The document summarizes a 3-phase study on the effectiveness of public sector supply chain policies in reducing rural poverty in Colombia. Phase 1 involved an econometric analysis and found some policies were not well targeted at high poverty areas. Phase 2 analyzed policy implementation in 3 regional supply chains, finding variable levels of competitiveness, governance, equity, inclusion and poverty impacts. Phase 3 will examine impacts on households.
This document provides a summary of a Country Strategic Opportunities Program (COSOP) for 2011-2015. The COSOP outlines IFAD's strategic objectives and approach in the country, which are to ensure rural poverty reduction through improved food security, livelihoods, access to natural resources and markets. The COSOP is aligned with national development strategies and aims to strengthen community management of land and water, promote integrated farming systems, and develop value chains to link farmers to markets. Key implementation issues discussed are decentralization, capacity building, monitoring and knowledge management.
Peru: A regional apparoach to territorial developmentOECDregions
Presentation on the OECD Territorial Review of Peru
More information: http://www.oecd.org/publications/oecd-territorial-reviews-peru-2016-9789264262904-en.htm
Webinar: COVID-19 risk and food value chains (presentation 2)IFPRI-PIM
Presentation "COVID-19 risk and food value chains: Insights from India" by Sudha Narayanan, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research.
More info and full recording of this webinar:
https://bit.ly/COVID-FVC
This document outlines IFAD's Country Strategic Opportunities Program (COSOP) for Laos from 2011-2015. The COSOP goal is to ensure rural poor have more choices for sustainable food security and livelihoods. It details 3 strategic objectives: 1) Improved access to land and natural resources, 2) Sustainable and adaptive farming systems, and 3) Linkages to markets. Key activities and outcomes are described for each objective. Implementation arrangements and issues are also summarized.
Public Health in Malaysia (2014)
This slide presentation contain
1.The Development of public health in Malaysia.
2.Public Health today in Malaysia
3.General Outlook of Public Health
4.Policy and action from our government.
5.The 1Care Program (1Care Concept)
6.1Malaysia Clinics
7.Vaccination
8.Disease Control For Vector Species
9.MySihat
10.Private Events For Public Health
11. etc.
This document summarizes a presentation on monitoring and impact evaluation for scaling up IFAD's goals from 2010 to 2015. Some key points:
- IFAD aims to reach 90 million people and lift 80 million out of poverty by 2015, requiring increased efficiency and effectiveness.
- Better understanding of what works, where, and how is needed to scale up impacts through learning agendas, indicators, and M&E/IE systems.
- Questions remain about understanding cause-effect relationships and differing impacts between projects and areas. Learning organizations specify assumptions and test hypotheses through learning agendas.
- Tomorrow's event will discuss IFAD's corporate M&E agenda, and issues papers and information will address topics like poverty definitions, methods
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) are forming a strategic partnership to develop innovative policies around climate change mitigation and market access. The partnership aims to strengthen capacity, evaluate market access options, and mainstream solutions into national policies and investment programs. It will benefit rural poor populations, producers' organizations, and policymakers in selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. IFPRI brings research, capacity building, and communication expertise in areas relevant to the partnership's goals.
Presentation by Sirak Bahta at an inception workshop for the Competitive Smallholder Livestock in Botswana project held at Gaborone, Botswana on 31 October 2012.
This document provides a summary of a Country Strategic Opportunities Program (COSOP) for 2011-2015. The COSOP outlines IFAD's strategic objectives and approach in the country, which are to ensure rural poverty reduction through improved food security, livelihoods, access to natural resources and markets. The COSOP is aligned with national development strategies and aims to strengthen community management of land and water, promote integrated farming systems, and develop value chains to link farmers to markets. Key implementation issues discussed are decentralization, capacity building, monitoring and knowledge management.
Peru: A regional apparoach to territorial developmentOECDregions
Presentation on the OECD Territorial Review of Peru
More information: http://www.oecd.org/publications/oecd-territorial-reviews-peru-2016-9789264262904-en.htm
Webinar: COVID-19 risk and food value chains (presentation 2)IFPRI-PIM
Presentation "COVID-19 risk and food value chains: Insights from India" by Sudha Narayanan, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research.
More info and full recording of this webinar:
https://bit.ly/COVID-FVC
This document outlines IFAD's Country Strategic Opportunities Program (COSOP) for Laos from 2011-2015. The COSOP goal is to ensure rural poor have more choices for sustainable food security and livelihoods. It details 3 strategic objectives: 1) Improved access to land and natural resources, 2) Sustainable and adaptive farming systems, and 3) Linkages to markets. Key activities and outcomes are described for each objective. Implementation arrangements and issues are also summarized.
Public Health in Malaysia (2014)
This slide presentation contain
1.The Development of public health in Malaysia.
2.Public Health today in Malaysia
3.General Outlook of Public Health
4.Policy and action from our government.
5.The 1Care Program (1Care Concept)
6.1Malaysia Clinics
7.Vaccination
8.Disease Control For Vector Species
9.MySihat
10.Private Events For Public Health
11. etc.
This document summarizes a presentation on monitoring and impact evaluation for scaling up IFAD's goals from 2010 to 2015. Some key points:
- IFAD aims to reach 90 million people and lift 80 million out of poverty by 2015, requiring increased efficiency and effectiveness.
- Better understanding of what works, where, and how is needed to scale up impacts through learning agendas, indicators, and M&E/IE systems.
- Questions remain about understanding cause-effect relationships and differing impacts between projects and areas. Learning organizations specify assumptions and test hypotheses through learning agendas.
- Tomorrow's event will discuss IFAD's corporate M&E agenda, and issues papers and information will address topics like poverty definitions, methods
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) are forming a strategic partnership to develop innovative policies around climate change mitigation and market access. The partnership aims to strengthen capacity, evaluate market access options, and mainstream solutions into national policies and investment programs. It will benefit rural poor populations, producers' organizations, and policymakers in selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. IFPRI brings research, capacity building, and communication expertise in areas relevant to the partnership's goals.
Presentation by Sirak Bahta at an inception workshop for the Competitive Smallholder Livestock in Botswana project held at Gaborone, Botswana on 31 October 2012.
Nutrition, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Extension: Linking Agriculture, Human...Global Livestock CRSP
Nutrition, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Extension: Linking Agriculture, Human Health, and Nutrition with ENAM. Presented by O. Sakyi-Dawson (University of Ghana) at the GL-CRSP End of Program Conference on June 17, 2009, Naivasha, Kenya.
This document discusses two questions: how governments have used recent Agriculture Public Expenditure Reviews (Ag PERs), and how to make Ag PERs more useful. It finds that Ag PERs have been used to improve strategic planning, expenditure levels and composition, budget processes, communications and accountability, and mobilize external finance. However, some problem areas identified in Ag PERs have not been acted upon, such as whether recurrent budgets are sufficient to sustain investment scale-up or provide essential public services. It also notes challenges in coordinating central and devolved expenditure authorities and linking expenditure to sector outcomes. Solutions proposed include routine "Ag PER Lite" analyses, strengthening analytical capacity, and improving data and monitoring and evaluation systems.
The document outlines Vietnam's national strategy for a sustainable coffee sector. It discusses key issues such as small scale farming, weak farmer organizations, lack of research and extension support, environmental degradation, poverty, and limited access to finance. The strategy proposes pillars to address these including institutional reforms, developing markets, sustainable production practices, improving social protections, and increasing financial access. Specific actions involve strengthening farmer groups and associations, investing in research and extension, promoting rejuvenation and quality standards, diversifying markets, supporting vulnerable communities, and reforming credit programs. The overarching goal is to develop a sustainable and competitive coffee industry in Vietnam.
Presentation of Martin Scheele, European Commission, at Food, Fertilizers and...Fertilizers Europe
The document summarizes the proposed reforms to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) towards 2020. Key reforms include [1] "greening" direct payments by requiring crop diversity, environmental focus areas, and grassland preservation; [2] streamlining cross-compliance standards; and [3] prioritizing rural development spending on knowledge transfer, competitiveness, food chain organization, ecosystems, resource efficiency, and social inclusion. The total proposed budget for 2014-2020 is 435.5 billion Euros, with around 317 billion for market and income support and 101 billion for rural development.
The document discusses market led agriculture, including its evolution, key concepts, dimensions, institutions, issues and policies. It provides an introduction to market led agriculture and how the focus has shifted from production-led agriculture to making farmers producers and sellers. It outlines the objectives and roles of extension workers in market led agriculture. It also discusses some of the key institutions, issues around quality standards, infrastructure and information gaps, and different government policy initiatives and future directions.
This document discusses scaling up nutrition actions to reduce stunting. It describes the Scaling Up Nutrition Planning and Monitoring tool, which provides three elements to support scaling up discussions:
1. A recap of the nutrition situation and current nutrition actions.
2. Coverage data showing what percentage of the target group is reached nationally and regionally through different delivery mechanisms.
3. Guidance for stakeholder discussions on how and where to scale up nutrition actions based on the situation analysis and coverage data. Regional examples are provided to illustrate gaps in coverage for areas with high stunting or anemia prevalence.
The document also notes that financial data is not collected to make the mapping exercise simpler, but that funding constraints will
This document provides an overview of a study on rural marketing in India. It includes an introduction describing India's predominantly rural population and economy. It then lists the objectives, problems and scope of studying rural markets. It outlines the research methodology as descriptive and based on secondary data sources. It discusses the importance of the study and provides suggestions for improving rural marketing strategies. Finally, it concludes that rural markets in India offer great potential opportunities for marketers but also challenges that require understanding rural consumer dynamics and tailored marketing approaches.
The document discusses the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. It outlines the goal and targets of CAADP, which include 6% annual agricultural growth, reducing poverty and hunger by half by 2015, and allocating 10% of national budgets to agriculture. It also discusses the four pillars of CAADP: sustainable land management, rural infrastructure, increasing food supply, and agricultural research. The framework is meant to monitor progress on implementing CAADP and achieving its goals through indicators on inputs, outputs, outcomes, and conditioning factors. A questionnaire is also outlined that collects data on CAADP implementation, investments, outputs, sector performance, socioeconomics, and agricultural strategies.
Value chain development and rural poverty reduction: Knowledge gaps and a pot...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses knowledge gaps around the impact of value chain development (VCD) on poverty reduction. It presents the "5Capitals" assessment tool, which takes an asset-based approach to evaluate how VCD affects livelihood assets and business performance. Case studies applying this tool in various countries revealed that VCD alone has limited impact on asset building for those below a minimum asset threshold. The document proposes that ICRAF use the 5Capitals tool to assess VCD options for underutilized fruits in select countries, to better understand how to design pro-poor interventions.
This document discusses consumer insights in India across various industries. It notes that the Indian consumer is becoming more demanding in terms of seeking variety and innovation in product categories and brands. It also summarizes trends in media consumption such as the rising number of digital homes and TV/cable channels. The document outlines strategies for advertisers in response to these trends, including the need for cross-media focus and presence on popular content. It also profiles affluent consumers in India and identifies key states that are expected to see growth over the next 5-10 years based on various economic and demographic factors.
The document summarizes activities from the 2012 UEDA Summit including research on regional trade centers (RTCs) in Iowa. It describes characteristics of RTCs and analyzes economic sustainability indicators for three RTCs - Carroll, Ft. Madison/Keokuk, and Centerville. For each RTC, it outlines key findings, collaborations with other organizations, and impactful projects and events stemming from the regional assessments.
RB-COSOP workshop laos 270416-revised with participants commentsifadseahub
The document outlines IFAD's Country Strategic Opportunities Programme for Lao PDR from 2017 to 2021. It provides context on the country's socioeconomic situation and agriculture sector. Key challenges include climate change, rural poverty, and smallholder farmers' access to opportunities and resources. The strategy will continue supporting smallholder production, inclusive market access, and policy engagement through three strategic objectives. It aims to improve food security and climate-smart agriculture, market access and value chains, and the enabling environment through policy work and capacity building. The strategy was developed through stakeholder consultations and aims to align with national development plans and priorities.
This document discusses integrated agricultural production systems in dryland areas to improve food security. It outlines two target areas for intervention along transects in West Africa. Historically, these systems integrated livestock, annual crops, and tree crops. The document identifies constraints like inadequate rainfall, depleted soils, and poor markets. It proposes activities and intended impacts organized under intermediate development outcomes. These include improved resilience options, intensification options, and strategies for post-harvest management. The document discusses governance challenges and opportunities for partnerships with organizations to achieve the goals of increased resilience and sustained intensification.
This document outlines the overall gender strategy and research portfolio for the CGIAR Research Program 2 (CRP2) on policies, institutions, and markets to strengthen food security and incomes for the rural poor. The strategy includes integrating gender in each subtheme's research and outcomes, as well as conducting strategic gender research to generate evidence on gender in agriculture, evaluate linkages between development and gender relations, and apply gender analysis to policy. Specific gender-related outputs are identified for policies, institutions, and markets research. Three strategic research themes on the information base on gender in agriculture, linkages between development and gender relations, and applying gender analysis to policy implementation are described.
The document discusses inflation in India. It provides statistics showing India's inflation rates for wholesale and consumer prices are high at 7.55% and 10.36% respectively in May 2012. The chairman of an economic advisory council notes that while growth is slowing in India, inflation remains at a high level unlike other countries where growth and inflation are both low. The document then examines the nature and causes of inflation in India, including supply shocks from food and fuel price increases, trade deficits, and political instability. It argues that inflation in India is more structural due to issues like bottlenecks in the agriculture sector rather than monetary causes. Finally, it discusses how organized retailing in India could help reduce inflation by improving supply chain efficiency and increasing
This document provides an overview and evaluation of Fastrack, a microfinance institution (MFI) located in [LOCATION]. Section 1 outlines key details about Fastrack including its history, mission, products/services, financial performance, governance, and rationale for a potential partnership with Kiva. Section 2 evaluates Fastrack's social performance across Kiva's core criteria of targeting/outreach, products/services, benefits to clients, and social responsibility. Section 3 analyzes risks. Appendices provide additional financial and portfolio details.
IFAD Vietnam Country Programme Evaluation March 2011IFAD Vietnam
International Fund For Agricultural Development (IFAD) Vietnam Evaluation, Main Mission, 3 – 24 March 2011 – A Preliminary Review of Findings.
The evaluation team concluded, based on the evidence on the ground, that IFAD’s programme is adding substantial value to the Government of Viet Nam’s efforts to reduce rural poverty.
Nutrition, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Extension: Linking Agriculture, Human...Global Livestock CRSP
Nutrition, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Extension: Linking Agriculture, Human Health, and Nutrition with ENAM. Presented by O. Sakyi-Dawson (University of Ghana) at the GL-CRSP End of Program Conference on June 17, 2009, Naivasha, Kenya.
This document discusses two questions: how governments have used recent Agriculture Public Expenditure Reviews (Ag PERs), and how to make Ag PERs more useful. It finds that Ag PERs have been used to improve strategic planning, expenditure levels and composition, budget processes, communications and accountability, and mobilize external finance. However, some problem areas identified in Ag PERs have not been acted upon, such as whether recurrent budgets are sufficient to sustain investment scale-up or provide essential public services. It also notes challenges in coordinating central and devolved expenditure authorities and linking expenditure to sector outcomes. Solutions proposed include routine "Ag PER Lite" analyses, strengthening analytical capacity, and improving data and monitoring and evaluation systems.
The document outlines Vietnam's national strategy for a sustainable coffee sector. It discusses key issues such as small scale farming, weak farmer organizations, lack of research and extension support, environmental degradation, poverty, and limited access to finance. The strategy proposes pillars to address these including institutional reforms, developing markets, sustainable production practices, improving social protections, and increasing financial access. Specific actions involve strengthening farmer groups and associations, investing in research and extension, promoting rejuvenation and quality standards, diversifying markets, supporting vulnerable communities, and reforming credit programs. The overarching goal is to develop a sustainable and competitive coffee industry in Vietnam.
Presentation of Martin Scheele, European Commission, at Food, Fertilizers and...Fertilizers Europe
The document summarizes the proposed reforms to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) towards 2020. Key reforms include [1] "greening" direct payments by requiring crop diversity, environmental focus areas, and grassland preservation; [2] streamlining cross-compliance standards; and [3] prioritizing rural development spending on knowledge transfer, competitiveness, food chain organization, ecosystems, resource efficiency, and social inclusion. The total proposed budget for 2014-2020 is 435.5 billion Euros, with around 317 billion for market and income support and 101 billion for rural development.
The document discusses market led agriculture, including its evolution, key concepts, dimensions, institutions, issues and policies. It provides an introduction to market led agriculture and how the focus has shifted from production-led agriculture to making farmers producers and sellers. It outlines the objectives and roles of extension workers in market led agriculture. It also discusses some of the key institutions, issues around quality standards, infrastructure and information gaps, and different government policy initiatives and future directions.
This document discusses scaling up nutrition actions to reduce stunting. It describes the Scaling Up Nutrition Planning and Monitoring tool, which provides three elements to support scaling up discussions:
1. A recap of the nutrition situation and current nutrition actions.
2. Coverage data showing what percentage of the target group is reached nationally and regionally through different delivery mechanisms.
3. Guidance for stakeholder discussions on how and where to scale up nutrition actions based on the situation analysis and coverage data. Regional examples are provided to illustrate gaps in coverage for areas with high stunting or anemia prevalence.
The document also notes that financial data is not collected to make the mapping exercise simpler, but that funding constraints will
This document provides an overview of a study on rural marketing in India. It includes an introduction describing India's predominantly rural population and economy. It then lists the objectives, problems and scope of studying rural markets. It outlines the research methodology as descriptive and based on secondary data sources. It discusses the importance of the study and provides suggestions for improving rural marketing strategies. Finally, it concludes that rural markets in India offer great potential opportunities for marketers but also challenges that require understanding rural consumer dynamics and tailored marketing approaches.
The document discusses the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. It outlines the goal and targets of CAADP, which include 6% annual agricultural growth, reducing poverty and hunger by half by 2015, and allocating 10% of national budgets to agriculture. It also discusses the four pillars of CAADP: sustainable land management, rural infrastructure, increasing food supply, and agricultural research. The framework is meant to monitor progress on implementing CAADP and achieving its goals through indicators on inputs, outputs, outcomes, and conditioning factors. A questionnaire is also outlined that collects data on CAADP implementation, investments, outputs, sector performance, socioeconomics, and agricultural strategies.
Value chain development and rural poverty reduction: Knowledge gaps and a pot...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses knowledge gaps around the impact of value chain development (VCD) on poverty reduction. It presents the "5Capitals" assessment tool, which takes an asset-based approach to evaluate how VCD affects livelihood assets and business performance. Case studies applying this tool in various countries revealed that VCD alone has limited impact on asset building for those below a minimum asset threshold. The document proposes that ICRAF use the 5Capitals tool to assess VCD options for underutilized fruits in select countries, to better understand how to design pro-poor interventions.
This document discusses consumer insights in India across various industries. It notes that the Indian consumer is becoming more demanding in terms of seeking variety and innovation in product categories and brands. It also summarizes trends in media consumption such as the rising number of digital homes and TV/cable channels. The document outlines strategies for advertisers in response to these trends, including the need for cross-media focus and presence on popular content. It also profiles affluent consumers in India and identifies key states that are expected to see growth over the next 5-10 years based on various economic and demographic factors.
The document summarizes activities from the 2012 UEDA Summit including research on regional trade centers (RTCs) in Iowa. It describes characteristics of RTCs and analyzes economic sustainability indicators for three RTCs - Carroll, Ft. Madison/Keokuk, and Centerville. For each RTC, it outlines key findings, collaborations with other organizations, and impactful projects and events stemming from the regional assessments.
RB-COSOP workshop laos 270416-revised with participants commentsifadseahub
The document outlines IFAD's Country Strategic Opportunities Programme for Lao PDR from 2017 to 2021. It provides context on the country's socioeconomic situation and agriculture sector. Key challenges include climate change, rural poverty, and smallholder farmers' access to opportunities and resources. The strategy will continue supporting smallholder production, inclusive market access, and policy engagement through three strategic objectives. It aims to improve food security and climate-smart agriculture, market access and value chains, and the enabling environment through policy work and capacity building. The strategy was developed through stakeholder consultations and aims to align with national development plans and priorities.
This document discusses integrated agricultural production systems in dryland areas to improve food security. It outlines two target areas for intervention along transects in West Africa. Historically, these systems integrated livestock, annual crops, and tree crops. The document identifies constraints like inadequate rainfall, depleted soils, and poor markets. It proposes activities and intended impacts organized under intermediate development outcomes. These include improved resilience options, intensification options, and strategies for post-harvest management. The document discusses governance challenges and opportunities for partnerships with organizations to achieve the goals of increased resilience and sustained intensification.
This document outlines the overall gender strategy and research portfolio for the CGIAR Research Program 2 (CRP2) on policies, institutions, and markets to strengthen food security and incomes for the rural poor. The strategy includes integrating gender in each subtheme's research and outcomes, as well as conducting strategic gender research to generate evidence on gender in agriculture, evaluate linkages between development and gender relations, and apply gender analysis to policy. Specific gender-related outputs are identified for policies, institutions, and markets research. Three strategic research themes on the information base on gender in agriculture, linkages between development and gender relations, and applying gender analysis to policy implementation are described.
The document discusses inflation in India. It provides statistics showing India's inflation rates for wholesale and consumer prices are high at 7.55% and 10.36% respectively in May 2012. The chairman of an economic advisory council notes that while growth is slowing in India, inflation remains at a high level unlike other countries where growth and inflation are both low. The document then examines the nature and causes of inflation in India, including supply shocks from food and fuel price increases, trade deficits, and political instability. It argues that inflation in India is more structural due to issues like bottlenecks in the agriculture sector rather than monetary causes. Finally, it discusses how organized retailing in India could help reduce inflation by improving supply chain efficiency and increasing
This document provides an overview and evaluation of Fastrack, a microfinance institution (MFI) located in [LOCATION]. Section 1 outlines key details about Fastrack including its history, mission, products/services, financial performance, governance, and rationale for a potential partnership with Kiva. Section 2 evaluates Fastrack's social performance across Kiva's core criteria of targeting/outreach, products/services, benefits to clients, and social responsibility. Section 3 analyzes risks. Appendices provide additional financial and portfolio details.
IFAD Vietnam Country Programme Evaluation March 2011IFAD Vietnam
International Fund For Agricultural Development (IFAD) Vietnam Evaluation, Main Mission, 3 – 24 March 2011 – A Preliminary Review of Findings.
The evaluation team concluded, based on the evidence on the ground, that IFAD’s programme is adding substantial value to the Government of Viet Nam’s efforts to reduce rural poverty.
Similar to Ford foundation slide show nov, 2012 (20)
IFAD Vietnam Country Programme Evaluation March 2011
Ford foundation slide show nov, 2012
1. How effective are public sector
supply chains’ policies for rural
poverty reduction?
Phase 1: An econometric
analysis of the effectiveness of
supply chain public policy in
promoting competitiveness and
reducing poverty
2. Policy Framework
9 Strategic
Law 811 Objectives
Focus on
Decree Formalization Competitiveness
3800 and
Inclusion
Planning
Res. 186 Monitoring
3. Structure of National Supply
Chain Organizations
Thematic Regional
Committees or Committee
Tables
National Regional
Council Committee
Technical
• Technical Secretary
Secretary
• Competitive Regional
Agreement Committee
• Annual Action Plan,
Follow-up • Regional Secretary
• Competitive
Agreement
• Annual Action
Plan, Follow-up
4. Policy Focus
Number of Supply Chains by Department Indicators
• High Poverty
• High Rural
Poverty
• Low Human
Development
• Land Inequality
• Property
Inequality
5. Policy Focus
10 Chains Studied
• Avocado • Fique
• Rice • Fruit
• Cocoa • Guava
• Rubber • Mango
• Citrus • Plantain
Policy not well focused
on populations with
most
poverty, underdevelopm
ent and inequality.
6. Targeted Poverty Intervention
Programs
Alianzas MADR Not necessarily
Productivas well
Oportunidades focused, potenti
MADR
Rurales ally due to
program
MIDAS USAID
objectives
ADAM USAID
8. Calculating the Institutional
Strength Index (IFI)
0: None
Regional 1/3: Inactive
Committee 2/3: Active, Infrequent
1: Active, Regular
IFI Score
Regional 0: None
Scale: 0-3
Secretary 1: Regional Secretary
Higher
Score, Stronger
Political Presence
0: None
Competitive 1/3: In Progress
Agreement 2/3: Approved, Inactive
1: Approved, Active
9. Policy Strength and Variability
Average IFI Score and Degree of Variability by Supply Chain
Average IFI Score Degree of Variability
Average IFI Score
10. Policy Strength by Region
Strong positive relationship
between number of supply
chains and variability
Unclear relationship between
IFI and number of regional
committees
11. How effective are public sector
supply chains’ policies for rural
poverty reduction?
Phase 2: A meso-regional
analysis of the implementation
of supply chain policy to
promote competitiveness and
reduce poverty
12. Policy Implementation
Analyze the
structure, function and Structured interviews with
results of policy key representatives of
implementation at the three selected regional
regional level in terms of: supply chains:
• Competitiveness
• Governance • Cocoa, Santander
• Equity • Plantain, Quindio
• Social Inclusion • Vegetables, Boyacá
• Poverty
13. Preliminary Findings
Cacao, Santander
• Competitiveness: Improved production and yield; improved
health, sanity, and maintenance of crops; lack of technical assistance
• Governance: Weak, unrepresentative strucuture; strong integration with
national committee; variable support by local government
• Equity: Lack of negotiating power; stagnant market access; failure to
exploit new market advantages
• Social Inclusion: Many small producers associated and
represented in committee; training and education initiatives;
• Poverty: Improved production leads to better income; price
fluctuation vulnerability; correspondence with poverty intervention
programs
14. Preliminary Findings
Vegetables, Boyaca
• Competitiveness: Improved production and yield; improved
health, sanity, and maintenance of crops; limited spectrum
• Governance: Organized, inclusive structure; strong leadership;
strong integration with national committee; under-representation of
some sectors; lack of support by local government
• Equity: Improved negotiating power; improved market access;
foreign/export markets identified; reduced intermediation
• Social Inclusion: Small producer associations very present and
represented in committee; training and education initiatives; direct
contact producer-comercializer
• Poverty: Limited Scope; price fluctuation vulnerability; limited
correspondence with poverty intervention programs
15. Project Timeline
Phase 1: Econometric Study
• May 2011- May 2012
Phase 2: Meso Study
• May 2012- October 2012
Phase 3: Household Study
• November 2012-September 2012
Editor's Notes
Overthepast 15 years, there has been a considerable internationalpushbehind rural development and agricultureprogramsbaseduponpublicsupportforsupplychains. Nationalgovernments and interstateaidorganizationsalikeadoptsupplychainpolicyprogramsbasedupoontheassumptionthatsupportwill lead to more competitivesupplychains and as a result, rural povertyreduction. Despitethewidespreadadoption of this line of thinking, thereisscantevidencetotoevaluateeither of theseclaims. Thisstudyoffersthefirsteconometricanalysis of supplychains at the regional level.
Law 811 of 2003 outlinesninestrategicobjectivesforthedevelopment of supplychains in Colombia. Theobjectivesfocusprimarilyonimproving COMPETITIVENESS and INCLUSSION. COMPETITIVENESS mayencompassmanyaspects, includingreduction of costs, efficiency, accessto new markets, etc. However, withinthecontext of thisstudy (and as itisfrequentlyapplied in Colombianpolicy), competitivenessisconsidered in terms of PRODUCTION and YIELD. INCLUSSION likewise has manyapplications, however in thecontext of supplychainpublicpolicy, itmoststrongly relates totheinvolvement of smallholders in theplanning and development of policy. Theendgoal of inclussionbeingtheimprovedeconomic position betterlivelihood of the rural poorinvolved in theagricultural sector. Law 811, in conjunctionwithDecree 3800 of 2006 and Resolution 186 of 2008, creates a policyframeworkforachievingcompetitiveness and inclussionthroughtheinstitutionalization of supplychainorganizations at thenational and regional level.
The current structure of the National Supply Chain Organizations emphasizes the recently emerging normative focus on the formalization of supply chains at both the national and local level. This structure encourages regional committees to engage smaller actors that play instrumental roles at the regional level, formally recognizing their responsibilities and perceived benefits through the confirmation of the Regional Competitive Agreements and Annual Action Plans. Likewise, the policy assumes that organizing regional actors under Regional Committees facilitate connections between the local and national chain and thus more local representation at the national level.
Itisimportanttoaddress, then, whetherthisproliferation of localcommittees in factresults in theextension in policybenefitstosupplychainactors in theleastdeveloped, most vulnerable municipalities. Makingtheassumptionthatpolicyiniciativeswillresult in improvedproduction and yield in theareas in whichpolicyisfocused, thestudycontemplatestherelationshipsthatexistbetweenannualproduction and yield of selectedsupplychains and severalsocioeconomicindicators.Thesocioeconomicindicatorsconsideredinclude: % populationwithunsatisfiedbasicneeds% rural populationwithunsatisfiedbasicneedsHuman developmentindexGINI Index of landinequalityGINI Index of propertyinequality
Thestudyconsidered 10 individual chainsthatwereselectedbasedupontheavailability of data and withtheintention of analyzing a widevariety of chainorganizationtypes. Theresultssuggestthatsupplychainpolicy has notnecessarilybeeneffective in sectorswiththegreatestpoverty and rural poverty, withlowlevels of human development, orwhereland and propertyinequalities are most extreme. Forexample, in the case of RICE, theresultsreveal: Strong NEGATIVE relationshipbetween PRODUCTION and POVERTY and RURAL POVERTYStrong NEGATIVE relationshipbetween YIELD and POVERTY and RURAL POVERTYStrong POSITIVE relationshipbetween PRODUCTION and HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS POSITIVE relationshipbetween PRODUCTION and LAND INEQUALITYIn otherwords, publicpolicyforthe rice supplychainismostfocused in areaswithlowpoverty, highinequality, and high human development.
Thestudyalsoanalyzesthefocus of the TARGETED POVERTY INTERVENTION programsALIANZAS PRODUCTIVAS OPORTUNIDADES RURALES Conductedby MADR, andMIDASADAMCarriedoutby USAIDAlthoughboth sets of programspositively relate toimprovedproduction, none of thesefourprogramsisconsistentlyfocusedonthemost vulnerable populations. In otherwords, none of theprograms show anespeciallywellorientedfocus.
Thestudythenseeksto determine towhatdegreepolicyinitiatives are effective in increasingcompetitiveness and reducingpoverty. Assumingthatgrowth in municipal yieldscorrelatespositivelywithworkers’ incomes, we can concludethatpolicyeffectively reduces povertybyincreasingthecompetitivecapacity of municipalities. Hence, thestudyanalyzes YIELD GROWTH as a function of POLITICAL PERFORMANCE, controllingfor variables thatdirectlyaffectyield, such as human development, infrastructure, marketconditions, climate and geography. Suchananalysiscallsfor a QUANTIFISABLE measure of policy performance, forwhichtheauthorconstructsthe INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTH INDEX (IFI)
The IFI isstructuredtomeasuretheinstitutionalstrength of publicpolicybyassessingthedegreetowhichdesignatedsupplychainpolicystructures are IMPLEMENTED and UTILIZED at the regional level. The IFI Score isdefinedpositivelyon a scalefrom 0 to 3, higher scores indicatingbetterpolicy performance. The IFI considersthethreecomponents of regional supplychainorganization:REGIONAL COMMITTEE: Existence and level of activityO: No committee1/3: Committee in formation2/3: Committeeestabilished and meetsoccassionally1: Committeeestablished and meetsregularlyREGIONAL SECRETARY: 0: None1: ExistsCOMPETITIVE AGREEMENT:0: None1/3: Beingdeveloped2/3: Exists, in theprocess of beingimplemented1: Exists, fullyimplemented
Resultsindicatethatpolitical performance variesgreatlybetweensupplychain. Chainswiththehighest IFI scores:Potato (2.8)Fique (2.6)Cocoa (2.4) Chainswithlowest IFI scores: Panela (0.4)Tobacco (0.4) Anequallyimportantindicator of politicalstrengthisthedegree of variabilitybetween IFI scores at the regional level. Thedegree of variabilityreferstotheaveragestandarddeviation of regional IFI scores fromtheaverage IFI score. Greatervariabilityindicatesthatpublicpolicyis mucho more effective in someregionsthan in others. Again, somechainsexhibitveryuniformpolicy performance, such as:Potato (0.2) Cotton (0.4)Whileothershavehighdegrees of variability:Forestry (1.4)Palm oil (1.4) NOTE:Whenconsideringvariability, itisalsoimportantto note thenumber of regions in whichthechainopperates; somechainshave 6 prioritzedzones and cultivate in 10+ regions, whileothers are confinedtolessthan 5 departments
Just as in the case of individual supplychains, certaindepartmentshavebetterpolitical performance thanothers:Putumayo (2.4)Caquetá (2) Vs.Valle de Cauca (0.2) Casanare (0.4) Equally, somedepartmentshavegreatervariation in thelevelspolitical performance thatcharacterizethechains. Departmentslike: Nariño, Cauca and Meta Havegreatervariability (1.4). Conversely, Valle de Cauca and CasanareHost supplychainsthat are characterizedby more similar levels of politicalperfromance ( variability score of 0.4) One of themostsignificantfindingsconcernstherelationshipbetweenthe NUMBER OF REGIONAL COMMITTEES and the INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTH of chainpolicy. NO CLEAR RELATIONSHIP isestablishedbetweenthe NUMBER OF REGIONAL COMMITTEES and IFI SCORE. However, Thereis a STRONG POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP betweenthe NUMBER OF REGIONAL COMMITTEES in a department, and the DEGREE OF VARIATION of policystrength (0.443). Thisistosaythatthe more regional chainssupportedby a region, thelessuniformtheirpoliticalstrengthtendsto be. Limitedresources and funding and theimportance of theinterest and involvement of local government are factorsthathelptoexplainthisdiscovery.
This second phase of the investigation aims to build upon the information generated by the creation and application of the IFI Index. Utilizing the information regarding regional and chain policy performance, phase two of the investigation will tease out possible reasons behind inter-regional differences in policy performance, attempting to establish connections between competitiveness, governability, equity, social inclusion and poverty.
Over a six month period of time, the investigation will study 3 regional chains characterized by three distinct levels of institutional strength, as determined by the IFI. We have selected to study:Cacao in Santander- High IFI scorePlatano en Quindio- Middle IFI score Hortalizas in Boyacá- Low IFI scoreThe investigation will analyze policy performance in terms of competitiveness, governance, equity, social inclusion and poverty in order to identify key factos in terms of successes, limitations, challenges and lessons learned. The end goal is to be able to offer recommendations to better the development and implementation of supply chain public policy. Initial analysis relies on secondary sources to uncover the structure of policy planning, development, funding, implementation and monitoring. Next, interviews are conducted with key actors within the regional supply chain in order to obtain undocumented or unavailable information from:Small producersUnionSmall and large industryComercial sectorResearch and investigation sector Government
Over a six month period of time, the investigation will study 3 regional chains characterized by three distinct levels of institutional strength, as determined by the IFI. We have selected to study:Cacao in Santander- High IFI scorePlatano en Quindio- Middle IFI score Hortalizas in Boyacá- Low IFI scoreThe investigation will analyze policy performance in terms of competitiveness, governance, equity, social inclusion and poverty in order to identify key factos in terms of successes, limitations, challenges and lessons learned. The end goal is to be able to offer recommendations to better the development and implementation of supply chain public policy. Initial analysis relies on secondary sources to uncover the structure of policy planning, development, funding, implementation and monitoring. Next, interviews are conducted with key actors within the regional supply chain in order to obtain undocumented or unavailable information from:Small producersUnionSmall and large industryComercial sectorResearch and investigation sector Government
Over a six month period of time, the investigation will study 3 regional chains characterized by three distinct levels of institutional strength, as determined by the IFI. We have selected to study:Cacao in Santander- High IFI scorePlatano en Quindio- Middle IFI score Hortalizas in Boyacá- Low IFI scoreThe investigation will analyze policy performance in terms of competitiveness, governance, equity, social inclusion and poverty in order to identify key factos in terms of successes, limitations, challenges and lessons learned. The end goal is to be able to offer recommendations to better the development and implementation of supply chain public policy. Initial analysis relies on secondary sources to uncover the structure of policy planning, development, funding, implementation and monitoring. Next, interviews are conducted with key actors within the regional supply chain in order to obtain undocumented or unavailable information from:Small producersUnionSmall and large industryComercial sectorResearch and investigation sector Government