Transfers building loads to ground Anchors the building against wind and seismic loads Isolates building from expansive soils Holds building above or from ground moisture Retards heat flow to or from conditioned space Provides storage, living, mechanical space (basements) End bearing piles – carrying capacity is in the hard stratum Friction piles – carrying capacity is from skin friction or adhesion Tension piles –used for structures which are subject to large overturning, e.g. transmission towers, tall chimneys and jetties Laterally load bearing piles – used for wharves and jetties carrying the impact forces of berthing ships, piled foundations to bridge piers, trestles to overhead cranes, tall chimneys and retaining walls, where the horizontal component is relatively large Settlement reducing piles - incorporated beneath the central part of a raft foundation in order to reduce differential settlement Piles in fill - pass through layers of moderately- to poorly-compacted fill will be affected by negative skin friction, which produces a downward drag along the pile shaft and therefore an additional load on the pile Dropping weight Diesel hammer Vibratory methods of pile driving Jacking methods of insertion Displacement Piles Totally preformed displacement piles Driven and cast in place DP Helical (screw) DP Non-displacement piles Small diameter bored CIP Large diameter bored CIP Partially preformed piles Grout or concrete intruded piles Common defects Dislocations and loose stones Bulges Interruptions and loss of integrity Water leakage Causes Water and wet soils Frost Earth loading Removing sections of wall Dry laid Modernization effects Common defects Leaks and water entry Foundation movement Causes Incomplete sealing Poor section alignment Inadequate footing drain Excessive spanning Common defects Cold pour Shrinkage crack Holes and penetrations Leaning Spalling Tie leaks Causes Dry joint Water, frost Earth loading Lacks footing Poor concrete mix Soil undermining Common defects Bulging Cracks and bulges Cracks & loose bricks Spalling Causes Bond or course failure Frost and earth loading Water Sandblasting Improper caulking Common defects Leaning/tipping Buckled Horizontal displacement Cracks Causes Water and wet soils Frost Earth loading Differential settlement Missing components Masonry block Poured concrete Brick Stone Wood Pre-cast Concrete Shallow/spread foundation Pads/isolated footings Strip footings rafts Deep foundation Piles Pile walls Diaphragm walls Caissons Transfers building loads to ground Anchors the building against wind and seismic loads Isolates building from expansive soils Holds building above or from ground moisture Retards heat flow to or from conditioned space Provides storage, living, mechanical space (basements) Transfers building loads to ground Anchors the building against wind and seismic loads Isolates building from expansive soils Holds building above or from ground moisture Retards heat fl

1. Foundation

2. Functions
 Transfers building loads to ground
 Anchors the building against wind and
seismic loads
 Isolates building from expansive soils
 Holds building above or from ground
moisture
 Retards heat flow to or from conditioned
space
 Provides storage, living, mechanical space
(basements)

3. Foundation Construction Types
 Slab on grade
 Crawl space
 Basement

4. Types of Foundations
 Shallow/spread
foundation
1. Pads/isolated
footings
2. Strip footings
3. rafts
 Deep foundation
1. Piles
2. Pile walls
3. Diaphragm walls
4. Caissons

6. Foundation Construction Materials
 Masonry block
 Poured concrete
 Brick
 Stone
 Wood
 Pre-cast Concrete

7. Concrete Masonry Unit
 Causes
 Water and wet soils
 Frost
 Earth loading
 Differential settlement
 Missing components
 Common defects
 Leaning/tipping
 Buckled
 Horizontal displacement
 Cracks

8. Brick
 Causes
 Bond or course failure
 Frost and earth loading
 Water
 Sandblasting
 Improper caulking
 Common defects
 Bulging
 Cracks and bulges
 Cracks & loose bricks
 Spalling

9. Poured Concrete
 Causes
 Dry joint
 Water, frost
 Earth loading
 Lacks footing
 Poor concrete mix
 Soil undermining
 Common defects
 Cold pour
 Shrinkage crack
 Holes and penetrations
 Leaning
 Spalling
 Tie leaks

10. Pre-cast Concrete/Modular
 Causes
 Incomplete sealing
 Poor section alignment
 Inadequate footing
drain
 Excessive spanning
 Common defects
 Leaks and water entry
 Foundation movement

11. Stone
 Causes
 Water and wet soils
 Frost
 Earth loading
 Removing sections of wall
 Dry laid
 Modernization effects
 Common defects
 Dislocations and loose
stones
 Bulges
 Interruptions and loss of
integrity
 Water leakage

13. Wood
 Common defects
 Leakage
 Buckling
 Horizontal displacement
 Cracks
 Causes
 No moisture barrier
 Omitted gaskets or
sealants

14. Types of Piles
1. End bearing piles – carrying capacity is in the hard stratum
2. Friction piles – carrying capacity is from skin friction or adhesion
3. Tension piles –used for structures which are subject to large overturning,
e.g. transmission towers, tall chimneys and jetties
4. Laterally load bearing piles – used for wharves and jetties carrying the
impact forces of berthing ships, piled foundations to bridge piers, trestles
to overhead cranes, tall chimneys and retaining walls, where the
horizontal component is relatively large
5. Settlement reducing piles - incorporated beneath the central part of a raft
foundation in order to reduce differential settlement
6. Piles in fill - pass through layers of moderately- to poorly-compacted fill
will be affected by negative skin friction, which produces a downward drag
along the pile shaft and therefore an additional load on the pile

15. Types of Piles
End bearing piles
Soft
compressible
soil
Hard
incompressible
soil
Friction piles
Soft soil
becoming
increasingly
stiff with
depth
Settlement reducing piles Piles in fill
Recent fill
Consolidating
soil
Hard
incompressible
layer

16. Types of Pile Construction
 Displacement Piles
 Totally preformed
displacement piles
 Driven and cast in place
DP
 Helical (screw) DP
 Non-displacement
piles
 Small diameter bored
CIP
 Large diameter bored
CIP
 Partially preformed piles
 Grout or concrete
intruded piles

17. Pile materials
Pile type Max.
length
Optimum
length
Size Max.
capacity
Usual
spacing
Timber 33.5m 20m 25-
50cm
40tons 75cm–
90cm
Steel 76m 36m 20cm-
1.20m
3,500 75cm-
2.40m
Concrete 60m 24m 25-
50cm
500 90cm-
1.8m
composite 60m 45m Up to
88cm
200 90cm-
1.40m

18. Method of Pile Installation
 Dropping weight
 Diesel hammer
 Vibratory methods of
pile driving
 Jacking methods of
insertion