, married though she was. Then I heard whispers of
Nellie Mitchell’s jealousy; how she flaunted past the vicar’s wife in
the churchyard on Sunday with a swing in her walk and a toss of her
head which were almost insults; of letters which were left in a wood
close by, some of which fell into strange hands. I was shocked by
these reports, but I looked upon them as partly gossip, and
considered that, in any case, they were no business of mine. One
evening in August I was standing at the window of the front room
watching the sunset, when I saw Nellie Mitchell coming down the
lane past the house. Something in the girl’s appearance and manner
struck me as it had never done before. It was not the first time that I
had seen her come this way; but on all previous occasions it had
been after dark that I had seen a figure which I believed to be hers
slinking past hurriedly, as if anxious to escape notice. Now the girl
walked boldly—one would have said defiantly—with a flushed face
and an expression of reckless resolution. She carried in her hand a
small white packet, and, as she came opposite the house, she

stopped, and, turning so as to face the gate, deliberately untied the
string or ribbon which held her little parcel together, and counted the
letters of which it consisted. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. I
could see her red lips move as she counted them out to herself, and
then slowly tied them up again with one angry and determined look
up at the windows of this house from her bold black eyes. She did
not see me; but it was evident that if a hundred people had been
staring at her out of these empty, shutterless windows, it would have
been all the same to her. I was shocked, horror-stricken. For the first
time the full meaning of all the ugly rumors I had heard became plain
to me: my master had been this woman’s lover!”
Olivia shivered at the woman’s words, which seemed doubly
shocking from the matter-of-fact, somewhat hard tone in which they
were spoken.
“As the evening went on, I grew more and more restless and uneasy.
Certain noises I had heard from time to time in the night, which I had
put down to the rats, came back to my mind. It now seemed to me
that they might have been due to another cause. They had come
from one of the front unused rooms. If thoughts of evil now came into
my mind, how could I be blamed? My master was away, doing his
rounds in the parish; he had told me he should not be back till late.
All the rest of the evening I watched from the window, but I did not
see the girl return. The thought came into my mind to go out and try
and find out where she had gone; whether she was really, as the
villagers’ hints suggested, waiting for some one in the churchyard.
But I was afraid; I had no mind to interfere in other people’s affairs; it
has always been my custom not to do so. For a young girl like you I
am ready to break my rule but not for such as Nellie Mitchell.”
And Mrs. Warmington’s lips closed pharisaically.
“Nine o’clock came, ten o’clock, half-past ten; it was quite dark.
Then, as I was walking up and down, with an attack of what I call the
‘fidgets,’ there came through the open windows a scream so shrill,
so horrible, that I staggered into the nearest chair as if a blow from a
strong man’s arm had sent me there. ‘Nellie Mitchell! Nellie Mitchell!’
I felt myself saying, hoarsely. Then I think I fainted, for what I

remember next was to find myself hanging over the chair with my
head on Mr. Vernon’s writing-table. I got up, at first scarcely knowing
what it was that had startled me. I was in utter darkness; in my first
spasm of horror I had thrown down the lamp. As I groped about to
find a match, my fingers trembling so much that they were clumsy
and almost powerless, I heard a footstep outside the door. It was my
master, Vernon Brander!
“I stopped in my search, and drew back instinctively, as I heard him
fumbling at the handle of the room door. It seemed such a long time
before he came in that the whole of this ugly story—the villagers’
gossip, the sight I had seen, and the sound I had heard that evening
—all seemed to pass quite slowly through my mind as I stood there
waiting for him to come in. At last the door opened slowly, and my
master stood in the room with me. I heard his breath coming in
guttural gasps; I heard the table creak and the objects on it rattle as
he came forward and leaned upon it. I almost shrieked, middle-aged,
matter-of-fact woman that I was, when he suddenly whispered, in a
hoarse voice—
“‘Who’s that?’
“I summoned self-command enough to answer, pretty steadily—
“‘It’s I, sir.’
“He got up from the table, and turned towards the door; but an
impulse seized me to learn what I could then. I remembered with a
sort of inspiration, where the matches were, found them, and struck
a light. I was just in time to see my master’s hands as he opened the
door: they were stained with blood!
“‘What have you done? You have killed her!’ I hissed out close to
him.
“‘Before Heaven I have not!’ he answered, huskily; but his teeth were
chattering, and his eyes were glassy and fixed.
“Then, covering his face with his hands with a groan, he turned and
staggered out of the room. As he did so he dropped something,
which I picked up and examined without scruple. I admit that this
was high-handed, but when you are almost a witness to a foul

action, you make new laws for yourself on the spur of the moment.
By this time I had quite recovered myself. I lit a candle, and read
every word of the letters which Nellie Mitchell had flourished before
my face that evening. There were no names used. The gentleman
had insisted upon caution, as the girl over and over again
complained. For these letters were hers, and as each successive
one was full of more and more bitter reproaches against her lover, I
guessed that it was the return of her letters which had at last goaded
the girl to desperation. Her jealousy of Mrs. Brander was expressed
on every page, and the last contained a threat of exposure. It was
evident that, whatever the girl’s character might have been, she was
bitterly in earnest over this passion. In spite of myself, the burning
words, guilty though they were, filled me with a kind of pity,
increased by the awful suspicion which now possessed me. I felt the
hot tears fall upon the papers in my hands, and I was so absorbed in
my reading that I did not hear my master come into the room again;
for the door had been left open. When at last I heard his tread close
behind me I started, but did not attempt to hide how I was engaged.
He did not seem startled to see the letters in my hand, but, taking
them from me, he read them right through, one by one, and then
placed them in his desk. His face was as white as that of a dead
man, and the hands he had just washed were livid round the nails.
He looked the wreck of the man who had gone out to his work that
afternoon in the August sunshine. When he had shut his desk he
turned very calmly to me and said—
“‘You will leave me to-morrow, of course; but you had better not go
very far, as there will be an inquiry—an inquest; all sorts of things—
and your evidence will be important—against me.’
“Those last two words decided me. My life was my own. This man
was my own kin. I answered, as calmly as he had spoken to me—
“‘You are my master, sir, and of my own blood. I shall stay with you
as long as you please to keep me. If your conscience is bad, I shall
be an everlasting prick to it; if it is clear, as I pray Heaven, you will
have at least one friend when you most want one.’”
Olivia started up all on fire.

“That was good of you!—that was noble of you!” she cried, in a
trembling voice.
“Not at all. It is just the sort of thing a woman likes to do. A little
cheap quixotism—that is all; and I secured myself a home for life,
you see. I was no young girl that I should be afraid of him.”
It was impossible to tell whether it was the cynicism or the kindliness
which predominated in Mrs. Warmington’s motives, or whether they
were there in equal proportions. As Olivia stared wonderingly into the
withered and somewhat inexpressive face, the housekeeper rose
somewhat abruptly from her seat.
“That is Mr. Brander’s step!” she exclaimed as she turned to the
door. “If you stay here, you will be able to slip out presently without
his seeing you.”
With these words, leaving Olivia no time to protest, or even answer
her, the housekeeper left the room, closing the door behind her.

CHAPTER XV.
Olivia’s first thought, as the door closed on Mrs. Warmington, was to
follow her out and make a dash for freedom. But as she started up
with this impulse, a sliding movement on the part of the garments
she wore reminded her that she was not in walking trim; and a
glance at the gilt-framed but mildewy glass which adorned the
housekeeper’s mantelpiece showed her such a comical figure that
the instincts of maidenly coquetry would never have allowed her to
risk a meeting with Vernon Brander in that odd disguise.
Mrs. Warmington’s figure was of the straight-up-and-down sort—long
in the body and short in the limbs. Being a lady of frugal bent and
careful habits, she wore her dresses for so long a time that they
acquired enough of the shape and character of the owner to impart
the same characteristics to any subsequent wearer. Therefore,
Olivia’s glance in the mirror showed her a woman in dark-brown stuff
of slipshod fit, with a substantial square waist, and baggy sleeves too
short in the wrist. After one despairing look out of the window at the
rain, which went on falling in torrents, she sat down again
disconsolately to listen and wait for her hostess’ return.
Mrs. Warmington had not met her master on her way upstairs, for
Olivia had heard him go into the front room before the housekeeper
left her; that she might be equally lucky on her way down was the
girl’s inward prayer. For there were ominous sounds in the house
suggesting that Mr. Brander was not minded to sit down quietly to
the writing of a sermon or the reading of a good book, as one had a
clear right to expect of a clergyman. Poor Olivia, sitting upright as a
ramrod, with a scared expression of face, heard him come out of the
dining-room into the hall. By the noise he made at the hat and coat
stand, she guessed that he was changing his wet coat for a dry one.
That business over, he ought plainly to have returned to his room; so
it seemed to Olivia. But instead of that, he remained fumbling at the
stand until the listening girl remembered, with a spasm of terror, that

she had left there to dry, by the housekeeper’s directions, her little
hand bag. Perhaps Mr. Brander would pass it over, taking it for
granted that the flimsy little feminine thing belonged to Mrs.
Warmington. No woman would have thought so; but, of course, men
are not observant. Her worst fear was that he would remain there,
not making enough noise to put the housekeeper on her guard, until
that lady should come sailing down the stairs laden with a hat and
cloak which evidently did not belong to her. The girl scarcely dared to
draw breath in her intense anxiety. To be caught sneaking into a
gentleman’s house in his absence, warming yourself at his fire, and
even—as she discovered to her dismay on examining her feet—
making free with his slippers, is an awkward situation at any time.
But when you have just been told the secret of his life, and when
your whole soul is warring about him, mercy struggling with horror,
and conviction with doubt, the dilemma becomes well-nigh tragic.
Presently Olivia heard him drop some object, and the little crash it
made caused her to shiver and almost to cry out. Then he began to
cross the uncarpeted hall with very slow steps. Olivia strained her
ears and held her breath. He was coming towards the room she was
in. Had he guessed the presence of an intruder, or was he only
coming with the prosaic intention of ordering something to eat? The
girl remembered with remorse how he had been cheated out of his
luncheon. But what should she do? Already she heard him calling, in
a low and, as she fancied, tired voice, “Mrs. Warmington!” There was
no time to escape by way of the kitchen—no corner of the room
where she could hide herself. As she stood up to give one last
hopeless look round, she again caught sight of her disguised figure
in the glass. Seized by a happy thought, she snatched up from the
top of one of the side cupboards, that filled the space between the
fireplace and the walls, a small woollen shawl of rusty black, which
Mrs. Warmington used to wrap round her head when she indulged in
an afternoon doze. Olivia now blessed her fervently for this
information. She had just time to wrap it round her head, to throw
herself back in the rocking chair with her head turned away from the
door, to cross her legs as Mrs. Warmington did, to fold her arms, and
hide her hands in the folds of the baggy sleeves, when the door
opened softly, and Mr. Brander put his head inside.

“Mrs. Warmington!” he called, very gently.
No answer, of course.
“Are you asleep?” more gently still.
His housekeeper’s afternoon doze was a very common occurrence
apparently, for he uttered a little petulant sound, and disappeared
into the kitchen. In the dusk of a wet afternoon the girl’s ruse had
succeeded perfectly. But the obscurity which had favored her was
not equally kind to him, for Olivia heard much chinking of china and
clattering of plate before he re-entered the room. Instead of going
through to his own domain, however, he stood still between the
fireplace and the door, and Olivia, not daring to look, guessed that he
was eating. Trembling as she was with the fear of discovery, it
seemed to her a long time before she heard him take up the poker
and proceed very noiselessly to break the red-hot coals. She seized
the opportunity to turn her head a little, and to steal a frightened
glance at him through her eyelashes. He had on the shabbiest of
threadbare and ragged house coats, and was hungrily eating bread
and cheese and a piece of dry and crumbling cake. When he had
built up the fire to please him, he dragged an old church hassock
from under the table, and seating himself on it, drew as near to the
grate as possible, and went on with his improvised meal.
He was so close to Olivia that she could detect the coaly smell which
constant contact with his mining parishioners had imparted to his old
clothes; so close that she felt that he was cold as well as hungry; so
close that his hair brushed Mrs. Warmington’s brown stuff gown as
he bent forward, with his elbows on his knees, and looked into the
fire.
And as they sat thus, in the darkening twilight, side by side, he
unconscious of her presence, she grew less afraid that he should
discover it, altogether less anxious for the safety of her disguise. Her
thoughts turned instead to consideration of his loneliness. What a
cheerless existence was implied in this creeping up to the side of a
rather cold and cross-grained old woman for warmth and
companionship! The close contact seemed to help Olivia to feel her
way into the mind of the solitary man. She pictured him innocent,

laboring under a charge which for some unaccountable reason he
was unable to refute; she pictured him guilty, torn with remorse, and
working out a weary expiation. In the latter case, she began to feel,
even more strongly than before her interview with Mrs. Warmington,
that the horror of the deed was swallowed up in compassion for the
doer. When he had finished his very frugal dinner, he sat so still that
she was able to open her eyes and so gain all the information
concerning the state of his mind which a careful study of the back of
his head could impart. He was dejected, weary, unhappy; probably
smarting still, so she told herself, from the pain her step-mother’s
treatment had caused him. Presently he rested his head on his left
hand, and so came nearer still to her. She could feel that she was
trembling from the force of an aching pity, and that her hands
seemed to tingle with the wish to lie with consoling touch on his bent
head. She had forgotten Mrs. Warmington and the dry clothes—
forgotten to wonder how she was going to get out of the house and
home again without discovering herself to Mr. Brander. She soon
discovered, however, that her feelings were more acute than those
of the object of her pity; for his head tilted slowly further and further
in her direction until at last it rested on her knee. Mr. Brander, who,
after a fierce battle with certain very unclerical feelings, had tried to
subdue the mind to the flesh by a long stretch over the hills, had
succeeded in tiring himself out.
He was fast asleep.
And if he had but known it, he might have had sweeter dreams than
he was used to. For the resting-place he had found was the creature
who cared most about him of any in the world.
Olivia had an inkling of this, and it made the touch of her hand
almost motherly as she bent down and held it very, very gently just
near enough to feel his hair against her fingers. Only thirty-four or
thereabouts, and his hair so grey! She could dare now, as he slept,
to bend right down, and to see by the firelight how thickly the white
threads grew among the dark behind his ears and near the temples.
So curly his hair was, she noticed; quite soft, too, and silky, like a
child’s: quite out of keeping with the worn, lined face, that looked so
sad and so old as the dancing flames threw deep shadows upon it.

And her fingers moved involuntarily through the wavy mass, as she
thought, as women will, that there had been a time, long ago, when
he lay, a helpless child, depending on the kindness of a woman. And
she tried to fancy what that poor mother would have felt if she had
known what evil rumors would some day darken the name of her
curly-haired boy. Olivia was by nature more impulsive and
passionate than sentimental; therefore these unaccustomed feelings
and fancies instead of finding vent in a gentle sigh, made her breast
heave and her eyes fill, until a broken whisper slipped through her
trembling lips—
“Poor mother—poor son!”
She was ashamed of her foolishness the next moment, and raised
her head quickly with a start and a hot, tingling blush, anxious to
jump up and run away, though still not daring to move. She took out
her pocket handkerchief very carefully, dabbed it against her wet
eyes with much fierceness, and then gave another glance, not at all
sentimental this time, at the face against her knee. Horror and
confusion! Was he asleep at all? The expression of his face had
quite changed, and there was a wretched tear—her tear!—on his
forehead. What should she do? Remove that tear, certainly. For she
felt that it would leave a huge stain, unmistakable as ink. Very
nervously she attempted to dry it with her handkerchief; but the
moment the cambric touched his face, Mr. Brander raised his head
and prevented her.
“Don’t!” he said, huskily. “Why should you? What is there to be
ashamed of in your kindness to me? Do I get too much from
anybody?”
Olivia did not answer. She felt as if a new acquaintance had
suddenly been sprung upon her. This mood was so different from
any she had seen Mr. Brander in before. The half-cynical self-
reliance, the bright, somewhat bitter humor had disappeared, and
given place to a humility so touching, so gentle, that she felt
constrained to remain where she was rather than risk hurting his
feelings by rising abruptly. But she could not answer his questions,
and so she sat silently, with her head bent down and turned a little

away, while he resumed the position he had first taken, with his arms
on his knees, looking into the fire. After a few moments, during which
the girl had time to wonder that she felt, under these rather awkward
circumstances, so much at her ease, she broke the silence, in a low,
hesitating voice.
“Mr. Brander,” she began, “I should like to say something to you
about—about this morning—about Mrs. Denison.”
Her painfully apologetic tone made him turn his head at once, with a
smile.
“You may say something to me—in fact anything—upon any other
subject than those two,” he answered, in his usual kindly tone. “Say
something to me about this afternoon and about yourself. Let this
morning—and Mrs. Denison—be buried. Mind, I say, this is no
unchristian spirit.”
“You are very good,” said Olivia, glancing at him timidly and
gratefully.
“Do you mean that?” he asked, inquisitively. “You have heard a good
deal to the contrary, you know.”
“Well, but is all that true?” she burst out boldly. “Now, you have
brought that question upon yourself before, and now you deliberately
bring it upon yourself again. Why don’t you satisfy me by a
straightforward answer? I do deserve it; for I always take your part,
to other people and to myself too.”
“Do you?” he asked, so eagerly, with such a flash of pleasure over
his face that Olivia felt abashed again. Then he paused, and the light
had gone quite out of his face before he went on: “You won’t be
satisfied then with the consciousness that you are a poor beggar’s
solitary champion?”
“I won’t be satisfied with that if I can get you to tell me any more,”
she answered, simply. “I don’t pretend that I’m not anxious to know
more; but it is not out of curiosity to learn other people’s affairs, but
because there really must be something peculiarly interesting about
a secret which causes your own relations to speak ill of you.”

Olivia had suddenly made up her mind for a bold stroke. It cannot be
denied that there was a little malice in her heart; but it was a small
matter compared with her real anxiety to put him on his guard
against one whom she considered a treacherous friend.
“My relations!” he echoed, with a look of such bewilderment and
incredulity that she began to think he would not believe her.
“Isn’t a sister-in-law a kind of relation?” asked Olivia, rather
unsteadily, after a pause.
Mr. Brander’s expression changed to one of pain and fear; so that
Olivia watched him in terror, not daring to go on. He looked at her
without answering, and then, as she remained silent and fearful, he
got up and walked to the other side of the little room, where, as her
face was turned towards the fireplace, she could not see him; but
she knew without the aid of her eyes, that he was much agitated;
and when he came back and, standing by her chair, put his hand
gently on her shoulder and spoke to her with calmness which might
have passed for unconcern, she was not deceived by it.
“And what ill does my sister-in-law say of me?” he asked.
“She told my step-mother an old story, and said you were not a
proper acquaintance for—young girls.”
“Oh, she said that, did she?” returned Mr. Brander, in a measured
voice. Then he said, abruptly, after a silence, “You are sure of this?”
“Quite sure.”
Then it appeared to the girl that he stood beside her without a word
for a very long time. For the fire seemed to die down, and the murky
light outside to fade perceptibly, before he even changed his attitude.
At last she found courage to look up timidly into his face, and saw
that his eyes were staring towards the window with the blind look of
a seer whose vision is only keen for the fancies and phantoms in his
own mind. And Mr. Brander’s fancies must have been of the
gloomiest kind, for his face startled the girl into uttering a little
exclamation, which roused him from his abstraction, and woke him to
the fact that his hand had been laying all this time on the young girl’s
shoulder.

“I beg your pardon,” he muttered, as he withdrew it as hastily as if it
had been red-hot iron.
The blood rushed to Olivia’s face. The touch of Mr. Brander’s hand
had not offended her; the knowledge that it had been unconscious
did. And a most acute pang shot through her heart, as she realized
that it was because his mind was full of another woman’s treatment
that he was oblivious of her. She was jealous. In such an impulsive,
energetic girl as she was, vivid feeling found vent in hasty action.
Rising from her chair, and quite forgetting that her odd costume
made dignity impossible, she said, very coldly, that she must go
home now; her father would be anxious about her, and the rain was
less violent. Even as she spoke the wind dashed a clattering shower
against the window in disproof of her words. She did not notice it
herself; neither, apparently, did her host. For he opened the door for
her at once without any semblance of a wish to detain her, and
without seeming to remark her singular apparel.
Olivia darted out of the room and up the stairs in a tempest of
excited feelings which found vent in an outburst of indignation
against Mrs. Warmington for leaving her so long alone with Mr.
Brander. The housekeeper met her at the top of the stairs, looking
herself pale and frightened.
“Why didn’t you come down?” asked Olivia, impatiently.
The old woman glanced nervously down into the hall, and answered
in a soothing tone of apology,
“I did not dare, Miss Denison. I did not want my employer to find me
talking to you. He would have guessed what we were talking about.
We get so sharp, we people who live much alone, and he would
never have forgiven me. Ever since I heard him go into the room
where you were I have been walking up and down the landing in a
fever. You did not tell him what we had been talking about, did you?”
“No,” answered Olivia. “He didn’t ask me.”
“Thank goodness!” said the housekeeper with such a depth of relief
that the girl’s curiosity was roused.

“Why should you mind so much?” she asked. “He seems quite used
to having his affairs discussed, and takes it for granted that people
should think the worst of him.”
This thought moved her as she spoke, and caused her voice to
tremble sympathetically. The housekeeper examined her face
narrowly as she answered, with great discretion—
“He wouldn’t have minded about any one else, Miss Denison: but it’s
different with you.”
“Different—with me!” echoed the girl, very softly.
Without more words, Mrs. Warmington, after once more listening and
glancing down into the hall to assure herself that they were not likely
to be disturbed, crossed the landing on tiptoe, and beckoned Olivia
to follow her. Then throwing open the door of one of the front
bedrooms without noise, she said—
“That is Mr. Brander’s room. Do you see by his bedside a set of
hanging shelves on the wall?”
“Yes.”
“And a box in the middle of the bottom shelf?”
As she spoke, the housekeeper was crossing the room. Taking down
the box, she returned to the door with it, and, raising the lid, showed
Olivia the tray of an old-fashioned workbox with well-worn fittings.
“It was his mother’s, I believe,” she whispered. Then, as the girl drew
back, shocked at having been inveigled into prying among Mr.
Brander’s treasures, she went on: “Have you ever seen this?” And
lifting out the tray of the workbox, she thrust under Olivia’s reluctant
but astonished eyes an indiarubber golosh, which Miss Denison
instantly recognized as one she had lost on her way back from the
Vicarage on the evening of her arrival at Rishton.
With a little cry of astonishment and annoyance, Olivia put out a
hasty hand to recover her lost property. But Mrs. Warmington
prevented her, shutting the box hastily, and restoring it to its place.

“I can’t take, or allow you to take, anything out of my employer’s
boxes in his absence,” she said, drily.
“But it’s mine; it’s of no use to him, and I want it!”
“You will have to do without it, unless you care to go and fetch it
yourself. But I think, on second thoughts, you will be satisfied that
enough honor has been paid to your old shoe.”
Olivia blushed, and moved her shoulders with vexation.
“It was such a huge thing!” she exclaimed, impatiently. “They were
always sizes and sizes too big for me.”
Mrs. Warmington’s thin lips relaxed into a smile.
“Oh!” she said; “perhaps you only wish to put a smaller one in its
place.”
Olivia felt that she had, as her brothers would have termed it, “given
herself away,” and she was glad to let the subject drop. Following
her conductress into her bedroom, she put on her own, now dry,
clothes, in silence and much meekness, thanked her in a subdued
voice for her hospitality, and begged, as a final grace, the loan of an
umbrella.
“It won’t be necessary. Mr. Brander will see you home.”
“Oh, no, indeed,” broke out Olivia, hastily. “I want to slip out of the
house quietly without his seeing me again.”
“Do you really want that?” asked the old woman, with a searching
look which set the younger blushing. “Because, if so, I can take you
down this way by the back staircase. It is never used, but—”
“Then, perhaps, the stairs will creak,” interrupted Olivia, and without
more delay she made, softly indeed but deliberately, for the front
staircase.
“I can’t thank you enough for your kindness,” she whispered, when
they both stood in the hall.
Mrs. Warmington shook her head with a drily amused smile.

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