Fossils
Lesson FeedbackCourse Dashboard
· Lesson Objectives
· The student will investigate and understand the rock cycle as it relates to the origin and transformation of rock types and how to identify common rock types based on mineral composition and textures.
· Key concepts include sedimentary (clastic and chemical) rocks, scales, diagrams, maps, charts, graphs, tables, and profiles are constructed and interpreted.
· The student will investigate and understand that many aspects of the history and evolution of the Earth and life can be inferred by studying rocks and fossils.
· Key concepts include traces and remains of ancient, often extinct, life are preserved by various means in many sedimentary rocks, superposition, cross-cutting relationships, index fossils, and radioactive decay are methods of dating bodies of rock, absolute and relative dating have different applications but can be used together to determine the age of rocks and structures; and rocks and fossils from many different geologic periods and epochs are found in Virginia.
·
Geological Time
When we look at human history, we often talk about things in terms of hundreds or thousands of years. During the majority of this time we have some sort of written records to analyze. When we talk about looking at the history of the Earth, and the evolution of organisms on it, we are looking at time periods spanning millions and billions of years. Understanding this portion of history requires detective work: gathering evidence and making comparisons.
People who study this kind of history have to use a greater time scale than that used for human history; this time scale is referred to as the geologic time scale. Think of it like a book, with the rocks as its pages. Some of the pages are torn or missing, and the pages are not numbered, but geology gives us the tools to help us read this book.
Long before geologists had the means to recognize and express time in numbers of years before the present, they developed the geologic time scale. This time scale was developed gradually, mostly in Europe, over the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Earth's history is subdivided into eons, which are subdivided into eras, which are subdivided into periods, which are subdivided into epochs. The names of these subdivisions, like Paleozoic or Cenozoic, may look daunting, but to the geologist there are clues in some of the words. For example, zoic refers to animal life, and paleo means ancient, meso means middle, and ceno means recent. So the relative order of the three youngest eras, first Paleoozoic, then Mesozoic, then Cenoozoic, is straightforward.
Fossils are the recognizable remains, such as bones, shells, or leaves, or other evidence, such as tracks, burrows, or impressions, of past life on Earth. Scientists who study fossils are called paleontologists. Remember that paleo means ancient; so a paleontologist studies ancient forms of life. Fossils are fundamental to the geologic time sca ...
Hai,this is Anusha. am looking for a help with my research.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Hai,
this is Anusha. am looking for a help with my research papers. subject is homeland security and contemporary issues and the topics are
1.Border security is key to immigration reform??
2.walls won't keep us safe
may i get it done by Thursday evening. and also lemme know the amount for both the papers. am also attaching the paper rubric here
thank you.
.
Guys I need your help with my international law class, Its a course.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guys I need your help with my international law class, It's a course on International Law but it's not in essence a law course but part of the concentration I'm in, which is International Relations (in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences) my essay question is the following:
Are the jurisdictions of states absolute and unlimited?
.
hare some memories of encounters with people who had very different .docxJeanmarieColbert3
hare some memories of encounters with people who had very different expectations of their children compared to your own (it doesn't matter if you have children or not, just think about what you would have expected in their place). We tend to think of these situations in terms of good parents and bad parents, but speculate about the possible role of culture. Are there ways to avoid problems when parents with different cultural standards mix?
.
Hacker or SupporterAnswer ONE of the following questionsQuestio.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Hacker or Supporter
Answer ONE of the following questions:
Question A
In a 2-4 page paper, critique the case of Julian Assange, who created the Web site Wikileaks. Is Assange a glorified hacker and threat to national and international security or is he a supporter for human rights and freedom of speech?
.
HA415 Unit 6Discussion TopicHealthcare systems are huge, compl.docxJeanmarieColbert3
This document discusses factors that impact healthcare systems such as technology, costs, and policies. Healthcare systems are large and complex, responding to economic, social, and historical changes. The availability of technology significantly affects medical costs and care access. Local, state and national leaders influence these systems through policies.
HA410 Unit 7 AssignmentUnit outcomes addressed in this Assignment.docxJeanmarieColbert3
HA410 Unit 7 Assignment
Unit outcomes addressed in this Assignment:
● Identify significant standards for healthcare documentation.
● Understand important factors involved in regulations pertaining to paper and electronic health records.
Course outcomes addressed in this Assignment:
HS410-4: Compare standards and regulations for healthcare documentation.
Instructions:
Your boss is the Director of Medical Records at a large academic medical center. He is finding it difficult to monitor the ongoing legislative and policy changes related to Health Information Management. He has asked that you do the following:
1) Visit the AHIMA website (www.ahima,org) and visit the “Advocacy and Public Policy” tab.
2) From there, visit both the “Legislation” and “News and Alerts” menu options.
3) Prepare two pages report highlighting the two most important items your boss should be aware of.
4) Recommend a course of action for each.
Paper should be 600- 800 words length, strictly on topic, informative, and original with 2-3 scholar referencess. No repeatation of words. Please use and read the attached document and follow all the instructions and use the grading rubrics below to do this assignment.
NO PHARGIARIAM!!
Unit 7 Assignment Grading Rubrics:
Instructors: to complete the rubric, please enter the points the student earned in the green cells of column E. Then determine point deductions for writing, late policy, etc in the red cells to calculate the final grade.
Assignment Requirements
Points possible
Points earned by student
Student understands issues related to health information management.
0-40
Student can assess policy and news items impact health information management.
0-40
Student can make well supported recommendations to address current legislative and policy issues in health information management.
0-40
Student prepares a well-crafted report in APA format using the AHIMA website and other sources, as needed.
0-30
Total (Sum of all points)
150
0
*Writing Deductions (Maximum 30% from points earned):
Grammar/Punctuation/Spelling:
30%
Order of Ideas/Length requirement (if applicable):
30%
Format
10%
*Source citations
30%
Late Submission Deduction: (refer to Syllabus for late policy)
Adjusted total points
0
*If sources are not cited and work is plagiarized, grade is an automatic zero and further action may take place in accordance with the Academic Integrity Policy as described in the university catalog.
Final Percentage
0%
Feedback:
.
hacer oír salir suponer traer ver 1. para la clase a la.docxJeanmarieColbert3
hacer oír salir
suponer traer ver
1.
para la clase a las dos.
2.
Los fines de semana mi computadora a casa.
3.
que me gusta trabajar los sábados por la mañana.
4.
Por las mañanas, música en la radio.
5.
Cuando tengo hambre, un sándwich.
6.
Para descansar, películas en la televisión.
.
H07 Medical Coding IDirections Be sure to make an electronic c.docxJeanmarieColbert3
H07 Medical Coding I
Directions
: Be sure to make an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English spelling and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be two (2) to four (4) pages in length; refer to the "Assignment Format" page for specific format requirements.
Lesson 1, 2, 3, and 4 of this course has covered a wide variety of topics. Thus far, you have learned a great deal of information on health insurance, medical contracts, HIPAA, physician and hospital medical billing, and Medicare and Medicaid.
For this writing assignment, please explain why the following course objectives are important for medical billers and coder to understand:
1.
Understand the history and impact of health insurance on health care reimbursement process and recognize various types of health insurance coverage.
2.
Identify the key elements of a managed care contract and identify the role HIPAA plays in the health care industry.
3.
Recognize and explain the different components of physician and hospital billing and differentiate between the two types of services.
4.
Explain the difference between Medicare and Medicaid billing.
Please include at least 3 scholarly articles within your response. Overall response will be formatted according to APA style and the total assignment should be between 2-4 pages not including title page and reference page.
.
Hai,this is Anusha. am looking for a help with my research.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Hai,
this is Anusha. am looking for a help with my research papers. subject is homeland security and contemporary issues and the topics are
1.Border security is key to immigration reform??
2.walls won't keep us safe
may i get it done by Thursday evening. and also lemme know the amount for both the papers. am also attaching the paper rubric here
thank you.
.
Guys I need your help with my international law class, Its a course.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guys I need your help with my international law class, It's a course on International Law but it's not in essence a law course but part of the concentration I'm in, which is International Relations (in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences) my essay question is the following:
Are the jurisdictions of states absolute and unlimited?
.
hare some memories of encounters with people who had very different .docxJeanmarieColbert3
hare some memories of encounters with people who had very different expectations of their children compared to your own (it doesn't matter if you have children or not, just think about what you would have expected in their place). We tend to think of these situations in terms of good parents and bad parents, but speculate about the possible role of culture. Are there ways to avoid problems when parents with different cultural standards mix?
.
Hacker or SupporterAnswer ONE of the following questionsQuestio.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Hacker or Supporter
Answer ONE of the following questions:
Question A
In a 2-4 page paper, critique the case of Julian Assange, who created the Web site Wikileaks. Is Assange a glorified hacker and threat to national and international security or is he a supporter for human rights and freedom of speech?
.
HA415 Unit 6Discussion TopicHealthcare systems are huge, compl.docxJeanmarieColbert3
This document discusses factors that impact healthcare systems such as technology, costs, and policies. Healthcare systems are large and complex, responding to economic, social, and historical changes. The availability of technology significantly affects medical costs and care access. Local, state and national leaders influence these systems through policies.
HA410 Unit 7 AssignmentUnit outcomes addressed in this Assignment.docxJeanmarieColbert3
HA410 Unit 7 Assignment
Unit outcomes addressed in this Assignment:
● Identify significant standards for healthcare documentation.
● Understand important factors involved in regulations pertaining to paper and electronic health records.
Course outcomes addressed in this Assignment:
HS410-4: Compare standards and regulations for healthcare documentation.
Instructions:
Your boss is the Director of Medical Records at a large academic medical center. He is finding it difficult to monitor the ongoing legislative and policy changes related to Health Information Management. He has asked that you do the following:
1) Visit the AHIMA website (www.ahima,org) and visit the “Advocacy and Public Policy” tab.
2) From there, visit both the “Legislation” and “News and Alerts” menu options.
3) Prepare two pages report highlighting the two most important items your boss should be aware of.
4) Recommend a course of action for each.
Paper should be 600- 800 words length, strictly on topic, informative, and original with 2-3 scholar referencess. No repeatation of words. Please use and read the attached document and follow all the instructions and use the grading rubrics below to do this assignment.
NO PHARGIARIAM!!
Unit 7 Assignment Grading Rubrics:
Instructors: to complete the rubric, please enter the points the student earned in the green cells of column E. Then determine point deductions for writing, late policy, etc in the red cells to calculate the final grade.
Assignment Requirements
Points possible
Points earned by student
Student understands issues related to health information management.
0-40
Student can assess policy and news items impact health information management.
0-40
Student can make well supported recommendations to address current legislative and policy issues in health information management.
0-40
Student prepares a well-crafted report in APA format using the AHIMA website and other sources, as needed.
0-30
Total (Sum of all points)
150
0
*Writing Deductions (Maximum 30% from points earned):
Grammar/Punctuation/Spelling:
30%
Order of Ideas/Length requirement (if applicable):
30%
Format
10%
*Source citations
30%
Late Submission Deduction: (refer to Syllabus for late policy)
Adjusted total points
0
*If sources are not cited and work is plagiarized, grade is an automatic zero and further action may take place in accordance with the Academic Integrity Policy as described in the university catalog.
Final Percentage
0%
Feedback:
.
hacer oír salir suponer traer ver 1. para la clase a la.docxJeanmarieColbert3
hacer oír salir
suponer traer ver
1.
para la clase a las dos.
2.
Los fines de semana mi computadora a casa.
3.
que me gusta trabajar los sábados por la mañana.
4.
Por las mañanas, música en la radio.
5.
Cuando tengo hambre, un sándwich.
6.
Para descansar, películas en la televisión.
.
H07 Medical Coding IDirections Be sure to make an electronic c.docxJeanmarieColbert3
H07 Medical Coding I
Directions
: Be sure to make an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English spelling and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be two (2) to four (4) pages in length; refer to the "Assignment Format" page for specific format requirements.
Lesson 1, 2, 3, and 4 of this course has covered a wide variety of topics. Thus far, you have learned a great deal of information on health insurance, medical contracts, HIPAA, physician and hospital medical billing, and Medicare and Medicaid.
For this writing assignment, please explain why the following course objectives are important for medical billers and coder to understand:
1.
Understand the history and impact of health insurance on health care reimbursement process and recognize various types of health insurance coverage.
2.
Identify the key elements of a managed care contract and identify the role HIPAA plays in the health care industry.
3.
Recognize and explain the different components of physician and hospital billing and differentiate between the two types of services.
4.
Explain the difference between Medicare and Medicaid billing.
Please include at least 3 scholarly articles within your response. Overall response will be formatted according to APA style and the total assignment should be between 2-4 pages not including title page and reference page.
.
Guidelines1.Paper consisting of 2,000-2,250 words; however,.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guidelines:
1.
Paper consisting of 2,000-2,250 words; however, the reference page isn’t included as any part of the word count.
2.
Provide a thesis and/or main claim that is clear and comprehensive. This is the essence of the paper.
3.
APA formatting: in-text citations, headings, correct sentence structure, paragraph transition.
4.
Please apply the attached (4) readings to this homework.
5.
Address the following in the paper:
a.
Briefly describe the company
REI
using the Baldrige Performance Excellence framework.
b.
Using the Baldrige framework, outline
REI
organization's leadership structure and practices (
innovation, communication, and diversity
) chosen to study.
c.
Describe the evidence you find to identify that organization's leadership style (
servant and authentic
) by using specific references from the research literature to support your description.
d.
As a researcher of organizational leadership, how does the Baldrige framework help assess organizational leadership?
e.
Identify any
gaps
in assessment the framework does not address, and describe them with references from other sources.
.
Guidelines12-point fontCambria fontSingle space50 words ma.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guidelines
12-point font
Cambria font
Single space
50 words maximum per section summarized (Be concise. I would prefer less than 50 words)
Sections to summarize-
(50 words summary for each topic )
Genetics Versus Epigenetics
Defining Epigenetics
DNA methylation
RNAi and RNA-directed Gene Silencing
From Unicellular to Multicellular Systems
.
HA425 Unit 2 discussion- Organizational Behavior and Management in H.docxJeanmarieColbert3
HA425 Unit 2 discussion- Organizational Behavior and Management in Health Care - Discussion
Discussion Topics
1.
Discuss the role and importance of organizational culture in promoting organizational change, organizational learning, and quality of healthcare.
2. Explain how teamwork is used in the CQI process and its impact on the process.
NO PHARGIARISM!!! Paper must be 500 words, strictly on topic, well detailed and original with 2-3 scholar referencsea. No repeatation.
.
GuidelinesPaper is based on one novel , Frankenstein. We ha.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guidelines
Paper is based on one novel ,
Frankenstein
. We have
learned that one element crucial to horror stories is a monster. After reading the
entire novel , you will write a two- to three-page paper analyzing whether Victor Frankenstein or the
creation is the true monster in the novel.
You must pick one. Then state three
reasons/actions why he is the monster.
DO NOT:
o
Claim they are both monsters
o
Claim that neither is
o
Claim that there is no monster because Victor is hallucinating, has
a split personality, is dreaming, etc.
o
Claim that the real monster is abstract/philosophical--narcissism,
society, nature vs. nurture, etc
These are all innovative and great and may make a great essay but that's not
the assignment.
You must make a claim that Victor is the true monster
OR his creation is the true monster and support your claim.
Even though it is your interpretation of who the monster is, when you write
academic essays, you are really asserting a claim and attempting to convince
readers to agree with your stance. To do this effectively, it’s best to create a
more objective tone, pulling back on personal statements and writing in terms of
what Shelley intended and how readers in general perceive/infer the information.
In other words, avoid statements like: “I think the monster is really Victor
Frankenstein.” And use statements like: “After careful analysis of Shelley’s
characters, readers agree that Victor is the true monster of the novel.” Also, a
major pitfall to avoid: Do not claim that the monster is Victor then focus on the
creation in the body of the essay and why the creation is not the monster.
Throughout the semester, I have been posing questions on the Discussion Board
that you have been responsible for. You were then required in some weeks to
respond to a peer’s answers. The purpose of this is to cultivate interaction among
peers as you are working in such solitude when in an online environment.
However, I know that it is hard to routinely read a lot of what your peers have to
say. So this second paper is the one opportunity for you to truly HEAR several
angles of a discussion, much like in a traditional classroom, and assimilate the
opinions of your classmates.
For the essay, after you first come to your own observation about who the true
monster is then read through a handful of each of the four
Frankenstein
discussion threads (Storyline Shift, Victor Frankenstein, The Creation, and
Frankenstein Finale). Find a few posts that support your observation. You do not
need to read through all of the posts for each thread but read through enough to
help inform your selection. Throughout your essay you will need to
include at
least three quotes from two different threads (one per body
paragraph/reason).
These quotes need to support your claim. In other words, if
you claim that Victor is the monster, don’t include a quote by a peer that focuses
on the monster’s compassion. Also, be.
Guidelines1.Paper word count should be 1,000-1,250. Refer.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guidelines:
1.
Paper word count should be 1,000-1,250. Reference page should not be counted in the word count.
2.
Following issues to be addressed in the paper:
a.
Discuss the conceptual differences between Transformational-Transactional Leadership and the visions of future developments in leadership Warren Bennis was predicting.
b.
Using the guidance of both leadership theorists and applied behavioral scientists, compose your basic definition of organizational leadership that is functional in organizations you know.
c.
Drawing from tenets of the Christian worldview related to organizational leadership, compare the key points of that guidance with two key elements (leadership and integrity) of organizational leadership.
d.
Support your comparisons with substantive documentation for each of the two key elements of current theories.
3.
Due date: No later than Wednesday, October 12, 2016 at noon (EST)
.
Guided Response Respond to at least two of your classmates. Ch.docxJeanmarieColbert3
This document discusses activities and toys appropriate for different age groups according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development. For adolescents in the formal operations stage, the document recommends hypothetical problem solving activities that allow creative solutions to issues. It suggests providing art supplies to allow diagramming solutions. For toddlers in the preoperational stage, it proposes an animal hunt with magnifying glasses and safari helmets to encourage pretend play and role playing. A doctor play set is also suggested to help process medical experiences through imagination.
Guided ResponseReview the philosophies of education that your.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Review the philosophies of education that your classmates chose and write a minimum 150-word response to at least two of them. Comment on whether you agree or disagree with their philosophies of education and their rational for them. Suggest additional ways in which the theories they have chosen could be applied to educational environments.
By:
Melissa
I have been in the classroom for over 12 years, and every day I learn something new. Every day I encounter a new student or discover something new about a student in my class that has been there the whole year. Every encounter is different, every child is different, and not one child thinks the same or learns the same. I discovered this early on in my teaching career, but I am constantly reminded how we cannot take for granted streamlined teaching in the classroom.
Teachers are not the only ones who teach in the classroom, the students in your classroom teach each other and teach you the teacher how to explain something differently and view things differently and reach the same destination to answer the same question correctly. I believe that being an effective teacher one must get to know students on a personal level. Not by reading their folders at the beginning of the year, but by asking open ended questions, listening to how they respond and how they express themselves either verbally or written expression. Teachers need to listen to their students not just hear them and move on, but take the child as a whole and help them reach another level in their education journey.
Special education is more than just accommodations; it is accommodating children to their needs and finding what works for them. Some need verbal cues to know that they are doing well and motivate them to keep working towards success, while others need positive written expression to push them over the hump and work to accomplish their goals. Most children with learning disabilities suffer from low self esteem and act up or become the class clown are constantly in trouble. They become the trouble makers or the ones always in trouble for not completing homework assignments, and because teachers only see this on the surface they push them off to one side of the classroom. What most general education teachers don’t see is how much they are asking for help.
Education should be used to empower every student and every teacher. Being an educator is more than just teaching to a test, it is planting the seed of enjoying the love for learning. We need to remember that we are educating our future.
By:
Katrina
Children learn best in an environment where they feel safe, especially younger children in an early childhood program. For toddlers the progressivism philosophy is one that works best. Toddlers cannot sit still for long periods of time and they need things that are developmentally appropriate. They need activities that allow them to use all of their senses. As they are touching and seeing while list.
Guided Response When responding to your peers, suggest ways to.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
When responding to your peers, suggest ways to continue to strengthen the contribution listed, so that this influence remains strong in our education system today. Describe why you believe this contribution should continue to be a part of our current education system. Respond to at least two peers.
BY: Tiffany Futch
Improved teaching means teachers were taught to teach on more of a professional level by actual people qualified to teach. Normal schools broadened their curricula to the training of secondary school teachers, requirement of the completion of high school to be admitted to college for teacher training, teachers must have a bachelor’s degree. “High school completion was seldom required for admission, and the majority of instructors did not hold a college degree themselves.” (Diener, 2008). Society has come a long way when it comes to teaching, and who is qualified to teach. Higher education is required more than ever in today’s society, and all of these examples have helped with the success of the way teachers complete their degrees today.
When it comes to teaching in the 21
st
century, full time teachers are required to have a minimum of a four year bachelor’s degree. Technology helps play a role in the success of teachers and students in and out of the classroom. Like the rest of the class we are all completing our degree in an online program. When it comes to teaching in the classroom teachers can use computers and other devices to help children excel, and outside of the classroom, the students can utilize the internet to help them with projects, and even communicate with other students to help with projects.
Webb. L. D. (2014). History of American education: Voices and perspectives. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
BY:Christine Rodriguez
Teacher training is very important for teachers because they should be able to teach multiple subjects and be qualified in what they are teaching. Strengthening of the normal school curriculum and standards was needed in order for the school system to get better. In the 1900's schools exploded from 50 to almost 350, but with the low academic levels, teacher and students were not able to teach or learn at a college level. Teachers did not have, at this point, a college degree themselves. As the population kept increases and there was a higher demand for education, everyone began to need a high school diploma to be admitted for a college degree.
University enter teacher training: "Teacher training at the college or university level, typically consisted of one or two courses in the "science and art" of teaching, had been offered at a limited number of institutions as early as the 1830s, and the universities had always been institutions for the education of those who taught in the Latin grammar schools, academies, and high schools" (Webb, 2014).
This did not qualify them as teachers when they took these courses, but it did make them becom.
Guided Response As you read the responses of your classmates, con.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
As you read the responses of your classmates, consider how their negative educational experience could have been changed to support student learning. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts. Provide additional suggestions for them in creating their own positive, stimulating learning environment. Be sure to respond to any queries or comments posted by your instructor.
Melissa Cagno
The biggest negative experience that I have had is with a previous employer, and it was my first day as a preschool teacher in a facility nearby. On my first day, I walked into a situation that made a huge impact on the way I viewed this facility. When I started that day, I was told that I would not be in “my classroom” that I would be filling in for a teacher that was out that day. I didn’t have an issue with that fact and was actually up for the challenge. But when I entered the classroom I noticed there were no rules, no structure, no lesson plans and the classroom was complete chaos. I managed to create some spur of the moment lessons and engaged in music as much as possible. Then when it was time for lunch, and I went to serve it, it was pure sugar and very unhealthy. I left for the day feeling defeated, tired, frustrated and stressed and nowhere to turn. I expressed my concerns throughout the day along with a lot of severe health issues to the owner and was brushed off. I care a lot about the children’s safety and their learning environment, and I felt like I was drowning. Needless to say, I ended up moving on from that position because I felt helpless and without a direction to improve anything.
I have had several positive experiences throughout my educational background. The classrooms were always welcoming, warm and inviting and it showed that the teachers cared about their classrooms and their students. Those classrooms made me excited about becoming a teacher and gave me something to work towards in the future.
“The foundation for successful learning and a safe and secure classroom climate is the relationship that teachers develop with their students (Sousa, Tomlinson, 2011)”. The teacher-student relationship is something that should be built on from day one. If the students do not trust or know you, they will feel uneasy and unsafe in the classroom environment. It is so important to form the relationship with your students to ensure communication and safety of your students. Another way to provide a positive learning environment is with your attitude. If you have a positive and fun attitude, it will show through your lessons and your students will enjoy being in your class every day which will affect how they learn. Lastly, the organization is a big key to a positive and stimulating learning environment. If your classroom is packed full of stuff or the students, do not know where materials are it can cause frustrations for you and your students.
I firmly believe there are no stupid questions! I want to ensure my stude.
Guided ResponseReview several of your classmates’ posts and res.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Review several of your classmates’ posts and respond to at least two of your peers original posts. Please keep in mind that this assignment can be a sensitive subject and that people’s past experiences may have shaped their views. Choose one point from your peer’s post that made an impact on you and explain why this particular comment resonated with you. Share your thoughts on the disadvantages and advantages of segregation with your peers.
BY:
Tiffany
Bradley
When preparing for this week’s discussion post I was a little at awe, I personally had never heard of the little rock nine. And I’m not that far from Arkansas. The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students that were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. However, their enrollment was engaged by the Little Rock Crisis. Which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. When President Dwight D. Eisenhower done an intervention, the students were then allowed to attend the school. The nine students were Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Jefferson Thomas, Terrance Roberts, Thelma Mothershed, and Melba Pattillo Beals. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine)
Personally, if I was in the situation that these nine students experienced I would have been lost, afraid, and felt like something was wrong with me. A child of any race should not have to be put in this situation to feel unwanted or that they are unwelcome because they are of a different color. Many times however that is not the case. And this was the case for these nine children. My reaction would have been a sense of sadness, and anger. I don’t believe I would not have made a seen, simply out of fear of being hurt. I would have wanted to stand up for myself as well as my peers of the same color. Nowadays, if the situation would arise that an African American child was not allowed into a while school, yes I would stand up. And voice my opinion. It should not matter the color of a child’s skin. They should be allowed to receive the proper education. Without first having to go through turmoil. This situation I’m sure was emotionally devastating for these nine children. Who simply just wanted to get an education. (Webb. L. D. (2014). History of American education: Voices and perspectives. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.)
De facto segregation, I believe does not have a detrimental effect on students nowadays. Some adults that were raised to racial, still are. But if children are taught not to be that way. Then most of the time children learn to except another student of a different minority. Where I live we have a lot of white and minority students. Which none are treated differently. They are all in school for the same reason to get an education. My own personal beliefs are we are all children of God, and just because we are different races, does not mean.
Guided ResponseYou must reply to at least one classmate. As y.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
You must reply to at least one classmate
. As you reply to your classmates, attempt to extend the conversation by examining their claims or arguments in more depth or by responding to the posts that they make to you. Keep the discussion on target and try to analyze things in as much detail as you can. For instance, you might consider sharing additional ways that information literacy skills can help them be critical consumers of information. Discuss similarities in how you and your classmates connected with the infographic or article
.
Guided ResponseRespond to at least one classmate that has been .docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Respond to at least one classmate that has been assigned a different position from you and offer a rebuttal. Be sure to provide evidence from the literature to support your opposition. Also, respond to your original post and provide your own opinion of inclusion based on the evidence from the research and the responses of your classmates. Did your thinking change after reading your classmates’ viewpoints? Share your concerns about working with students with special needs in the regular classroom.
BY:
Mallory Johnson
What is inclusion?
Inclusion is an educational environment in which all students are grouped together in the same classroom regardless of their intelligence level hence the phrase used, “Least Restrictive Environment”. This practice means that an increasing number of regular classroom teachers are called upon to teach exceptional children in regular classrooms, sometimes also termed inclusive classrooms (LeFrançois, G. 2011).
IDEA was established for children with learning disabilities and has been mandated as a part of every educational facility.
As defined by the American Psychological Association, “The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) ensures that all children with disabilities are entitled to a free appropriate public education to meet their unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living.”
Not every student learns equally; however, every student should be given the equal opportunity to do so regardless of their learning abilities. With that, inclusion provides an environment where not only students will learn together, but regular students will respect and build friendships with students with learning disabilities. While I never had the change to experience this firsthand, this type of environment will enhance friendships and students helping one another. I think that when a child is included in something, their self confidence improves and they will strive to work harder.
Second, inclusion allows students to understand one another and learn from each other as far as customs and courtesies and attitudes. Students are vulnerable to imitate what they see whether it be good or bad. According to the text, one of the benefits of inclusion is the learning of socially appropriate behaviors by students with disabilities as a result of modeling the behavior of other students.
Lastly, inclusive classrooms provide students with learning disabilities access to general learning like the rest of their peers. They will learn the same information instead of the curriculum being adjusted which may omit valuable information. In this case, these students may be learning information that could be too easy depending on where they stand knowledge wise. For others, the adjustment may hinder learning more challenging information some could be ready for.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). (n.d.). Retrieved July 17, 2016, from http://www.apa.org/about/.
Guided ResponseRespond to your classmates’ posts. How do your.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response
:
Respond to your classmates’ posts. How do your choices compare to theirs? Identify common opinions and differences in your responses.
My choice is attach below:
FREE PUBLIC SCHOOL
BY:
Tiffany Bradley
The first American Comprehensive (and coeducational) high school opened in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1831. This began the emerge of the secondary school movement after the Civil War. This provided opportunities for young people to stay in school longer. This offered students English and classical courses of study. It also impacted the opening of high schools in several other larger cites.
2.
In 1874, the public secondary school movement had gained momentum. This began by a decision from the Michigan Supreme Court. In the famous Kalamazoo Case. The school board had moved to establish a publicly supported high school and hire a nonteaching superintendent. However, three taxpayers brought forth a suit to prevent the board from levying a tax to support the high school. They claimed that because the instruction in the schools was not practical, and not necessary. Or even beneficial to the majority of people. Those few who did benefit should be the ones to pay for it.
(Stuart et al. v. School District No. 1 of the Village of Kalamazoo, 1874).
3.
By the mid-1920s, The CRSE and the introduction of vocational education has given shape to the American comprehensive high school. Making it into an institution based on the concept of democracy. It offered a range of curriculum to students of different abilities and interests. Four basic levels of curriculum were offered. The college preparatory program. Which included courses in English language and literature, foreign languages, mathematics, the natural and physical sciences, and history. As well as social sciences, the commercial or business program.
4.
The efficiency movement, which played a central role in the progressive era in the United States, addressed the perceived waste and inefficiency in all areas of the economy, government, and society. The movement embraced scientific management, which grew out of the work of Frederick W. Taylor, an engineer at Bethlehem Steel, and was aimed at increasing production at lower cost while at the same time instilling order, standardization, and discipline.
5.
John Dewey, professor of philosophy and pedagogy at the University of Chicago and professor of philosophy at Columbia University. In 1896, he established his own laboratory school at the University of Chicago. Unlike other similar schools associated with colleges or universities, Dewey did not intend that his school be a practice school for training teachers, but a laboratory where ideas could be tested. He simply believed that education was a legitimate area for scientific investigation and that a science of education did indeed exist. He didn’t feel the need to use the old, rigid, subject-centered curriculum in favor of a child-centered curriculum. His moto for his lab school w.
Guided ResponseRespond to at least two of your classmates’ post.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts. How do your choices compare to theirs? Identify common opinions and differences in your responses.
BY:
Alyssa Garcia
The Great Depression
(1929)- The stock market crashed and “among the factors contributing to the crash were a trade imbalance following World War I, where the United States was exporting more than it was importing to nations that could not pay; an unregulated stock market; a weak banking system; growing government expenditures; overproduction in both the industrial and agricultural sectors; and growing unemployment” (Webb, section 7.1, 2014).
This impacted man people; public schools, colleges, and teachers.
The Civilian Conservation Corps
(1930s)- “one of the federal emergency agencies created under Roosevelt's New Deal to provide "work relief" for the unemployed. It provided temporary work for over 3 million young men aged 18 to 25, who lived in CCC camps and worked on various conservation projects like reforestation, wildlife preservation, flood control, and forest fire prevention (Webb, section 7.3, 2014). About 150,000 African American children were enrolled in 150 CCC companies and 85,000 Native Americans in a separate company.
Public Works Administration
(1933)- funded large-scale projects such as bridges, dams, hospitals, airports, libraries, and 7,500 schools that were built between 1933 and 1939. Webb (2014) Stated that “$1.7 billion in federal funds (with $300 million state and local matching funds) provided for the building of 102 public libraries and 59,614 classrooms between the years 1934-1939. Fourteen percent of all PWA funds were spent on school buildings, including the building of 225 Negro schools and the renovation of 118 others.”
The Civil Rights Movement
(1955)- was a movement that started with African Americans, but later advanced to rights of women, ethnic and racial groups, and people with disabilities. The goal was to secure the individual rights that are guaranteed by the US Constitution.
Indian Education Act
(1972)- “The IEA provided funds for supplemental programs to meet the special needs of Native American children in public schools both on and off the reservation (Webb, section 8.5, 2014).
I chose to do the difference and similarities of The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Indian Education Act.
These two are significant today because they are still they are still in order.
If I could change one outcome, it would be the Great Depression because when the market crashed, people lost money, jobs were low pay, and people were starving and becoming homeless.
The most important event that happened in each event is that if it wasn’t for these movements taking place, we would not have equalization in our education where it is needed.
Resource
Webb. L. D. (2014).
History of American education: Voices and perspectives. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
BY:
Kara Lemak
Event:
Great Depression- October 1929-1939
The N.
Guided Response Respond to at least two peers. Ask questions of y.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Respond to at least two peers. Ask questions of your peers about their responses to encourage further conversation. In your responses, consider including a question about the inclusion of 21st-century skills in a diverse classroom. Though two replies is the basic expectation, for deeper engagement and learning, you are encouraged to provide responses to any comments or questions others have given to you, including the instructor. Responding to the replies given to you will further the conversation and provide additional opportunities for you to demonstrate your content expertise, critical thinking, and real-world experiences with this topic.
Carefully review the
Discussion Forum Grading Rubric
for the criteria that will be used to evaluate this Discussion Thread
Discussion 1
Analyze how you can maintain high standards and demonstrate high expectations for all ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse students in the classroom.
I believe that I can maintain high standards or all of my students by first establishing classroom management and hold all of my students to high expectations no matter their special population. I believe that all students can learn, it’s all about tapping into their interests and building on what they like to do. The specific behaviors that teachers engage in clearly communicate their expectations for students. I can focus on the ways in which I can ensure that my students understand that they have high expectations as well as ways for helping my students meet those expectations. I will differentiate instruction to address the diverse learning styles, needs, and skills found in my classroom. Through differentiated instruction, students are challenged but not frustrated and teachers are able to facilitate learning.
Discuss how you would differentiate instruction for the inclusion of various learning styles.
We are all smart, but in different ways. With their being Visual/Spatial, Verbal/Linguistic, Bodily/Kinesthetic, and Musical/Rhythmic learners in my classroom I will make sure that my instruction fosters drawing, creating, illustrating, and learning from photographs, videos, and other visual aids. Reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills for my students that are verbal and linguistic. hands-on activity: games, movement, role-play, and building and manipulating things for my students that are kinesthetic. And last, songs, patterns, rhythms, instruments, chants, listening to music, and other forms of musical expression for my students that learn better through music and rhythm. To make my class a classroom of inclusion, all of the students will have to interact in every aspect of the learning process nit just what really interest them.
Reflect on ways in which you would modify instruction for special education students.
There are students in my class that may need some differentiated and/or individualized attention because they have special needs related to specific phy.
Guided journal should be 2-3 pages, double spaced, include referen.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided journal should be 2-3 pages, double spaced, include reference citations with proper APA, and include a cover page. Since the journal is reflective in nature, the use of first person is acceptable, however, this should still be formal scholarly writing.
(1) Frustration: what frustrates you the most in your current work/life?
(2) Energy: What are your most vital sources of energy? What do you love?
(3) Inner resistance: What is holding you back? Describe 3 situations in your recent work/life where you noticed one of the following three voices kicking in and which of them prevented you form exploring the situation more deeply:
-
Voice of judgment (shutting down your mind)
-
Voice of Cynicism (shutting down your open heart)
-
Voice of fear (shutting down your open will)
.
Guided Response Respond to at least two peers. Choose posts that .docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Respond to at least two peers. Choose posts that present different ideas than yours. In your responses, consider and comment about how their ideas about the effects of attachment coincide with Bowlby and Ainsworth’s theories.
Ronald Taylor Jr.
9/16/2016 12:22:20 AM
In your own words briefly describe the four stages of attachment identified by Bowlby and the four types of attachment identified by Ainsworth.
The four stages of attachment that belonged to John Bowlby are Pre-attachment, Attachment in the Making, Organized, goal directed attachment, and Formation of reciprocal partnerships. Pre-attachment is when the infant is establishing a relationship with the caregiver but the relationship is weak and can be interrupted by anyone and there is no fear factor with the infant. Attachment in the Making is when the infant is starting to connect with the caregiver and also starting to understand the difference between the caregiver and strangers. Organized, goal- directed attachment is when the child understands who the caregiver is and feels secure around them and they have a connection. If a caregiver leaves even if a stranger is present, the child is uncomfortable and will react with crying and trying to run after caregiver. Formation of reciprocal partnerships is when the child is a little older and because of established relationships the child understands that the caregiver if has left will return shortly this a stage that has developed a strong bond and trust.
Mary Ainsworth four stages of attachment are securely attached infants, insecure-avoidant infants, insecure-resistant/ambivalent, and Disorganized-disoriented infants. The structure of Ainsworth’s work is very similar to Bowlby but at first there were only three attachments for Ainsworth the fourth Disorganized infants was established later. “Disorganized-disoriented infants are thought to be the least securely attached. They exhibit a great degree of confusion and contradictory behaviors during both separation and reunion situations.” (Mossler, R., 2014)
Analyze how attachment experiences might affect the psychosocial, cognitive and physical development of children and adolescents.
Attachment experiences affect the psychosocial, cognitive and physical development of children and adolescents in many ways. In children attachment is what structures how they can react and handle situations as adults. If a caregiver is less attached then others then that can play a part into what happens later with the child as they head into adulthood. Lack of attachment and a unhealthy structure can cause children to lack attention and cause them to show less emotions and build walls. Positive attachments help children to have great social skills and communication skills. If a child is able to think clearly it would make cognitive development possibly function smoother because the influence would promote the thinking process and physically it might help children develop b.
Guidance questions What was the movie about Do you learn somethi.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guidance questions:
What was the movie about? Do you learn something new? How does it relate to the class of history-world civilization I ?
actually need to watch movie, can't use any source from any website
good use of language (grammar, spelling, etc.)
ideas and argument are organized
The report should be 2-3 pages in length, typed (12 point font, 1" margins, double-spaced), proofread
.
Growth of Cities1. What is urbanization2. Give 3 reasons why ci.docxJeanmarieColbert3
The document discusses the growth of cities during the Industrial Age, including reasons for urbanization such as new job opportunities in factories. It examines the emergence of a middle class composed of professionals like clerks and teachers. Children from working class families often had to work long hours in difficult factory conditions to help support their families financially. Over time, conditions for the working class improved as people advocated for better treatment. The document also notes that women during this period had few legal rights and limited opportunities, but began fighting for more rights.
Groups The dynamic and increasingly complex world of health ca.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Groups
The dynamic and increasingly complex world of health care often requires nurses to work collaboratively on interprofessional teams. In the group environment, individuals with unique skills and expertise come together to focus on a common goal; however, groups must become cohesive before they can become effective.
Your experiences working with groups—whether you perceive them as positive, negative, or neutral—can be used to facilitate insight and development. Health care, with its focus on interprofessional teamwork and collaboration, offers ample opportunities and an imperative for continuous learning.
For this Discussion, you focus on strategies for facilitating the group process.
To prepare:
Review the information in this week’s Learning Resources regarding the stages of group formation, problematic roles individuals play in groups, and strategies for facilitating and maintaining positive group collaboration. In particular, review Learning Exercise 19.12 on page 464 of the course text.
Reflect on various groups with which you have been or are currently involved. Select one specific group to analyze for the purposes of this Discussion. Identify the purpose or task that the group is or was meant to perform.
Consider the four stages of group formation (forming, storming, norming, and performing). How would you describe the progression between stages? Is there a stage in which you believe your group is or was “stuck”?
Consider the task or group-building role you normally play in a group setting. How could you apply the information from the Learning Resources to improve your group participation and facilitation, as well as the functioning of the group as a whole?
In addition, think about which individuals within your group (including yourself) may fall into problematic roles such as the Dominator, the Aggressor, or the Blocker. How have you and your group members addressed the enactment of these roles and its impact on interactions? With information from the Learning Resources in mind, what strategies would you apply now or going forward?
Post
- (1) a description of a group with which you have been or are currently involved. (2) Assess where the group is in terms of the four stages of group formation.
(3) If you are reflecting on a past experience, explain if your group moved through all four stages. (4) Describe the task or group-building role you typically play, or played, in this group. Then, (5) explain what strategies you, as a leader, can apply to better facilitate the group process and address any problematic individual roles in the group
.
REQUIRED RESOURCES
Readings
Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2015).
Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application
(8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Chapter 19 “Organizational, Interpersonal, and Group Communication”
Chapter 19 covers many aspects of the communication process, including group communication. As you read.
Guidelines1.Paper consisting of 2,000-2,250 words; however,.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guidelines:
1.
Paper consisting of 2,000-2,250 words; however, the reference page isn’t included as any part of the word count.
2.
Provide a thesis and/or main claim that is clear and comprehensive. This is the essence of the paper.
3.
APA formatting: in-text citations, headings, correct sentence structure, paragraph transition.
4.
Please apply the attached (4) readings to this homework.
5.
Address the following in the paper:
a.
Briefly describe the company
REI
using the Baldrige Performance Excellence framework.
b.
Using the Baldrige framework, outline
REI
organization's leadership structure and practices (
innovation, communication, and diversity
) chosen to study.
c.
Describe the evidence you find to identify that organization's leadership style (
servant and authentic
) by using specific references from the research literature to support your description.
d.
As a researcher of organizational leadership, how does the Baldrige framework help assess organizational leadership?
e.
Identify any
gaps
in assessment the framework does not address, and describe them with references from other sources.
.
Guidelines12-point fontCambria fontSingle space50 words ma.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guidelines
12-point font
Cambria font
Single space
50 words maximum per section summarized (Be concise. I would prefer less than 50 words)
Sections to summarize-
(50 words summary for each topic )
Genetics Versus Epigenetics
Defining Epigenetics
DNA methylation
RNAi and RNA-directed Gene Silencing
From Unicellular to Multicellular Systems
.
HA425 Unit 2 discussion- Organizational Behavior and Management in H.docxJeanmarieColbert3
HA425 Unit 2 discussion- Organizational Behavior and Management in Health Care - Discussion
Discussion Topics
1.
Discuss the role and importance of organizational culture in promoting organizational change, organizational learning, and quality of healthcare.
2. Explain how teamwork is used in the CQI process and its impact on the process.
NO PHARGIARISM!!! Paper must be 500 words, strictly on topic, well detailed and original with 2-3 scholar referencsea. No repeatation.
.
GuidelinesPaper is based on one novel , Frankenstein. We ha.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guidelines
Paper is based on one novel ,
Frankenstein
. We have
learned that one element crucial to horror stories is a monster. After reading the
entire novel , you will write a two- to three-page paper analyzing whether Victor Frankenstein or the
creation is the true monster in the novel.
You must pick one. Then state three
reasons/actions why he is the monster.
DO NOT:
o
Claim they are both monsters
o
Claim that neither is
o
Claim that there is no monster because Victor is hallucinating, has
a split personality, is dreaming, etc.
o
Claim that the real monster is abstract/philosophical--narcissism,
society, nature vs. nurture, etc
These are all innovative and great and may make a great essay but that's not
the assignment.
You must make a claim that Victor is the true monster
OR his creation is the true monster and support your claim.
Even though it is your interpretation of who the monster is, when you write
academic essays, you are really asserting a claim and attempting to convince
readers to agree with your stance. To do this effectively, it’s best to create a
more objective tone, pulling back on personal statements and writing in terms of
what Shelley intended and how readers in general perceive/infer the information.
In other words, avoid statements like: “I think the monster is really Victor
Frankenstein.” And use statements like: “After careful analysis of Shelley’s
characters, readers agree that Victor is the true monster of the novel.” Also, a
major pitfall to avoid: Do not claim that the monster is Victor then focus on the
creation in the body of the essay and why the creation is not the monster.
Throughout the semester, I have been posing questions on the Discussion Board
that you have been responsible for. You were then required in some weeks to
respond to a peer’s answers. The purpose of this is to cultivate interaction among
peers as you are working in such solitude when in an online environment.
However, I know that it is hard to routinely read a lot of what your peers have to
say. So this second paper is the one opportunity for you to truly HEAR several
angles of a discussion, much like in a traditional classroom, and assimilate the
opinions of your classmates.
For the essay, after you first come to your own observation about who the true
monster is then read through a handful of each of the four
Frankenstein
discussion threads (Storyline Shift, Victor Frankenstein, The Creation, and
Frankenstein Finale). Find a few posts that support your observation. You do not
need to read through all of the posts for each thread but read through enough to
help inform your selection. Throughout your essay you will need to
include at
least three quotes from two different threads (one per body
paragraph/reason).
These quotes need to support your claim. In other words, if
you claim that Victor is the monster, don’t include a quote by a peer that focuses
on the monster’s compassion. Also, be.
Guidelines1.Paper word count should be 1,000-1,250. Refer.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guidelines:
1.
Paper word count should be 1,000-1,250. Reference page should not be counted in the word count.
2.
Following issues to be addressed in the paper:
a.
Discuss the conceptual differences between Transformational-Transactional Leadership and the visions of future developments in leadership Warren Bennis was predicting.
b.
Using the guidance of both leadership theorists and applied behavioral scientists, compose your basic definition of organizational leadership that is functional in organizations you know.
c.
Drawing from tenets of the Christian worldview related to organizational leadership, compare the key points of that guidance with two key elements (leadership and integrity) of organizational leadership.
d.
Support your comparisons with substantive documentation for each of the two key elements of current theories.
3.
Due date: No later than Wednesday, October 12, 2016 at noon (EST)
.
Guided Response Respond to at least two of your classmates. Ch.docxJeanmarieColbert3
This document discusses activities and toys appropriate for different age groups according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development. For adolescents in the formal operations stage, the document recommends hypothetical problem solving activities that allow creative solutions to issues. It suggests providing art supplies to allow diagramming solutions. For toddlers in the preoperational stage, it proposes an animal hunt with magnifying glasses and safari helmets to encourage pretend play and role playing. A doctor play set is also suggested to help process medical experiences through imagination.
Guided ResponseReview the philosophies of education that your.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Review the philosophies of education that your classmates chose and write a minimum 150-word response to at least two of them. Comment on whether you agree or disagree with their philosophies of education and their rational for them. Suggest additional ways in which the theories they have chosen could be applied to educational environments.
By:
Melissa
I have been in the classroom for over 12 years, and every day I learn something new. Every day I encounter a new student or discover something new about a student in my class that has been there the whole year. Every encounter is different, every child is different, and not one child thinks the same or learns the same. I discovered this early on in my teaching career, but I am constantly reminded how we cannot take for granted streamlined teaching in the classroom.
Teachers are not the only ones who teach in the classroom, the students in your classroom teach each other and teach you the teacher how to explain something differently and view things differently and reach the same destination to answer the same question correctly. I believe that being an effective teacher one must get to know students on a personal level. Not by reading their folders at the beginning of the year, but by asking open ended questions, listening to how they respond and how they express themselves either verbally or written expression. Teachers need to listen to their students not just hear them and move on, but take the child as a whole and help them reach another level in their education journey.
Special education is more than just accommodations; it is accommodating children to their needs and finding what works for them. Some need verbal cues to know that they are doing well and motivate them to keep working towards success, while others need positive written expression to push them over the hump and work to accomplish their goals. Most children with learning disabilities suffer from low self esteem and act up or become the class clown are constantly in trouble. They become the trouble makers or the ones always in trouble for not completing homework assignments, and because teachers only see this on the surface they push them off to one side of the classroom. What most general education teachers don’t see is how much they are asking for help.
Education should be used to empower every student and every teacher. Being an educator is more than just teaching to a test, it is planting the seed of enjoying the love for learning. We need to remember that we are educating our future.
By:
Katrina
Children learn best in an environment where they feel safe, especially younger children in an early childhood program. For toddlers the progressivism philosophy is one that works best. Toddlers cannot sit still for long periods of time and they need things that are developmentally appropriate. They need activities that allow them to use all of their senses. As they are touching and seeing while list.
Guided Response When responding to your peers, suggest ways to.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
When responding to your peers, suggest ways to continue to strengthen the contribution listed, so that this influence remains strong in our education system today. Describe why you believe this contribution should continue to be a part of our current education system. Respond to at least two peers.
BY: Tiffany Futch
Improved teaching means teachers were taught to teach on more of a professional level by actual people qualified to teach. Normal schools broadened their curricula to the training of secondary school teachers, requirement of the completion of high school to be admitted to college for teacher training, teachers must have a bachelor’s degree. “High school completion was seldom required for admission, and the majority of instructors did not hold a college degree themselves.” (Diener, 2008). Society has come a long way when it comes to teaching, and who is qualified to teach. Higher education is required more than ever in today’s society, and all of these examples have helped with the success of the way teachers complete their degrees today.
When it comes to teaching in the 21
st
century, full time teachers are required to have a minimum of a four year bachelor’s degree. Technology helps play a role in the success of teachers and students in and out of the classroom. Like the rest of the class we are all completing our degree in an online program. When it comes to teaching in the classroom teachers can use computers and other devices to help children excel, and outside of the classroom, the students can utilize the internet to help them with projects, and even communicate with other students to help with projects.
Webb. L. D. (2014). History of American education: Voices and perspectives. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
BY:Christine Rodriguez
Teacher training is very important for teachers because they should be able to teach multiple subjects and be qualified in what they are teaching. Strengthening of the normal school curriculum and standards was needed in order for the school system to get better. In the 1900's schools exploded from 50 to almost 350, but with the low academic levels, teacher and students were not able to teach or learn at a college level. Teachers did not have, at this point, a college degree themselves. As the population kept increases and there was a higher demand for education, everyone began to need a high school diploma to be admitted for a college degree.
University enter teacher training: "Teacher training at the college or university level, typically consisted of one or two courses in the "science and art" of teaching, had been offered at a limited number of institutions as early as the 1830s, and the universities had always been institutions for the education of those who taught in the Latin grammar schools, academies, and high schools" (Webb, 2014).
This did not qualify them as teachers when they took these courses, but it did make them becom.
Guided Response As you read the responses of your classmates, con.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
As you read the responses of your classmates, consider how their negative educational experience could have been changed to support student learning. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts. Provide additional suggestions for them in creating their own positive, stimulating learning environment. Be sure to respond to any queries or comments posted by your instructor.
Melissa Cagno
The biggest negative experience that I have had is with a previous employer, and it was my first day as a preschool teacher in a facility nearby. On my first day, I walked into a situation that made a huge impact on the way I viewed this facility. When I started that day, I was told that I would not be in “my classroom” that I would be filling in for a teacher that was out that day. I didn’t have an issue with that fact and was actually up for the challenge. But when I entered the classroom I noticed there were no rules, no structure, no lesson plans and the classroom was complete chaos. I managed to create some spur of the moment lessons and engaged in music as much as possible. Then when it was time for lunch, and I went to serve it, it was pure sugar and very unhealthy. I left for the day feeling defeated, tired, frustrated and stressed and nowhere to turn. I expressed my concerns throughout the day along with a lot of severe health issues to the owner and was brushed off. I care a lot about the children’s safety and their learning environment, and I felt like I was drowning. Needless to say, I ended up moving on from that position because I felt helpless and without a direction to improve anything.
I have had several positive experiences throughout my educational background. The classrooms were always welcoming, warm and inviting and it showed that the teachers cared about their classrooms and their students. Those classrooms made me excited about becoming a teacher and gave me something to work towards in the future.
“The foundation for successful learning and a safe and secure classroom climate is the relationship that teachers develop with their students (Sousa, Tomlinson, 2011)”. The teacher-student relationship is something that should be built on from day one. If the students do not trust or know you, they will feel uneasy and unsafe in the classroom environment. It is so important to form the relationship with your students to ensure communication and safety of your students. Another way to provide a positive learning environment is with your attitude. If you have a positive and fun attitude, it will show through your lessons and your students will enjoy being in your class every day which will affect how they learn. Lastly, the organization is a big key to a positive and stimulating learning environment. If your classroom is packed full of stuff or the students, do not know where materials are it can cause frustrations for you and your students.
I firmly believe there are no stupid questions! I want to ensure my stude.
Guided ResponseReview several of your classmates’ posts and res.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Review several of your classmates’ posts and respond to at least two of your peers original posts. Please keep in mind that this assignment can be a sensitive subject and that people’s past experiences may have shaped their views. Choose one point from your peer’s post that made an impact on you and explain why this particular comment resonated with you. Share your thoughts on the disadvantages and advantages of segregation with your peers.
BY:
Tiffany
Bradley
When preparing for this week’s discussion post I was a little at awe, I personally had never heard of the little rock nine. And I’m not that far from Arkansas. The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students that were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. However, their enrollment was engaged by the Little Rock Crisis. Which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. When President Dwight D. Eisenhower done an intervention, the students were then allowed to attend the school. The nine students were Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Jefferson Thomas, Terrance Roberts, Thelma Mothershed, and Melba Pattillo Beals. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine)
Personally, if I was in the situation that these nine students experienced I would have been lost, afraid, and felt like something was wrong with me. A child of any race should not have to be put in this situation to feel unwanted or that they are unwelcome because they are of a different color. Many times however that is not the case. And this was the case for these nine children. My reaction would have been a sense of sadness, and anger. I don’t believe I would not have made a seen, simply out of fear of being hurt. I would have wanted to stand up for myself as well as my peers of the same color. Nowadays, if the situation would arise that an African American child was not allowed into a while school, yes I would stand up. And voice my opinion. It should not matter the color of a child’s skin. They should be allowed to receive the proper education. Without first having to go through turmoil. This situation I’m sure was emotionally devastating for these nine children. Who simply just wanted to get an education. (Webb. L. D. (2014). History of American education: Voices and perspectives. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.)
De facto segregation, I believe does not have a detrimental effect on students nowadays. Some adults that were raised to racial, still are. But if children are taught not to be that way. Then most of the time children learn to except another student of a different minority. Where I live we have a lot of white and minority students. Which none are treated differently. They are all in school for the same reason to get an education. My own personal beliefs are we are all children of God, and just because we are different races, does not mean.
Guided ResponseYou must reply to at least one classmate. As y.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
You must reply to at least one classmate
. As you reply to your classmates, attempt to extend the conversation by examining their claims or arguments in more depth or by responding to the posts that they make to you. Keep the discussion on target and try to analyze things in as much detail as you can. For instance, you might consider sharing additional ways that information literacy skills can help them be critical consumers of information. Discuss similarities in how you and your classmates connected with the infographic or article
.
Guided ResponseRespond to at least one classmate that has been .docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Respond to at least one classmate that has been assigned a different position from you and offer a rebuttal. Be sure to provide evidence from the literature to support your opposition. Also, respond to your original post and provide your own opinion of inclusion based on the evidence from the research and the responses of your classmates. Did your thinking change after reading your classmates’ viewpoints? Share your concerns about working with students with special needs in the regular classroom.
BY:
Mallory Johnson
What is inclusion?
Inclusion is an educational environment in which all students are grouped together in the same classroom regardless of their intelligence level hence the phrase used, “Least Restrictive Environment”. This practice means that an increasing number of regular classroom teachers are called upon to teach exceptional children in regular classrooms, sometimes also termed inclusive classrooms (LeFrançois, G. 2011).
IDEA was established for children with learning disabilities and has been mandated as a part of every educational facility.
As defined by the American Psychological Association, “The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) ensures that all children with disabilities are entitled to a free appropriate public education to meet their unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living.”
Not every student learns equally; however, every student should be given the equal opportunity to do so regardless of their learning abilities. With that, inclusion provides an environment where not only students will learn together, but regular students will respect and build friendships with students with learning disabilities. While I never had the change to experience this firsthand, this type of environment will enhance friendships and students helping one another. I think that when a child is included in something, their self confidence improves and they will strive to work harder.
Second, inclusion allows students to understand one another and learn from each other as far as customs and courtesies and attitudes. Students are vulnerable to imitate what they see whether it be good or bad. According to the text, one of the benefits of inclusion is the learning of socially appropriate behaviors by students with disabilities as a result of modeling the behavior of other students.
Lastly, inclusive classrooms provide students with learning disabilities access to general learning like the rest of their peers. They will learn the same information instead of the curriculum being adjusted which may omit valuable information. In this case, these students may be learning information that could be too easy depending on where they stand knowledge wise. For others, the adjustment may hinder learning more challenging information some could be ready for.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). (n.d.). Retrieved July 17, 2016, from http://www.apa.org/about/.
Guided ResponseRespond to your classmates’ posts. How do your.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response
:
Respond to your classmates’ posts. How do your choices compare to theirs? Identify common opinions and differences in your responses.
My choice is attach below:
FREE PUBLIC SCHOOL
BY:
Tiffany Bradley
The first American Comprehensive (and coeducational) high school opened in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1831. This began the emerge of the secondary school movement after the Civil War. This provided opportunities for young people to stay in school longer. This offered students English and classical courses of study. It also impacted the opening of high schools in several other larger cites.
2.
In 1874, the public secondary school movement had gained momentum. This began by a decision from the Michigan Supreme Court. In the famous Kalamazoo Case. The school board had moved to establish a publicly supported high school and hire a nonteaching superintendent. However, three taxpayers brought forth a suit to prevent the board from levying a tax to support the high school. They claimed that because the instruction in the schools was not practical, and not necessary. Or even beneficial to the majority of people. Those few who did benefit should be the ones to pay for it.
(Stuart et al. v. School District No. 1 of the Village of Kalamazoo, 1874).
3.
By the mid-1920s, The CRSE and the introduction of vocational education has given shape to the American comprehensive high school. Making it into an institution based on the concept of democracy. It offered a range of curriculum to students of different abilities and interests. Four basic levels of curriculum were offered. The college preparatory program. Which included courses in English language and literature, foreign languages, mathematics, the natural and physical sciences, and history. As well as social sciences, the commercial or business program.
4.
The efficiency movement, which played a central role in the progressive era in the United States, addressed the perceived waste and inefficiency in all areas of the economy, government, and society. The movement embraced scientific management, which grew out of the work of Frederick W. Taylor, an engineer at Bethlehem Steel, and was aimed at increasing production at lower cost while at the same time instilling order, standardization, and discipline.
5.
John Dewey, professor of philosophy and pedagogy at the University of Chicago and professor of philosophy at Columbia University. In 1896, he established his own laboratory school at the University of Chicago. Unlike other similar schools associated with colleges or universities, Dewey did not intend that his school be a practice school for training teachers, but a laboratory where ideas could be tested. He simply believed that education was a legitimate area for scientific investigation and that a science of education did indeed exist. He didn’t feel the need to use the old, rigid, subject-centered curriculum in favor of a child-centered curriculum. His moto for his lab school w.
Guided ResponseRespond to at least two of your classmates’ post.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts. How do your choices compare to theirs? Identify common opinions and differences in your responses.
BY:
Alyssa Garcia
The Great Depression
(1929)- The stock market crashed and “among the factors contributing to the crash were a trade imbalance following World War I, where the United States was exporting more than it was importing to nations that could not pay; an unregulated stock market; a weak banking system; growing government expenditures; overproduction in both the industrial and agricultural sectors; and growing unemployment” (Webb, section 7.1, 2014).
This impacted man people; public schools, colleges, and teachers.
The Civilian Conservation Corps
(1930s)- “one of the federal emergency agencies created under Roosevelt's New Deal to provide "work relief" for the unemployed. It provided temporary work for over 3 million young men aged 18 to 25, who lived in CCC camps and worked on various conservation projects like reforestation, wildlife preservation, flood control, and forest fire prevention (Webb, section 7.3, 2014). About 150,000 African American children were enrolled in 150 CCC companies and 85,000 Native Americans in a separate company.
Public Works Administration
(1933)- funded large-scale projects such as bridges, dams, hospitals, airports, libraries, and 7,500 schools that were built between 1933 and 1939. Webb (2014) Stated that “$1.7 billion in federal funds (with $300 million state and local matching funds) provided for the building of 102 public libraries and 59,614 classrooms between the years 1934-1939. Fourteen percent of all PWA funds were spent on school buildings, including the building of 225 Negro schools and the renovation of 118 others.”
The Civil Rights Movement
(1955)- was a movement that started with African Americans, but later advanced to rights of women, ethnic and racial groups, and people with disabilities. The goal was to secure the individual rights that are guaranteed by the US Constitution.
Indian Education Act
(1972)- “The IEA provided funds for supplemental programs to meet the special needs of Native American children in public schools both on and off the reservation (Webb, section 8.5, 2014).
I chose to do the difference and similarities of The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Indian Education Act.
These two are significant today because they are still they are still in order.
If I could change one outcome, it would be the Great Depression because when the market crashed, people lost money, jobs were low pay, and people were starving and becoming homeless.
The most important event that happened in each event is that if it wasn’t for these movements taking place, we would not have equalization in our education where it is needed.
Resource
Webb. L. D. (2014).
History of American education: Voices and perspectives. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.
BY:
Kara Lemak
Event:
Great Depression- October 1929-1939
The N.
Guided Response Respond to at least two peers. Ask questions of y.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Respond to at least two peers. Ask questions of your peers about their responses to encourage further conversation. In your responses, consider including a question about the inclusion of 21st-century skills in a diverse classroom. Though two replies is the basic expectation, for deeper engagement and learning, you are encouraged to provide responses to any comments or questions others have given to you, including the instructor. Responding to the replies given to you will further the conversation and provide additional opportunities for you to demonstrate your content expertise, critical thinking, and real-world experiences with this topic.
Carefully review the
Discussion Forum Grading Rubric
for the criteria that will be used to evaluate this Discussion Thread
Discussion 1
Analyze how you can maintain high standards and demonstrate high expectations for all ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse students in the classroom.
I believe that I can maintain high standards or all of my students by first establishing classroom management and hold all of my students to high expectations no matter their special population. I believe that all students can learn, it’s all about tapping into their interests and building on what they like to do. The specific behaviors that teachers engage in clearly communicate their expectations for students. I can focus on the ways in which I can ensure that my students understand that they have high expectations as well as ways for helping my students meet those expectations. I will differentiate instruction to address the diverse learning styles, needs, and skills found in my classroom. Through differentiated instruction, students are challenged but not frustrated and teachers are able to facilitate learning.
Discuss how you would differentiate instruction for the inclusion of various learning styles.
We are all smart, but in different ways. With their being Visual/Spatial, Verbal/Linguistic, Bodily/Kinesthetic, and Musical/Rhythmic learners in my classroom I will make sure that my instruction fosters drawing, creating, illustrating, and learning from photographs, videos, and other visual aids. Reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills for my students that are verbal and linguistic. hands-on activity: games, movement, role-play, and building and manipulating things for my students that are kinesthetic. And last, songs, patterns, rhythms, instruments, chants, listening to music, and other forms of musical expression for my students that learn better through music and rhythm. To make my class a classroom of inclusion, all of the students will have to interact in every aspect of the learning process nit just what really interest them.
Reflect on ways in which you would modify instruction for special education students.
There are students in my class that may need some differentiated and/or individualized attention because they have special needs related to specific phy.
Guided journal should be 2-3 pages, double spaced, include referen.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided journal should be 2-3 pages, double spaced, include reference citations with proper APA, and include a cover page. Since the journal is reflective in nature, the use of first person is acceptable, however, this should still be formal scholarly writing.
(1) Frustration: what frustrates you the most in your current work/life?
(2) Energy: What are your most vital sources of energy? What do you love?
(3) Inner resistance: What is holding you back? Describe 3 situations in your recent work/life where you noticed one of the following three voices kicking in and which of them prevented you form exploring the situation more deeply:
-
Voice of judgment (shutting down your mind)
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Voice of Cynicism (shutting down your open heart)
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Voice of fear (shutting down your open will)
.
Guided Response Respond to at least two peers. Choose posts that .docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guided Response:
Respond to at least two peers. Choose posts that present different ideas than yours. In your responses, consider and comment about how their ideas about the effects of attachment coincide with Bowlby and Ainsworth’s theories.
Ronald Taylor Jr.
9/16/2016 12:22:20 AM
In your own words briefly describe the four stages of attachment identified by Bowlby and the four types of attachment identified by Ainsworth.
The four stages of attachment that belonged to John Bowlby are Pre-attachment, Attachment in the Making, Organized, goal directed attachment, and Formation of reciprocal partnerships. Pre-attachment is when the infant is establishing a relationship with the caregiver but the relationship is weak and can be interrupted by anyone and there is no fear factor with the infant. Attachment in the Making is when the infant is starting to connect with the caregiver and also starting to understand the difference between the caregiver and strangers. Organized, goal- directed attachment is when the child understands who the caregiver is and feels secure around them and they have a connection. If a caregiver leaves even if a stranger is present, the child is uncomfortable and will react with crying and trying to run after caregiver. Formation of reciprocal partnerships is when the child is a little older and because of established relationships the child understands that the caregiver if has left will return shortly this a stage that has developed a strong bond and trust.
Mary Ainsworth four stages of attachment are securely attached infants, insecure-avoidant infants, insecure-resistant/ambivalent, and Disorganized-disoriented infants. The structure of Ainsworth’s work is very similar to Bowlby but at first there were only three attachments for Ainsworth the fourth Disorganized infants was established later. “Disorganized-disoriented infants are thought to be the least securely attached. They exhibit a great degree of confusion and contradictory behaviors during both separation and reunion situations.” (Mossler, R., 2014)
Analyze how attachment experiences might affect the psychosocial, cognitive and physical development of children and adolescents.
Attachment experiences affect the psychosocial, cognitive and physical development of children and adolescents in many ways. In children attachment is what structures how they can react and handle situations as adults. If a caregiver is less attached then others then that can play a part into what happens later with the child as they head into adulthood. Lack of attachment and a unhealthy structure can cause children to lack attention and cause them to show less emotions and build walls. Positive attachments help children to have great social skills and communication skills. If a child is able to think clearly it would make cognitive development possibly function smoother because the influence would promote the thinking process and physically it might help children develop b.
Guidance questions What was the movie about Do you learn somethi.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Guidance questions:
What was the movie about? Do you learn something new? How does it relate to the class of history-world civilization I ?
actually need to watch movie, can't use any source from any website
good use of language (grammar, spelling, etc.)
ideas and argument are organized
The report should be 2-3 pages in length, typed (12 point font, 1" margins, double-spaced), proofread
.
Growth of Cities1. What is urbanization2. Give 3 reasons why ci.docxJeanmarieColbert3
The document discusses the growth of cities during the Industrial Age, including reasons for urbanization such as new job opportunities in factories. It examines the emergence of a middle class composed of professionals like clerks and teachers. Children from working class families often had to work long hours in difficult factory conditions to help support their families financially. Over time, conditions for the working class improved as people advocated for better treatment. The document also notes that women during this period had few legal rights and limited opportunities, but began fighting for more rights.
Groups The dynamic and increasingly complex world of health ca.docxJeanmarieColbert3
Groups
The dynamic and increasingly complex world of health care often requires nurses to work collaboratively on interprofessional teams. In the group environment, individuals with unique skills and expertise come together to focus on a common goal; however, groups must become cohesive before they can become effective.
Your experiences working with groups—whether you perceive them as positive, negative, or neutral—can be used to facilitate insight and development. Health care, with its focus on interprofessional teamwork and collaboration, offers ample opportunities and an imperative for continuous learning.
For this Discussion, you focus on strategies for facilitating the group process.
To prepare:
Review the information in this week’s Learning Resources regarding the stages of group formation, problematic roles individuals play in groups, and strategies for facilitating and maintaining positive group collaboration. In particular, review Learning Exercise 19.12 on page 464 of the course text.
Reflect on various groups with which you have been or are currently involved. Select one specific group to analyze for the purposes of this Discussion. Identify the purpose or task that the group is or was meant to perform.
Consider the four stages of group formation (forming, storming, norming, and performing). How would you describe the progression between stages? Is there a stage in which you believe your group is or was “stuck”?
Consider the task or group-building role you normally play in a group setting. How could you apply the information from the Learning Resources to improve your group participation and facilitation, as well as the functioning of the group as a whole?
In addition, think about which individuals within your group (including yourself) may fall into problematic roles such as the Dominator, the Aggressor, or the Blocker. How have you and your group members addressed the enactment of these roles and its impact on interactions? With information from the Learning Resources in mind, what strategies would you apply now or going forward?
Post
- (1) a description of a group with which you have been or are currently involved. (2) Assess where the group is in terms of the four stages of group formation.
(3) If you are reflecting on a past experience, explain if your group moved through all four stages. (4) Describe the task or group-building role you typically play, or played, in this group. Then, (5) explain what strategies you, as a leader, can apply to better facilitate the group process and address any problematic individual roles in the group
.
REQUIRED RESOURCES
Readings
Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2015).
Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application
(8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Chapter 19 “Organizational, Interpersonal, and Group Communication”
Chapter 19 covers many aspects of the communication process, including group communication. As you read.
Groups The dynamic and increasingly complex world of health ca.docx
FossilsLesson FeedbackCourse Dashboard· Lesson Objectives· T
1. Fossils
Lesson FeedbackCourse Dashboard
· Lesson Objectives
· The student will investigate and understand the rock cycle as
it relates to the origin and transformation of rock types and how
to identify common rock types based on mineral composition
and textures.
· Key concepts include sedimentary (clastic and chemical)
rocks, scales, diagrams, maps, charts, graphs, tables, and
profiles are constructed and interpreted.
· The student will investigate and understand that many aspects
of the history and evolution of the Earth and life can be inferred
by studying rocks and fossils.
· Key concepts include traces and remains of ancient, often
extinct, life are preserved by various means in many
sedimentary rocks, superposition, cross-cutting relationships,
index fossils, and radioactive decay are methods of dating
bodies of rock, absolute and relative dating have different
applications but can be used together to determine the age of
rocks and structures; and rocks and fossils from many different
geologic periods and epochs are found in Virginia.
·
Geological Time
When we look at human history, we often talk about things in
terms of hundreds or thousands of years. During the majority of
this time we have some sort of written records to analyze. When
we talk about looking at the history of the Earth, and the
evolution of organisms on it, we are looking at time periods
spanning millions and billions of years. Understanding this
portion of history requires detective work: gathering evidence
and making comparisons.
2. People who study this kind of history have to use a greater time
scale than that used for human history; this time scale is
referred to as the geologic time scale. Think of it like a book,
with the rocks as its pages. Some of the pages are torn or
missing, and the pages are not numbered, but geology gives us
the tools to help us read this book.
Long before geologists had the means to recognize and express
time in numbers of years before the present, they developed the
geologic time scale. This time scale was developed gradually,
mostly in Europe, over the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Earth's history is subdivided into eons, which are subdivided
into eras, which are subdivided into periods, which are
subdivided into epochs. The names of these subdivisions, like
Paleozoic or Cenozoic, may look daunting, but to the geologist
there are clues in some of the words. For example, zoic refers to
animal life, and paleo means ancient, meso means middle,
and ceno means recent. So the relative order of the three
youngest eras, first Paleoozoic, then Mesozoic, then Cenoozoic,
is straightforward.
Fossils are the recognizable remains, such as bones, shells, or
leaves, or other evidence, such as tracks, burrows, or
impressions, of past life on Earth. Scientists who study fossils
are called paleontologists. Remember that paleo means ancient;
so a paleontologist studies ancient forms of life. Fossils are
fundamental to the geologic time scale. The names of most of
the eons and eras end in zoic, because these time intervals are
often recognized on the basis of animal life. Rocks formed
during the Proterozoic Eon may have fossils of relative simple
3. organisms, such as bacteria, algae, and wormlike animals.
Rocks formed during the Phanerozoic Eon may have fossils of
complex animals and plants such as dinosaurs, mammals, and
trees.
This video shows what the earth was like during the Pre-
Cambrian. Notice how simple the life forms were and where
they all were found:
Now let's compare what life looks like throughout the
Phanerozoic Eon. Notice how life changes.
Sedimentary Rocks
Most of the rocks exposed at the surface of Earth
are sedimentary--formed from particles of older rocks that have
been broken apart by water or wind. The gravel, sand, and mud
settle to the bottom in rivers, lakes, and oceans. These
sedimentary particles may bury living and dead animals and
plants on the lake or sea bottom. With the passage of time and
the accumulation of more particles, and often with chemical
changes, the sediments at the bottom of the pile become rock.
Gravel becomes a rock called conglomerate, sand becomes
sandstone, mud becomes mudstone or shale, and the animal
skeletons and plant pieces can become fossils.
As early as the mid-1600's, the Danish scientist Nicholas Steno
studied the relative positions of sedimentary rocks. He found
that solid particles settle from a fluid according to their relative
weight or size. The largest, or heaviest, settle first, and the
smallest, or lightest, settle last. Slight changes in particle size
4. or composition result in the formation of layers, also called
beds, in the rock. Layering, or bedding, is the most obvious
feature of sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks are formed particle by particle and bed by
bed, and the layers are piled one on top of the other. Thus, in
any sequence of layered rocks, a given bed must be older than
any bed on top of it. This Law of Superposition is fundamental
to the interpretation of Earth history, because at any one
location it indicates the relative ages of rock layers and the
fossils in them.
Layered rocks form when particles settle from water or air.
Steno's Law of Original Horizontality states that most
sediments, when originally formed, were laid down
horizontally. However, many layered rocks are no longer
horizontal. Because of the Law of Original Horizontality, we
know that sedimentary rocks that are not horizontal either were
formed in special ways or, more often, were moved from their
horizontal position by later events, such as tilting through pl ate
tectonics or earthquakes.
Rock layers are also called strata (the plural form of the Latin
word stratum), and stratigraphy is the science of strata.
Stratigraphy deals with all the characteristics of layered rocks;
it includes the study of how these rocks relate to time.
This video shows how we use relative age to date rock layers:
More on the Time Scale
How can we add numbers to a time scale based on rock
sediment? How have geologists determined that:
· Earth is about 4.6 billion years old?
· The oldest known fossils are from rocks that were deposited
about 3.5 billion years ago?
5. · The first abundant shelly fossils occur in rocks that are about
570 million years old?
· The last ice age ended about 10,000 ago?
·
Geologic time scale showing both relative and numeric ages.
Ages in millions of years are approximate
Nineteenth-century geologists and paleontologists believed that
Earth was quite old, but they had only crude ways of estimating
just how old. The assignment of ages of rocks in thousands,
millions, and billions of years was made possible by the
discovery of radioactivity.
Now we can use minerals that contain naturally occurring
radioactive elements to calculate the numeric age of a rock in
years.
As you know, the basic unit of each chemical element is the
6. atom. An atom consists of a central nucleus, which contains
protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of
electrons. Isotopes of an element are atoms that differ from one
another only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. For
example, radioactive atoms of the element potassium have 19
protons and 21 neutrons in the nucleus (potassium 40); other
atoms of potassium have 19 protons and 20 or 22 neutrons
(potassium 39 and potassium 41). A radioactive isotope (the
parent) of one chemical element naturally converts to a stable
isotope (the daughter) of another chemical element by
undergoing changes in the nucleus.
The change from parent to daughter happens at a constant rate,
called the half-life. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the
length of time required for exactly one-half of the parent atoms
to decay to daughter atoms. Each radioactive isotope has its
own unique half-life. Precise laboratory measurements of the
number of remaining atoms of the parent and the number of
atoms of the new daughter produced are used to compute the
age of the rock. For dating geologic materials, four
parent/daughter decay series are especially useful: carbon to
nitrogen, potassium to argon, rubidium to strontium, and
uranium to lead. Age determinations using radioactive isotopes
are subject to relatively small errors in measurement--but errors
that look small can mean many years or millions of years. If the
measurements have an error of 1 percent, for example, an age
determination of 100 million years could actually be wrong by a
million years too low or too high.
Parents and daughters for some isotopes commonly used to
establish numeric ages of rocks.
7. Isotopic techniques are used to measure the time at which a
particular mineral within a rock was formed. To allow us to
assign numeric ages to the geologic time scale, a rock that can
be dated isotopically is found together with rocks that can be
assigned relative ages because of their fossils. Many samples,
usually from several different places, must be studied before
assigning a numeric age to a boundary on the geologic time
scale.
This video explains how we find the absolute age of a rock or
fossil using half-life:
The geologic time scale is the product of many years of
detective work, as well as a variety of dating techniques not
discussed here. The details will change as more and better
information and tools become available. Many scientists have
contributed and continue to contribute to the refinement of the
geologic time scale as they study the fossils and the rocks, and
the chemical and physical properties of the materials of which
Earth is made.
Fossil Succession
8. When most people think of fossils, they tend to think of
dinosaurs, but dinosaurs only form a small fraction of the
millions of species that live and have lived on Earth. The great
bulk of the fossil record is dominated by fossils of animals with
shells and microscopic remains of plants and animals, and these
remains are widespread in sedimentary rocks. It is these fossils
that are studied by most paleontologists.
Three concepts are important in the study and use of fossils:
(1) Fossils represent the remains of once-living organisms.
(2) Most fossils are the remains of extinct organisms; that is,
they belong to species that are no longer living anywhere on
Earth.
(3) The kinds of fossils found in rocks of different ages differ
because life on Earth has changed through time.
If we begin at the present and examine older and older layers of
rock, we will come to a level where no fossils of humans are
present. If we continue backwards in time, we will successively
come to levels where no fossils of flowering plants are present,
no birds, no mammals, no reptiles, no four-footed vertebrates,
no land plants, no fishes, no shells, and no animals. The three
concepts are summarized in the general principle called the Law
of Fossil Succession: The kinds of animals and plants found as
fossils change through time. When we find the same kinds of
fossils in rocks from different places, we know that the rocks
are the same age.
The Law of Fossil Succession is very important to geologists
who need to know the ages of the rocks they are studying. The
fossils present in a rock exposure or in a core hole can be used
to determine the ages of rocks very precisely. Detailed studies
9. of many rocks from many places reveal that some fossils have a
short, well-known time of existence. These useful fossils are
called index fossils.
Today the animals and plants that live in the ocean are very
different from those that live on land, and the animals and
plants that live in one part of the ocean or on one part of the
land are very different from those in other parts. Similarly,
fossil animals and plants from different environments are
different. It becomes a challenge to recognize rocks of the same
age when one rock was deposited on land and another was
deposited in the deep ocean. Scientists must study the fossils
from a variety of environments to build a complete picture of
the animals and plants that were living at a particular time in
the past.
If we look at the Law of Fossil Succession together with the
concept of evolution, we see that first there were simple single
celled organisms, then more complex organisms, then movement
from the oceans onto land by both plants and animals, then
formation of larger animals on land. We can study the
transitions of evolution through studying the fossil record--
though the record will not always be complete.
_____________________________________________________
______________________________________
Bonus Content (This section is not required)
If you are interested in more information about some of the
topics from the lesson OR if you need help with some of the
questions, you can watch these OPTIONAL (you can watch if
you want but they are not required) videos for help!
10. Watch the following videos to find out more information on
what life was like during the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and
Cenozoic time periods.
Paleozoic Life
Mesozoic Life
Cenozoic Life (Time period we are in right now)
· Grading Rubric
Rubric Earth Science Lesson 8
Note: For this class it is necessary to post each question, then
the work/explanation, then the answer. Failure to do so will
result in asking for a revision. No grade will be given for
incomplete work.
Mastery of this lesson will be determined when your total points
are 8 or higher. Revisions will be requested when your total
points are below 8. Points are earned according to the chart
below.
10: A total score of 10 on your first submission, or within the
first revision.
9.5: A total score of 9.5, or all questions are correct after the
first revision.
9: A total score of 9.
8.5: A total score of 8.5.
8: A total score of 8.
Short Answer
5 points total
Answers are clearly written, accurate, and student uses their
own words.
1 points awarded
Answer is clearly written. May have 1 factual omission or error.
0.5 point awarded
Answer is not clearly written. There are several factual
11. omissions or errors.
0 points awarded
Apply Your Knowedge
3 points total
(1 point per question)
Questions are thoroughly answered in complete sentences and in
student’s own words. URLs are included for outside research.
1 point awarded
Questions are answered but may have incomplete responses or
contain minor errors. Responses are in the student’s own words.
URLs are included for outside research.
0.5 point awarded
Questions contain inaccurate information and/or are not written
in the student’s own words. URLs for outside research are not
provided.
0 points awarded
Essay
2 points total
Question is answered thoroughly describing how the meteor
killed the dinosaurs and at least 2 pieces of evidence are
provided.
2 points awarded
Question is answered partially and/or one piece of evidence is
missing.
1 point awarded
Question is not answered thoroughly and evidence is not
provided.
0 points awarded
· Assignment
12. Do not submit text that you have copied from sources, including
websites. All of your work should be in your own words. Using
copied text would be considered plagiarism. For more
information, review our page on Plagiarism and Citation. Cite
the complete web page source under each answer. Always put
the question on top of the answer, and answer in complete
grammatically correct sentences.
Many of these answers will require Internet research to answer.
Make sure you rewrite all answers into your own words and be
mindful of our page on Plagiarism and Citation.
Short Answer
1. How are sedimentary rocks formed?
2. Why are fossils found in sedimentary rocks instead of other
rock types? Why can't they be found in igneous or
metamorphic?
3. How are radioactive isotopes used to determine the age of
rock? Use the word half life in your answer. Explain how it
works.
4. How can the Law of Superposition tell us how old one fossil
is compared to another found in the same general area?
5. What are fossils?
Apply Your Knowledge
6. What are index fossils? Give at least 2 characteristics of
index fossils.
7. What Cenozoic fossils have been found in the region where
you live? Name at least two and the location where they were
found. Remember Cenozoic is the time period we are in right
13. now. Be sure you cite your source.
8. What Mesozoic fossils have been found in the region where
you live? Name at least two and the location where they were
found. Be sure you cite your source.
Essay
9. Write a paragraph about the asteroid theory of dinosaur
extinction. Be sure to include at least 2 pieces of evidence to
support this idea--Make sure to use iridium as one piece of
evidence & explain why it is so important.
Nonrenewable and Renewable Resources
Lesson FeedbackCourse Dashboard
· Lesson Objectives
· The student will investigate and understand the differences
between renewable and nonrenewable resources.
· key concepts include fossil fuels, minerals, rocks, water, and
vegetation
· advantages and disadvantages of various energy sources
· resources found in Virginia
· making informed judgments related to resource use and its
effects on Earth systems
· environmental costs and benefits.
·
To support the way human beings live, it is necessary to use
certain resources in the environment. When these resources
cannot be replenished in a short amount of time, they are
referred to as nonrenewable resources. Resources which can be
replenished in a short amount of time are called renewable
resources.
Nonrenewable Resources
The resources most commonly considered "nonrenewable" are
14. oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium. Fossil fuels (oil/petroleum,
natural gas/propane, coal) can take millions of years to form,
and at current rates will be depleted long before any more will
form. Uranium is not a fossil fuel, but the special kind used in
nuclear plants is very rare.
See the difference between Nonrenewable and Renewable
Resources
Power plants which run off of nonrenewable resources use the
nonrenewable resource to generate heat. The heat is used to boil
water, which turns a turbine, and the turbine generates
electricity.
Fossil fuels were formed from organic material which was
deposited on the bottom of the ocean floor a long time ago,
millions of years before the dinosaurs. This organic material
became part of the sedimentary rock, and as more layers were
added and the pressure on top built high enough to create
intense heat these organic materials went through chemical
changes, becoming different sorts of carbon based solids,
liquids, and gases.
Oil
In most places, the organic materials that were trapped under
the sediment layers were heated for millions of years until they
formed into a thick, black liquid called oil. This oil seeped
toward the surface, but was sometimes stopped by layers of
impermeable stone. These layers of stone are called
"capstones", and it is under these capstones that we find pockets
of oil today.
The top five oil producing states are Texas, Alaska, California,
Louisiana and Oklahoma. However the U.S. has only been
producing about 40% of the oil it needs, so the majority of oil is
15. imported. In 2000, the U.S. spent 109 billion dollars on
importing oil.
Oil is used to make heating oil, as well as gasoline, diesel, and
jet fuel. Oil is also used in the making of some plastics and
other products (such as crayons and bubble gum).
This video shows how oil and natural gas are formed:
Natural Gas
In some places when oil formed the heat and pressure continued
to build until that liquid was transformed into a gas. This
natural gas did much as the oil did, and found ways to seep to
the surface. However, again like the oil, this gas was stopped by
capstones, which is where we find natural gas today.
Natural gas is an odorless flammable gas, most often used for
heating homes.
Coal
Coal is a combustable solid which is mined from the ground.
Coal formed much the same way as the oil and gas did, though
it is thought that sulfurous seas covered the vegetation and
mixed into the base organic materials, adding some extra
elements to the process. As pressure is applied over time by the
layers of rock above it, coal goes through many stages of
development first forming peat, then lignite (brown coal), then
sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite coal. The pinnacle of
coal evolution is graphite, but it is not used as a fuel since it is
hard to ignite.
16. Coal may be the biggest fossil fuel in the United States. It is
relatively inexpensive: 23 of the 25 U.S. power plants with the
lowest operating costs are using coal. Coal based plants are
responsible for over half of the U.S. electrical power. Also, the
U.S. has plenty of coal; it is estimated that the U.S. could
produce energy for itself for at least another 200 years using the
coal reserves in the U.S. However coal has tremendous negative
environmental impacts, from dangerous and damaging mining
methods to the smoke (containing sulfur and carbon dioxide)
which is released when it is burned.
Coal has been mined in 26 of the 50 states in the U.S., but the
four states with the largest coal reserves are: Wyoming, West
Virginia, Illinois, and Montana.
Coal in the United States
According to the Energy Information Administration, a division
of the U.S. Dept. of Energy, there are three main coal producing
regions of the U.S.:
Appalachian Coal Region:
Interior Coal Region:
Western Coal Region:
* Over half of the coal produced in the U.S. is produced in the
Western Coal Region.
* Wyoming is the largest regional coal producer, as well as the
largest coal-producing state in the nation.
* Large surface mines.
* Some of the largest coal mines in the world.
· * More than one-third of the coal produced in the U.S. is
produced in the Appalachian Coal Region.
* West Virginia is the largest coal-producing state in the region,
and the second largest coal-producing state in the U.S.
17. * Large underground mines and small surface mines.
* Coal mined in the Appalachian coal region is primarily used
for steam generation for electricity, metal production, and for
export.
* Texas is the largest coal producer in the Interior Coal Region,
accounting for almost one-third of the region’s coal production.
* Mid-sized surface mines.
* Mid- to large-sized companies.
Uranium
Uranium is a relatively abundant element, but only a particular
kind of uranium (U-235) is used in nuclear power plants. This
type of uranium has atoms which are more easily split apart,
and it is in splitting these atoms that energy is released. The
majority of uranium in the U.S. in mined in the western states.
It provides about 19% of the power in the U.S.
According to EIA, after processing "[t]he uranium fuel is
formed into ceramic pellets. The pellets are about the size of
your fingertip, but each one produces the same amount of
energy as 150 gallons of oil."
Compared to fossil fuels, uranium is a clean fuel. It still
produces waste, however, some of which is mildly radioactive.
Renewable Resources
When speaking of renewable resources, mostly people are
referring to wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, and hydro power.
You will be asked to research and discuss several of these in the
assignment below.
Given that we know nonrenewable resources are limited, why
don't we use more renewable energy? According to the U.S.
18. DOE:
In the past, renewable energy has generally been more
expensive to use than fossil fuels. Plus, renewable resources are
often located [in] remote areas and it is expensive to build
powerlines to the cities where they are needed. The use of
renewable sources is also limited by the fact that they are not
always available (for example, cloudy days reduce solar energy,
calm days mean no wind blows to drive wind turbines, droughts
reduce water availability to produce hydroelectricity).
The production and use of renewable fuels has grown more
quickly in recent years due to higher prices for oil and natural
gas, and a number of State and Federal Government incentives,
including the Energy Policy Acts of 2002 and 2005. The use of
renewable fuels is expected to continue to grow over the next 30
years, although we will still rely on non-renewable fuels to meet
most of our energy needs.
One of the larger prices attached to renewable energy resources
is the price of land. Wind farms take many acres of land in
order to produce energy. Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in
Texas is the world's largest wind farm, it has 421 wind turbines
which can power 220,000 homes per year; this wind farm takes
up nearly 47,000 acres. Solar cells have a similar problem, since
the sun's rays only deliver a small amount of energy to any
single spot: It is the energy collected over a wide area which
makes the technology useful. Despite large land or space needs,
however, there are fewer environmental impacts from renewable
energy resources than tend to exist from nonrenewable ones.
Other Resources and Sustainability
Generally renewable and nonrenewable resources are discussed
in reference to energy production. However there are many
other renewable and nonrenewable resources. For example, the
19. fish in a bay would be an important, potentially renewable, food
resource. Any mineral in an area might be an important
nonrenewable resource: This could be tin, silver, gold,
diamonds, salt, limestone...the list is almost endless. Any item
in an area can be assessed as renewable or nonrenewable based
on the method of its extraction, the rate of use, and the rate of
replenishment. For example, if we timber land for lumber, but
do so at a rate that leaves us with no more trees before we've
met our need for lumber, this is not sustainable (hence, not a
renewable resource, even though we can grow more trees).
Being aware of whether a resource is renewable or not is only a
part of responsible resource management. A nonrenewable
resource may be extracted and used responsibly, and a
renewable resource can be extracted in ways that are a nuisance:
New studies are often being conducted to give us information on
how to best utilize these resources the Earth grants us.
_____________________________________________________
______________________________________
Bonus Content (This section is not required)
If you are interested in more information about some of the
topics from the lesson OR if you need help with some of the
questions, you can watch these OPTIONAL (you can watch if
you want but they are not required) videos for help!
Watch this video to see how coal is formed and the different
types of coal.
Check out these facts about Uranium
20. See how biomass energy works:
This video discusses how geothermal energy works:
See how a dam creates energy through hydropower:
· Grading Rubric
Rubric Earth Science Lesson 9
Note: For this class it is necessary to post each question, then
the work/explanation, then the answer. Failure to do so will
result in asking for a revision. No grade will be given for
incomplete work.
Mastery of this lesson will be determined when your total points
are 8 or higher. Revisions will be requested when your total
points are below 8. Points are earned according to the chart
below.
10: A total score of 10 on your first submission, or within the
first revision.
9.5: A total score of 9.5, or all questions are correct after the
first revision.
9: A total score of 9.
8.5: A total score of 8.5.
8: A total score of 8.
Short Answer
4 points total
Answer is clearly written and accurate. Answer is based on the
lesson content.
0.5 points
Answer is clearly written. May have 1 factual omission or error.
0.25 points
Answer is not clearly written. There are several factual
omissions or errors.
0 points
Apply Your Knowledge Questions
6 points total
21. Questions are thoroughly answered in complete sentences and in
student’s own words. URLs are included for outside research.
1 points
Questions are answered but may have incomplete responses or
contain minor errors. Responses are in the student’s own words.
URLs are included for outside research.
0.5 points
Questions contain inaccurate information and/or are not written
in the student’s own words. URLs for outside research are not
provided.
0 points
· Assignment
Do not submit text that you have copied from sources, including
websites. All of your work should be in your own words. Using
copied text would be considered plagiarism. For more
information, review our page on Plagiarism and Citation. Cite
the complete web page source under each answer. Always put
the question on top of the answer, and answer in complete
grammatically correct sentences.
Short Answer
Many of these answers will require Internet research to answer.
Make sure you rewrite all answers into your own words and be
mindful of our page on Plagiarism and Citation.
1. If fossil fuels are formed from organic materials compacted
on the ocean floor, what does that tell us about the Appalachian
mountain region? What was in the Appalachian region at one
point in time to form fossil fuels?
22. 2. What are three of the top oil producing countries of the
world?
3. From what you've learned about the formation of oil, where
are there most likely to be pockets of undiscovered oil today?
Add reasons why you think oil will be found in that place based
on where/how oil is formed.
4. Which fossil fuel is the most abundant in the U.S.?
5. Find four products that are made from oil (petroleum) and list
them here. Cite your sources.
6. What do the machines known as "digesters" do?
7. If natural gas is odorless, why is it possible to smell when a
house has a gas leak?
8. What is propane? What are some of its uses?
Apply Your Knowledge
9. Why is coal's release of sulfur and carbon dioxide potentially
dangerous?
10. The lesson mentioned that wind farms need a lot of land.
What is another negative impact wind farms can have?
11. Can cattle or other livestock graze on the land where a
windfarm is located?
12. Hydropower uses the flow of a river or the ebb and flow of
the tides to create energy. Tell me about one specific way we
capture hydropower. Cite your source.
13. What is geothermal energy?
23. 14. Give me a specific way in which geothermal energy can be
harnessed. Cite your source.
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Atmosphere
Lesson FeedbackCourse Dashboard
· Lesson Objectives
· The student will investigate and understand the origin and
evolution of the atmosphere and the interrelationship of
geologic processes, biologic processes, and human activities on
its composition and dynamics.
· key concepts include scientific evidence for atmospheric
changes over geologic time
· current theories related to the effects of early life on the
chemical makeup of the atmosphere
· comparison of the Earth’s atmosphere to that of other planets
· atmospheric regulation mechanisms including the effects of
density differences and energy transfer
· potential atmospheric compositional changes due to human,
biologic, and geologic activity
· What is the atmosphere? What does it do? How was it
formed?
Watch this video to give you a preview of what we will learn in
this lesson.
Here are 25 Amazing Facts about our atmosphere!
When the Earth was first formed, the gases released by various
processes were probably stripped away by the Sun's solar winds,
but eventually a state was reached where the atmosphere
remained. This atmosphere would have seemed very thick
compared to today's atmosphere, with about 80% of it made up
24. of water vapor. This water vapor would have been released as
rainfall, and created the oceans.
Water sediments have been found that date back as far as 3.8
billion years ago. Studying these sediments can tell us much
about the content of the Earth's atmosphere . Just after our first
known early life forms, at about 3.5 billion years ago, the
atmosphere seems to have stabilized as a nitrogen rich matter.
The balance of living organisms, shifting land masses, and the
content of the atmosphere slowly changed until there was an
oxygen component to the atmosphere, which grew. Today's
atmosphere is mostly nitrogen (about 78% in dry air) and
oxygen (about 21% in dry air), with some other elements, such
as carbon, also getting into the mix.
There was a long period of time when Earth's atmosphere did
not contain oxygen. It is theorized that many of the processes
where organisms now use oxygen at one time used sulfur
instead. Studying the chemical make-up of rock beds can give
scientists information about what compositions were available
in the air. In the past, there was probably a lot more carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, but since carbon dioxide is water
soluble, it gets washed down by rain. Also, plant life uses
carbon dioxide during photo-synthesis, and releases oxygen,
which helps explain the growing oxygen component.
Unlike several of our neighboring planets, the Earth's
atmosphere has a way of balancing the amount of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere: The carbon cycle, or the carbon-
silicate cycle. As rain falls, it pulls carbon dioxide from the air
and deposits it into the oceans. Sea creatures use the carbon
(usually in combination with calcium and other minerals) and
then when sea creatures die, the carbon compounds wind up as
sediment at the bottom of the ocean. The ocean floor is
25. seismically active, which brings these compounds into the
mantle, where they can be re-released only by volcanic activity.
Atmospheric Layering
The atmosphere has five distinct layers, each with different
chemical compositions, different temperatures, and different
densities. The layers are known as the troposphere, the
stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, and the
exosphere.
The troposphere is the layer closest to the ground. It extends
about 12 miles above the Earth's surface at the equator, but only
about 4 miles above the Earth's surface at the poles. The
troposphere has the right composition, pressure, and
temperatures to make life on Earth (as we know it) possible.
The further away from the Earth one goes, or the higher the
elevation, the thinner and colder the air gets. Since the air is
colder up higher, and heat rises, this means that there is likely
to be a lot of air movement in this layer. It is also where all
weather takes place.
See the different layers of the atmosphere and what each one
does:
Volcanic Effects
As mentioned earlier with the carbon-silicate cycle, magma is
one repository of dissolved gases. It is also one of our largest
sources of water. Magma is compacted into an extremely dense
state under the surface of the Earth, such that when it is
explosively released it takes up much more space on the surface
of the Earth than it does underground. According to the U.S.
Geological Survey, "if one cubic meter of 900°C rhyolite
magma containing five percent by weight of dissolved water"
were brought up to the surface in an instant, that "one cubic
meter of magma now would occupy a volume of 670 m3 as a
26. mixture of water vapor and magma at atmospheric pressure."
The biggest release from a volcanic eruption is that of water
vapor, but there can also be large amounts of carbon dioxide
and sulfur dioxide. Aside from the immediate dangers of
eruptions, scientists have found that volcanic eruptions can also
affect climate.
"Measurements from recent eruptions such as Mount St. Helens,
Washington (1980), El Chichon, Mexico (1982), and Mount
Pinatubo, Philippines (1991), clearly show the importance of
sulfur aerosols in modifying climate, warming the stratosphere,
and cooling the troposphere. Research has also shown that the
liquid drops of sulfuric acid promote the destruction of the
Earth's ozone layer." (USGS, "Volanic Gases and Their
Effects")
The Human Factor
There has been some concern over the effect that human activity
can have on the atmosphere. Modern man has developed many
technological advances that release gases into the atmosphere
that would otherwise not be present, or release gases in greater
quantities than would otherwise occur. If this has an effect on
the climate of the Earth it could be dangerous, over the long
term, to the delicate balances that support life.
"Scientists have calculated that volcanoes emit between about
130-230 million tonnes (145-255 million tons) of CO2 into the
atmosphere every year (Gerlach, 1999, 1991). This estimate
includes both subaerial and submarine volcanoes, about in equal
amounts. Emissions of CO2 by human activities, including
fossil fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring, amount
to about 27 billion tonnes per year (30 billion tons) [ ( Marland,
et al., 2006) - The reference gives the amount of released
27. carbon (C), rather than CO2, through 2003.]. Human activities
release more than 130 times the amount of CO2 emitted by
volcanoes--the equivalent of more than 8,000 additional
volcanoes like Kilauea (Kilauea emits about 3.3 million
tonnes/year)! (Gerlach et. al., 2002)." (USGS, "Volanic Gases
and Their Effects")
For more info: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/gas_climate.html
_____________________________________________________
______________________________________
Bonus Content (This section is not required)
If you are interested in more information about some of the
topics from the lesson OR if you need help with some of the
questions, you can watch these OPTIONAL (you can watch if
you want but they are not required) videos for help!
See what the formation of the atmosphere might have looked
like:
How does the earth's atmosphere compare to the other planets in
our solar system?
Venus
Mars
The Outer Planets
What does the atmosphere do?
Why is there life on earth? What does this have to do with
Goldilocks?
See how heat is transferred in the atmosphere through
convection currents:
28. What is air pressure, how is the uneven heating of the
atmosphere important, and how does it impact weather?
What do humans do to impact the atmosphere?
What happens if Earth loses its atmosphere?
· Grading Rubric
Rubric Earth Science Lesson 10
Note: For this class it is necessary to post each question, then
the work/explanation, then the answer. Failure to do so will
result in asking for a revision. No grade will be given for
incomplete work.
Mastery of this lesson will be determined when your total points
are 8 or higher. Revisions will be requested when your total
points are below 8. Points are earned according to the char t
below.
10: A total score of 10 on your first submission, or within the
first revision.
9.5: A total score of 9.5, or all questions are correct after the
first revision.
9: A total score of 9.
8.5: A total score of 8.5.
8: A total score of 8.
Short answer
Total content points= 8
All parts of all questions are answered in complete sentences.
1 points each
Questions are answered in complete sentences. Not all parts of
each question are answered.
0.5 points each
29. Questions are not answered in complete sentences and/or are
missing responses for questions.
0 points
Apply Your Knowledge
Total content points=2
Questions are thoroughly answered in complete sentences and in
the student’s own words. URLs are included for outside
research.
1 point each
Questions are answered but may have incomplete responses or
contain minor errors. Responses are in the student’s own words.
URLs are included for outside research.
0.5 points each
Questions contain inaccurate information and/or are not written
in the student’s own words. URLs for outside research are not
provided.
0 points
· Assignment
Do not submit text that you have copied from sources, including
websites. All of your work should be in your own words. Using
copied text would be considered plagiarism. For more
information, review our page on Plagiarism and Citation. Cite
the complete web page source under each answer. Always put
the question on top of the answer, and answer in complete
grammatically correct sentences.
Many of these answers will require Internet research to answer.
Make sure you rewrite all answers into your own words and be
mindful of our page on Plagiarism and Citation.
30. Short Answer
1. Find out a little more about the layers of the atmosphere.
a. Which layer is the largest? How large is it?
b. Where is the ozone layer located? Why is the ozone layer
important?
c. What is the outermost layer called? About how far above the
Earth does it reach?
2. What is the atmosphere of Venus like, and how does it
compare with Earth's atmosphere?
3. What is the atmosphere of Mars like, and how does it
compare with Earth's atmosphere?
4. How are the atmospheres of the inner planets different from
the atmospheres of the gas giants?
5. What is the "Goldilocks Effect" when discussing Earth?
6. One important thing that happens in Earth's atmosphere is
known as heat transfer. In this context, find out what convection
is and tell me briefly about it here. Explain why this movement
occurs.
7. About what percentage of the atmosphere is made up of water
vapor today?
8. What is atmospheric pressure?
Apply Your Knowledge
9. What does it mean when barometric pressures rise and fall?
What is the weather like when it rises? What is the weather like
31. when it falls?
10. Name two things humans can do to minimize the impact
their technologies have on the atmosphere.
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