In 1908, Charles Dawson's "discovered" human skeleton fossils that were touted to be the missing link in human evolution. This set off a flurry of excitement and national pride among both paleoanthropologists and the public. Forty years later the find was deemed fake. Who was the fraudster? Could it happen again?
For further information on this subject go to "Giants did they live ? "
http://www.sydhav.no/giants/giants.htm
The truth is out there don't let other people do your thinking for you.
God Bless and Cheers
Steven Camo
For further information on this subject go to "Giants did they live ? "
http://www.sydhav.no/giants/giants.htm
The truth is out there don't let other people do your thinking for you.
God Bless and Cheers
Steven Camo
Curiosity Machine: Build a Balanced DinosaurAnnMarie Ppl
This was the lesson I gave kids in paleontology and center of gravity for our curiosity machine challenge to build a balanced dinosaur at curiositymachine.org. Feel free to use these slides with a class or for any educational purpose.
Man set the buzz on aliens and extra terrestrials going. Centuries after centuries slipped by, but the progress and pace by either of the earthlings or the aliens, has been barely close to a stand off by both.
Now it is time we snapped the suspense, got the fuss undone and the euphoria regarding existence of an alien civilization closed.
Learning from Darwin: What can the man who wrote The Origin of Species teach ...Roberto Rocco
‘On the Origin of Species’ was published on 24 November 1859. It is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin, and it is considered the foundation of evolutionary biology. In this text, we read the INTRODUCTION to The Origin of Species and highlight aspects of the text that are relevant for us to understand a scientific attitude and how to translate this attitude into text. This exercise is intended to Urbanism students who are unsure about the tone and the kind of language they met adopt in scientific reports. The text we are about to analyse was written in the second half of the 19th century, but it is still incredibly modern and actual. Read the text carefully and reflect on the comments. What can you incorporate into your essays and reports?
Gattaca - Historical - Social - Cultrual Background - Key dates and events pr...Steven Kolber
Gattaca - Historical - Social - Cultrual Background - Key dates and events pre 1997.
A guide through the history of the film Gattaca and the broader context with which it fits within. Excellent for text response essays.
Curiosity Machine: Build a Balanced DinosaurAnnMarie Ppl
This was the lesson I gave kids in paleontology and center of gravity for our curiosity machine challenge to build a balanced dinosaur at curiositymachine.org. Feel free to use these slides with a class or for any educational purpose.
Man set the buzz on aliens and extra terrestrials going. Centuries after centuries slipped by, but the progress and pace by either of the earthlings or the aliens, has been barely close to a stand off by both.
Now it is time we snapped the suspense, got the fuss undone and the euphoria regarding existence of an alien civilization closed.
Learning from Darwin: What can the man who wrote The Origin of Species teach ...Roberto Rocco
‘On the Origin of Species’ was published on 24 November 1859. It is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin, and it is considered the foundation of evolutionary biology. In this text, we read the INTRODUCTION to The Origin of Species and highlight aspects of the text that are relevant for us to understand a scientific attitude and how to translate this attitude into text. This exercise is intended to Urbanism students who are unsure about the tone and the kind of language they met adopt in scientific reports. The text we are about to analyse was written in the second half of the 19th century, but it is still incredibly modern and actual. Read the text carefully and reflect on the comments. What can you incorporate into your essays and reports?
Gattaca - Historical - Social - Cultrual Background - Key dates and events pr...Steven Kolber
Gattaca - Historical - Social - Cultrual Background - Key dates and events pre 1997.
A guide through the history of the film Gattaca and the broader context with which it fits within. Excellent for text response essays.
Minimum of 350 words with references.You have a modern lens thro.docxclairbycraft
Minimum of 350 words with references.
You have a modern lens through which the world is viewed. This can influence how you look at and interpret data, particularly in archaeology where researchers are often trying to piece together what an ancient person’s life might have been like. Scientists from Europe during the Victorian era might interpret artifacts found during an excavation in a different light than modern European scientists even though both are trying hard to be objective and learn more about the ancient world. This has a lot to do with advances in technology, but it is also due to differences in culture and worldview. Scientists raised in different cultures might also see the same artifacts in a different light.
Scientists throughout time have asked questions such as “Where did we come from?” and “How did my ancestors live?” These are difficult questions to answer, particularly for anything that happened before there was a written record. Even when ancient cultures had writing it is hard to know if everything written down is accurate or that the modern interpretation of what was written is correct. The farther back in time you go, the less accurate ancient activities and behaviors become due to a lack of data. Sometimes people and objects were preserved purposely such as with mummies in Egyptian tombs. But more often, people and objects were not purposely preserved and it is only by luck due to where they were laid to rest that they survived and were found by researchers. One famous and well researched modern discovery is Ötzi the iceman who was found on the border between Italy and Austria in 1991. Initially people thought he was a modern victim, but soon realized that instead, he had been lying in the ice for thousands of years. His remains are now kept at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. Do a web search on Ötzi to learn more about him. The museum’s site is a good source of information with sections on the discovery itself, milestones in past research, and descriptions of current research on the iceman.
He is not the only ancient discovery. You can explore others here:
The Perfect Corpose. (2016). Retrieved from
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bog/
Mummies 101 (1998). Retrieved from
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/mummies-101.html
If the discovery of Ötzi had taken place in 1891 rather than 1991, the way his remains were handled and the research that could be done would have been very different. Identify and describe one modern analysis/technique that has been performed to learn more about Ötzi that could not have been done in the 1800s.
It stands to reason that researchers in 2091 will have more technologies at their disposal to research a find like Ötzi. Should research on his remains be limited today so that he can be preserved and studied in the future? Provide one pro and one con of conducting research now rather than waiting. What are one benefit and one negative of putting research off until a much later date?
Adv ...
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. www.aboutbone.com
Nobody would likely appreciate having the words
hoax and fraud permanently associated with the
name of their hometown. Yet in 1908, the
discovery of some bone fragments and teeth left
local residents of the English village of Piltdown
helpless as nationalism, tunnel vision, and wishful
thinking hoodwinked the specialists who pondered
the findings’ significance.
4. www.aboutbone.com
In the early 20th century, paleoanthropology, the
study of human-like fossils, was hardly 50 years
old. The discovery of fossilized bones that
resembled those of humans in the German
Neander Valley in 1856 caused museums to re-
examine their fossil collections.
5. www.aboutbone.com
These were bones that had been collected
previously over several decades. In many instances,
their fossils matched the recent discovery in
Germany, and so they were reclassified as
Neanderthals. In due time, scientists determined that
Neanderthals were an extinct species and not an
intermediary in the development of Homo sapiens.
6. www.aboutbone.com
Early on, however, this determination encountered
some resistance. One noted scientist and evolution
doubter, for instance, tried to explain away the
Neanderthals’ prominent brow ridges by saying
that Neanderthals were simply early humans who
frowned a lot.
7. www.aboutbone.com
This was an exciting time for the burgeoning field
of paleoanthropology. If Neanderthals were not
the missing link between small-brained, four-
footed apes and man, what was? Human-like
fossils were turning up in France and Germany
along with stone tools of a similar age, whereas
British investigators were finding tools but no
fossils.
8. www.aboutbone.com
At the same time nationalism, which eventually
led to The Great War, was stirring. It was 1912
and Charles Dawson’s timing was perfect. As an
accomplished amateur scientist, he was privileged
to announce his discoveries, beginning in 1908, to
the Geological Society of London.
10. www.aboutbone.com
The prevailing opinion was that man’s direct
ancestors were ape-like creatures who first
developed large brains. Then later, modification in
the shapes of the jaw and pelvis allowed this smart
animal to manage a varied diet and to walk
upright. Civilization eventually ensued.
11. www.aboutbone.com
Dawson’s discovery fit this
opinion. His Piltdown Man
(or it could have been a
woman) had a large
braincase and a primitive
ape-like jaw with canine
teeth that were intermediate
between apes and modern
man. It was the missing
link.
12. www.aboutbone.com
The Piltdown fossils became a pivot point for any
evolutionary theory that followed, usually using
Dawson’s findings for support, but at least having
to address them if there was disagreement. The
discovery stirred national pride in both
paleoanthropologists and the British public.
Museum exhibits flourished.
13. www.aboutbone.com
Drawings and models of the
imagined living appearance
of Mr. Piltdown, however,
attracted far more attention
than the fossils themselves.
He became part of popular
culture and the subject of
numerous newspaper articles,
letters to the editor,
postcards, books, chapters,
and monographs. He was a
rock star.
15. Skepticism about the fossils’ authenticity came
early and in several forms. The fragmented and
limited skeletal pieces were, perhaps conveniently,
missing their most diagnostic portions.
www.aboutbone.com
16. Was the gravel bed where
Dawson found the fossils as
ancient as he indicated, or were
the fossils from a more recent
era? Were the jaw and cranial
fragments from the same
species? From the same
individual? To seek answers,
many investigators had to resign
themselves to study casts of the
fossils rather than the originals.
17. In 1915, a Smithsonian scientist complained about
the inadequacy of studying the casts. Even so, he
remarked that the skull fragments and jaw were
too different from each other to assume that they
were from the same creature. He felt that the skull
came from a human, not old, and the jaw from a
species of ancient chimpanzee.
www.aboutbone.com
18. Discovery of other human-like fossils in China
and Africa in the decades that followed produced
conflicting information, and general agreement on
how it all fit together was lacking.
www.aboutbone.com
19. During this time, Dawson’s reputation and his
findings’ major significance remained intact,
although he died in 1916.
www.aboutbone.com
20. The dogma generally prevailed until mid century
when the bones were subjected to a new test,
fluorine analysis. Fluorine seeps into buried bones
from the surrounding groundwater, so fossils from
the same animal and resting next to each other
will have equal fluorine content. This testing was
not undertaken lightly, since small portions of the
bones had to be destroyed in the process.
www.aboutbone.com
21. The results showed that the skull and jaw
fragments contained different levels of fluorine.
Additional analyses indicated that the bones were
not nearly old enough to be the missing link.
Furthermore, the skull was human and the other
bones were not human, and under microscopic
scrutiny the teeth showed evidence of having been
filed down to obscure their origin.
www.aboutbone.com
22. If confirmatory evidence was needed, it came in
2009. Both computed tomographic scanning and
DNA analysis indicated that the teeth and jaw
were from an orangutan. The CT scan also
revealed an off-white putty covering the bones’
surfaces and sealing interior voids, which were
filled with grains of sand.
www.aboutbone.com
23. It is likely that the perpetrator weighted the
relatively modern bones with sand to give them
the heft an expert would expect from a fossil.
Finally, the fraudster had stained all the surfaces
brown to give the bones an ancient, homogeneous
appearance.
www.aboutbone.com
24. Who was the perpetrator? Nobody knows for sure.
Conspiracy theories abound. The most likely
suspect of course is Charles Dawson. He was an
accomplished amateur geologist and archaeologist
with knowledge and experience about how ancient
artifacts looked. He was discovered to be
responsible for some other, small time antiquarian
fakes.
25. Dawson also pined for acceptance within the
British scientific community and made persistent,
but futile attempts to join the Royal Society. He
also yearned for knighthood, an honor that
bypassed him because of his early death but which
was bestowed on several of his contemporaries
who studied the Piltdown fossils.
www.aboutbone.com
26. How did this happen and what can we learn? First,
as con artists do so well, this fraudster showed his
audience what it wanted to see. The experts
suspended critical judgement and discounted the
red flags in their zeal to accept a British treasure,
one that put Britain at the forefront of scientific
discovery.
www.aboutbone.com
27. Second, the hoax would have been uncovered
much earlier had more investigators been able to
examine the fossils themselves. By contrast, in
every scientific discipline today, there are calls to
make the raw data, from which investigators draw
their results and conclusions, available for all to
scrutinize.
www.aboutbone.com
28. Third, new means of testing, particularly
nondestructive ones, will be forthcoming and
capable of re-examining “facts” with intensified
scrutiny.
www.aboutbone.com
29. The lessons that the Piltdown fakes can teach are
far more relevant and timeless than if the
discovery had been real. It is human nature to see
what we want to see, especially when it
conforms to our preconceived notions. Instead
we should take the evidence for what it is and
then retest its validity from time to time as new
methods become available.
www.aboutbone.com
